FVB 31503
ENGINE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
TEST 2 - 60 Minutes
NAM ABDUL SAMAD BIN ABDULLAH I 50216118377
E D
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This assessment will evaluate the attainment of: PLO Marks
Identify the function of various engine control systems and
CLO 1 1
strategies. (C2)
Total
Q1. Explain the knocking detection process based on diagram below.
(12
Marks)
Q1. Write your answer here.
1. Firstly, the knock sensor will detect the engine vibration.
2. After that, raw electrical signal by knock sensor is send to knock IC interface Raw signal
formatting.
3. Then, Knock IC interface will convert raw electrical signal to voltage signal.
4. If the voltage signal is normal following programed specification, it will sent to failure
detection.
5. The signal is obtained for the failure detection and the default corrective value is
given/send to the ignition timing.(No knock detect).
6. However if the raw signal formatting knock IC interface senses an unexpected signal it
will send to event detection.
7. Detection of a knock event will measure the signal value and send to knock correction.
8. Knock correction reads and corrects the signal and sends it to the ignition timing to
prevent knocking.
1
Q2. Define the phenomenon of valve float and explain how it happens.
. (6 Marks)
Q2. Write your answer here.
The phenomenon of valve floating is an abnormal condition that can happen at high
engine speeds when the poppet valves in an internal combustion engine valve train are
not performing the cam lobe profile closing process properly. This reduces engine
efficiency and performance, and raises engine emissions potentially.
Its can be happen when;
It can arise as Mild Valve Float can be sensed when power decreases rapidly at
high rpm. Severe valve float at peak rpm is heard as a sputtering sound.
The valve does not close entirely at the correct moment, because the return
mechanism such as coil spring is not strong enough to close it. This usually
happens at high RPM.
An interference engine can be affected if the valves make a contact with the
top of the piston. Which can bent the valve tip, or chip the valve edge.
Crossflow may also result in backfires and after-burning, and likely unburnt fuel
entering the catalytic converter when in the valve float.
Q3. Explain what happen to the engine performance if the air- fuel ratio (AFR) is too lean.
(8 Marks)
Q3. Write your answer here.
If the air-fuel ratio (AFR) is too lean, the engine does not receive enough gasoline due
to the volume of the oxygen required in the process of combustion. Combustion
needed certain amount of gasoline and required enough amount of gasoline to keep
down the temperature of piston while operating. Nowadays, modern engine uses
cooling systems to keep the engine temperature at certain value to solve this problem,
but lean AFR still can occur due to improper fuel mixes.
The engine performance in terms of power and fuel consumption is highly depend on
the air-fuel ratio. For gasoline engine, with lean AFR can obtained lowest fuel
consumption because there are enough oxygen to completely burn all the fuel in the
combustion chamber. But at return, the engine will produce less power and torque.
Lean AFR can causes detonation. Detonation is a abnormal form of combustion that
may occur when high temperature and pressure inside the combustion spontaneously
ignite before the spark plug ignite. Detonation is bad because its increase the pressure
inside the combustion and produce hammer-like impact at the top of piston that can
damage the piston, rings, connecting rod bearing and head gasket.
2
Q4. Explain TWO (2) types of fuel injection timing control loop in gasoline engine management
system.
(10 marks)
Q4. Write your answer here.
OPEN LOOP
Open loop is means there is no feedback of the result to the ECU. This means the
exhaust gas not be measured to see how the engine run. Open loop does not use
engine exhaust gas content as main indicator of air-fuel mixture. The fuel injected is
determine by the RPM and position of throttle. Generated from fuel injector pulse
width number stored in the fuel maps and is trimmed for environmental condition due
to air temperature, air pressure and engine temperature. Basically open loop being
operate at cold engine.
CLOSED LOOP
Closed loop means there is feedback of the result to the ECU. It means there is sensing
or measuring of the exhaust gas to see how the engine is running. In addition to the
other input sensors, the computer uses signals from exhaust oxygen sensor to
determine injector pulse length. This sensing is done by a probe (a galvanic cell) which
generates a voltage based on the gas around it. These probes are referred to as
Oxygen sensors, Lambda sensors, O2 sensors and Exhaust Gas sensors. Normally hot
engine being operate in closed loop.
Q5. Explain in detail the relationship between engine performance and emission based on
diagram below.
(25
Marks)
3
4
Q5. Write your answer here.
If the Air/Fuel mixture is chemically well balanced, there is only the correct amount of
oxygen to consume all the gasoline. The ratio is called a STOICHIOMETRIC fuel mixture.
They would consume all the oxygen in the air and all the hydrocarbons in the gasoline,
leaving none but water vapour (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Most engines prefer a
stoichiometric Air/Fuel mixture under light cruise conditions and low engine load as it
creates the lowest emissions of HC and carbon monoxide (CO) and strong fuel
efficiency.
As the Air/Fuel mixture differs from the stoichiometric ratio, it burns differently and
has a specific impact on engine efficiency, pollution, fuel economy and durability.
Actual life driving environments at different times need different Air/Fuel ratios, and
the Air/Fuel ratio is not static and unchanging. It is complex, which changes in response
to changing operating conditions.
Firstly, the distinction between rich and lean Air/Fuel mixtures needs to be clarified.
This is a lean fuel combination an Air/Fuel mixture that comprises more air and less
petrol than the stoichiometric ratio. For gasoline, a lean mixture will be one with a ratio
higher than 14.7:1.
An Air/Fuel mixture having less air and more fuel than the stoichiometric ratio is
considered a rich fuel mixture. A rich mixture will be one with a fuel ratio of less than
14.7:1.
Usually a LEAN Air/Fuel mixture burns Faster and consumes fewer fuel per mile
powered, thereby increasing fuel efficiency. But higher combustion temperatures often
raise the release of nitrogen oxides (NOX) and the chance of engine-damaging
detonation.
With rich Air/Fuel mixture, adding more fuel to the mixture raises power to a level. The
chance of detonation is also minimized by a richer mixture, which is why engines which
use supercharged or turbocharged typically have a richer Air/Fuel ratio when the
engine gets boost energy. Although a richer mixture's trade-off is greater fuel usage,
and higher exhaust emissions (primarily carbon monoxide). The rich the A / F
combination, the greater the carbon monoxide percentage in the exhaust.
Normally, CO rates would be negligible or less than half a per cent in the exhaust of a
well-tuned engine operating at or above its stoichiometric ratio. If the car is equipped
with a catalytic converter, the CO rates will be zero or very close to zero at the tailpipe.
