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Lecture-13 CT Fourier Series - Updated PDF

The document discusses Fourier series representation of periodic signals. It introduces complex exponentials as the set of basic signals that can represent large classes of signals and have a particularly simple response to linear time-invariant systems. Specifically, complex exponentials act as eigenfunctions of LTI systems, meaning the system response is the same signal modulated by a constant. The document then explains that a Fourier series represents a periodic signal as an infinite sum of sines and cosines, which are complex exponentials. It also describes how to find the Fourier coefficients that define the series.

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genai
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94 views

Lecture-13 CT Fourier Series - Updated PDF

The document discusses Fourier series representation of periodic signals. It introduces complex exponentials as the set of basic signals that can represent large classes of signals and have a particularly simple response to linear time-invariant systems. Specifically, complex exponentials act as eigenfunctions of LTI systems, meaning the system response is the same signal modulated by a constant. The document then explains that a Fourier series represents a periodic signal as an infinite sum of sines and cosines, which are complex exponentials. It also describes how to find the Fourier coefficients that define the series.

Uploaded by

genai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FOURIER SERIES

REPRESENTATION OF
PERIODIC SIGNALS
Fourier Series Representation
➢ LTI systems are based on representing signals as linear
combinations of shifted impulses

➢ We now examine an alternative representation for signals and LTI


systems - as linear combinations of a set of complex exponentials
which form a set of basic signals

➢ The resulting representations are known as CT and DT Fourier


series and transforms

➢ First we focus on CT and DT periodic signals, with a representation


known as Fourier series

➢ In later lectures we extend the analysis to the Fourier transform


representation of aperiodic, finite energy signals
Slide Credit: Dr. Salman Abdul Ghafoor
Set of Basic Signals

➢ What are the desirable characteristics of a set of basic


signals?

1. We can represent large and useful classes of signals using


these building blocks

2. The response of LTI systems to these basic signals is


particularly simple and useful

Slide Credit: Dr. Salman Abdul Ghafoor


Set of Basic Signals
➢ Both of the desirable properties are provided by the set of
complex exponential signals in continuous and discrete time

➢ Signals of the form est in continuous time And zn in discrete time

➢ Where s and z are complex numbers.

➢ Previous focus: Unit samples and impulses

➢ New Focus: Eigenfunctions of all LTI systems


Slide Credit: Dr. Salman Abdul Ghafoor
Response of LTI Systems to Complex Exponentials
➢ For every operator, there is a set of functions which after the
operator is applied, produces the same function multiplied by a
constant factor

➢ Such a function is called the eigenfunction of the operator, and


the constant modifier is called its corresponding eigenvalue

➢ An eigenvalue is just a number: Real or complex

➢ The response of an LTI system to a complex exponential input is


the same complex exponential with only a change of amplitude,
that is:

Slide Credit: Dr. Salman Abdul Ghafoor


Eigenfunctions Φk(t) and Their Properties

Slide Credit: Dr. Salman Abdul Ghafoor


Complex Exponentials as Eigenfunctions of LTI
Systems

Slide Credit: Dr. Salman Abdul Ghafoor


Complex Exponentials as Eigenfunctions of LTI
Systems

Slide Credit: Dr. Salman Abdul Ghafoor


Decomposing Signals in Terms of Eigenfunctions

Slide Credit: Dr. Salman Abdul Ghafoor


Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions

• Show that the complex exponential is an


eigenfunction and find its eigenvalue

Slide Credit: Dr. Salman Abdul Ghafoor


Expressing CT periodic signals as sum of
exponentials

• Show that the complex exponential is an


eigenfunction and find its eigenvalue

Slide Credit: Dr. Salman Abdul Ghafoor


What is a Fourier Series
➢ A Fourier series is an expansion of a periodic function in terms of
an infinite sum of sines and cosines

➢ The computation and study of Fourier series is known as harmonic


analysis

➢ Harmonic analysis is extremely useful as a way to break up an


arbitrary periodic function into a set of simple terms

➢ The set of simple terms can be solved individually, and then


recombined to obtain the solution to the original problem or an
approximation to it to whatever accuracy is desired or practical

Slide Credit: Dr. Salman Abdul Ghafoor


What is a Fourier Series
➢ Fourier analysis relates the function's time domain, shown in red,
to the function's frequency domain, shown in blue

Slide Credit: Dr. Salman Abdul Ghafoor


How Do We Find the Fourier Coefficients

Slide Credit: Dr. Salman Abdul Ghafoor


How Do We Find the Fourier Coefficients

Slide Credit: Dr. Salman Abdul Ghafoor


How Do We Find the Fourier Coefficients

Slide Credit: Dr. Salman Abdul Ghafoor


Expressing CT periodic signals as sum of
exponentials
𝜋
𝑥 𝑡 = 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑜 𝑡 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑜 𝑡 + cos(2𝑤𝑜 𝑡 + )
4
Antisymmetric Periodic Wave
Antisymmetric Periodic Wave
END

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