Principle Component Analysis Algorithm (PCA) for

Image Recognition
Abdulrahman Alkandari Soha Jaber Aljaber
Computer Department Computer Department
Basic Education College, PAAET Secretarial and Office Management Institute, PAAET
Kuwait Kuwait
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—. This paper aims mainly to recognize the important mechanisms have been working on new measurements, like
of algorithm computing to identify the facial image without fingerprints, Iris, audio fingerprint and identify the user
human intervention. Life in the current era imposed on us to face. Facial recognition and identification features of
increase the level of security and speed in the search for modern technology will be the focus of this paper [1].
information, and the most important information is the
capability of recognizing and identifying a person by his face. The automatic facial recognition is a relatively new
Principle Component Analysis algorithm (PCA) is a useful concept that began in 1960. At first it was limited to
statistical technique used for finding patterns in data of high determining the basic dimensions of the face - such as the
dimension and that has found application in face recognition eyes, the repositioning of nose and mouth. In the seventies
and image compression fields that are used for reduce of the last century, both Goldstein, Harmon and whiskey
dimension vector to better recognize images.
used 21 standards in the face to get to know the personal,
such as the color of hair and thickness of lips. In 1988, both
"Kirby" and "Serovic" apply the principle element analysis
Keywords- Principle Component Analysis algorithm (PCA), of the face, which was considered the most important step
image recognition, Image analysis, Face recognition
that led to the success of this technique later. Since then,
I. INTRODUCTION studies and researches continued until this technique
The rapid evolve of information introduced new reached its current form [4].
steps to increase the speed at which transactions are Verification and identification of a person considered
conducted daily and behaviors that we now cannot live to be an important part on many levels. Face recognition
without handled electronically. For example, smart cards or techniques is used for personal security purposes. The
electronic passwords that allow people to access their importance of this technique is due to the fact that the
account at any time, in any place around the world have modern facial recognition technology allows us to detect
replaced the paper work. But there is still a problem in this the facial expressions and facial changes in a perceivable
area, what would happen if someone has lost a bank card or range. It is even able to recognize the variation of local
forgotten password, certainly it will take time to solve this facial expressions of any individual. Nowadays face
problem. Therefore, the development of recognition is used widely by law forces to identify
criminals who have been recognized in several crime
scenes [4].
II. IMAGE PROCESSING STAGES
The face recognition algorithms based in comparing
the face in the picture against all the faces in the device
known in advance through the images and metadata, which
is defined by the most important nodal points addressed by
the software responsible which is the distance between the
eyes and the nose area, width and depth of the cavity-kind
and cheeks and place of their presence and jaw line and
chin [5].
Figure 1. The regions that are either highlighted
or contoured when used in PCA.[1]

ISBN: 978-1-4799-6211-2 ©2015 IEEE 76

 the large dimensions of space data to the dimensions of the
Image Data is
Get a picture of processing and represented in smallest spaces.
the face. purification from digital form
impurities. and stored.

Karl Pearson, an important and famous

Figure 2. The three steps of image processing mathematician, created PCA in 1901. PCA is used in
through PCA creating predictive models such as face recognition and in
exploratory data analysis system. PCA is considered to be
one of the true eigenvector-based multivariate analyses;
First stage: We have two steps: however, it is also believed that PCA is the most simplified
method among them. PCA functions on reducing the
1. Acquire: this step is to get the picture dimensions of the transformed data. This is accomplished
and explore it. When any programs by using simple principle components that can give the user
correspond to a weak resolution image a picture of the requested data but in smaller shadow-like
will run a feature that helps to improve images. PCA can detect any change of a data by revealing
the image resolution and then the the composition of this data. The number of original
discovery of the faces in the picture. variables (face images) is more than or equal to the number
2. Detect: At this step, where the face is
determined and deduced from the big
macro picture that was taken from the
previous phase.

Second stage: We have four steps:

1. Align: It is the step where the alignment

and standardization of the image (adjust
the face angle with the camera angle).
2. Extract: is to extract basic features of
the face of the image.
3. Color update: It is the step concerned
with the color of the image and the Figure 3. Shows the training set (M) images “top” and their compared
Eigenfaces (K) “bottom”.
extent of brightening the image.
4. Compression: pressing the image size
to the maximum size possible so that it
is not a change in image quality.

Third stage: We have three steps:

1. Translate to Digital: converts the
image into digital data.
2. Pattern: to create a form represents a
digital image to be handled.
3. Save: to keep beam data that reflects the
image of the face.

III. WHAT IS PCA ?

PCA or principal component analysis algorithm is Figure 4. A Flow diagram shows 6 variations of Eigen faces
that all represent the mean image above.
one of the most effective techniques that have been used in
the section of image compression. PCA is a biometric
technique it is classified as one of statistical methods in this
area. The main goal in the PCA algorithm lies in reducing

ISBN: 978-1-4799-6211-2 ©2015 IEEE 77

 Of principal components (Eigen faces) M≥K.
Therefore, each variable in the original dataset can be
represented in terms of these K principal components [5].

PCA can be done by two main procedures. The first Figure 6.3:
is achieved by decomposition of the eigenvalue of a data PCA step 3.
covariance. On the other hand, the second method is done
by decomposition of a singular value of a data matrix. PCA
results are expressed as a component or factor scores (data
points represents “how much” K principal component
equals) and loadings (Standardized component score Figure 7. Step 2.
weight). Therefore, the resulted image can be expressed as
the value of each K Eigen faces it was related to. After 3- Step 3: Normalize the face vectors.
reducing the dimensionality of the training set, the face I. calculate the average face vector
images that are generated are referred as the Eigen face (or II. subtract average face from each face
eigenvectors). In the training set, each image is referred to vector ф = Ti - Ѱ to calculate
one of the selected Eigen faces. The unknown faces are Figure 6.4:eigenvectors we need to calculate the
covariance matrix C
PCA step 5.
C = AAT where A = {ф1, ф2, ф3
,…., фM }

Figure 1. The distance between the image and the

vector is calculated.

Figure 8. Step 3.
compared to the Eigen faces of the training set and the
distance between both images is calculated [4]. 4- Step4: Dimensionality of the training set is
decreased.
PCA Eigenfaces method considers each
5- Step5: Eigenvectors are calculated from the
pixel in an image as a separate dimension. So
covariance matrix.
an N x N image has N2 pixels, therefore has
N2 dimensions. For recognition, we need a training set
(dataset) of face images. PCA Eigenfaces method does not
work on images directly. It first converts them to matrix
(vector) from. [4]
IV. STEPWISE OF PCA ALGORITHM[3]
1- Step 1: Create a training set and load it.

Figure 9. Step 4 and 5.

Figure 6. Step 1.

6- Step 6: Select k best eigenfaces, such that

2- Step 2: Convert face images in Training set to K<M and can represent the whole training set.
face vectors.

ISBN: 978-1-4799-6211-2 ©2015 IEEE 78

 Note: selected k eigenfaces must be in the After that we can find out the eigenfaces for the M training
original dimensionality of the face vector images and selected a set of K most relevant Eigen faces,
space. K<M. The related weight vectors are calculated and stored
in the training set of each image individually.

V. THE OBJECTIVES OF PCA

PCA is a method that is able to describe and identify
the face of a specific person. It has the following
objectives:
x Producing a reduced number of orthogonal
created variables (factors) that are achieved by
reducing the original variables.
x Displaying connections between the original
variables, and between the original variables and
Figure 10. Step 6. factor.
x Displaying correlations and similarities between
statistical units.
7- step7: Convert tower dimensional k PCA removes the correlations among the different input
eigenvectors to original face dimensionality dimensions and significantly reduce the data dimensions.
PCA is used to extract features of face images and
construct the eigenface space.

VI. THE PROBLEM IN IMAGE RECOGINITION

There are many obstacles that prevent facial recognition ,
For Example [2]:

A. If the lighting is directed to the face low or high.

B. If the face is not directed to the camera completely.
C. If the user moves parts of the face such as the eye or
Figure 11. Step 7.
nose.
D. If the user is wearing a hat or sunglasses.
8- Step 8: Represent each face image in a linear
combination of all K eigenvectors. A summation
VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
of the weight of the K Eigenfaces + the Mean face
is calculated to refer to each face that is from the When comparing the mean faces of the subjects
Training set. that were used in our research with the Eigen faces of the
training set a high facial detection ratio was showing. The
result of the mean faces of the research subjects were likely
similar to the Eigen faces of the training set. However, in
some cases the results were not accurate due to some
factors such as; low or high lighting towards the face, the
face is not fully directed to the camera, or the subject was
wearing a hat or sunglasses.

In general PCA showed an impressive recognition ability of

different individuals with different face patterns. The result
was highly positive and recommended. Further researches
should be conducted to assist this research.

Figure 12. Step 8.

ISBN: 978-1-4799-6211-2 ©2015 IEEE 79

 VIII. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK IX. REFERENCES
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