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Calculator Tutor for Casio fx-991ES/Plus. For the use in Senior High Schools

Book · July 2017

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Getting Started 2
Equations 5
Significance Figures and Decimal Places 15
Arithmetic 19
Number Bases 31
Relations 35
Vectors 42
Statistical Functions 49
Calculus 63
Permutation And Combination 69
Matrices 71
Complex Numbers 76
Scientific Constants 80
Unit Conversions 86
 GETTING STARTED

FEATURES ON THE CALCULATOR

AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Before starting a calculation, you must first enter the
correct mode pertaining to the type calculation you
want to make. The mode are indicated in the table
below.

Mode Key Operation Notation

Description
Basic [MODE ] [1] COMP
Arithmetic
Complex [MODE] [2] CMPLX
Number
Statistical [MODE ] [3] REG
Calculation
Base-N [MODE] [4] BASE
Calculation
Equation [MODE ] [5] EQN
Matrix [MODE] [6] MAT
Calculation
Table [MODE ] [7] TABLE
Calculation
Vector [MODE] [8] VCT
Calculation
Decimal Place [SHIFT] [MODE] Fix
[6]
Significant [SHIFT] [MODE] Sci
Figures [7]

2
 ****NB: There are other modes for other
calculations.***

MODE INITIALIZATION

The calculation mode can be returned to the initial

default by pressing the [𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐅𝐓] [𝐂𝐋𝐑] [𝟐]
[𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄] [=] [𝐀𝐂] or simply [𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄] [𝟏] (𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏).

All data currently in the calculator memory is cleared

when this key sequence is used: [𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐅𝐓]
[𝐂𝐋𝐑] [𝟑][=] [𝐀𝐂] .

STORE AND RECALL

To store number or answer on the calculator memory,

the following procedure must be followed

 Punch the number to be stored and press [=];

 Press [SHIFT] [STO] followed by the
alphabet you want to store the number.
The stored number could be recalled by pressing
[RCL] followed by the alphabet that the number
was stored.

3
Example

To store the number 2014 unto the calculator memory,

the following key sequence must be followed:

 Enter 2014 [=] [SHIFT] [STO] [A]. The

number has been stored in A.

To retrieve the stored number, the following key

sequence must be followed:

 Press [RCL] [A].

4
 EQUATIONS

For the calculator to be used to do calculations on

equations, the EQN (equation mode) should be
turned on. Thus [MODE] [5] will turn the EQN on.
The equation function is used for the calculation of
simultaneous, quadratic and cubic equations.

SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION
(EQUATIONS IN TWO/THREE
VARIABLES)

To turn on the simultaneous equation function:

[MODE] [5]. Option 1 and 2 are the simultaneous
equation modes. Select option 1 if the equation has
two unknown variables or option 2 if it has three
unknown variables. Here we are interested in two
unknown variables. The procedure is exactlynthe
same for three unknown variables.

1: [𝐚𝐧𝐗 + 𝐛𝐧𝐘 = 𝐜𝐧] (Simultaneous Equation In

Two Variables)

5
2: [𝐚𝐧𝐗 + 𝐛𝐧𝐘 + 𝐂𝐧𝐙 = 𝐝𝐧] (Simultaneous
Equation In Three Variables)

Example 1

Find the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦 in the following

equations: 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓 and 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟔
a1: Coefficient of 𝑥 in equation 1 = 2
b1: Coefficient of y in equation 1 = 1
c1: The constant in equation 1 = 5
a2: Coefficient of 𝑥 in equation 2 = 2
b2: Coefficient of y in equation 2 = 2
c2: The constant in equation 2 = 6

Procedure

[MODE] [5] [1] (since the equation are in two

variables)

a b c
1 (SCREEN
DISPLAY)
2

 Row 1: [𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐑] 𝟐 [=] 𝟏 [=] 𝟓 [=]

 Row 2: [𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐑] 𝟐 [=] 𝟐 [=] 𝟔 [=]

6
𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭: (𝒙 = 𝟐 [=] 𝐲 = 𝟏) (Bravo!).

CHECK!

Putting 𝒙 = 𝟐 and 𝒚 = 𝟏 into the equations:

𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓 and 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟔
2(2) + 1 = 5 and 2(2) + 2(1) = 6 (Interesting!)

Example 2

Solve the equation 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟕 and 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓

Procedure

 [MODE] [5] [1]

 Row 1: [𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐑] 𝟑 [=] − 𝟏 [=] 𝟕 [=]
 Row 2: [𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐑] 𝟏 [=] 𝟏[=] 𝟓 [=]
Result: (𝒙 = 𝟑 [=] 𝒚 = 𝟐).

Example 3

Solve the equation −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟗 and 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏

7
Procedure

 [MODE] [5] [1]

 Row 1: [𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐑] − 𝟐 [=] 𝟑 [=] 𝟏𝟗 [=]
 Row 2: [𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐑] 𝟐 [=] 𝟏[=] 𝟏 [=]
Result: (𝒙 = −𝟐 [=] 𝒚 = 𝟓).

Example 4

Find the truth set of the following simultaneous

𝒂 𝒃 𝟓
equations: 𝟑𝒂 − 𝟐𝒃 = 𝟖 and + =
𝟑 𝟐 𝟒

Procedure

 [MODE] [5] [1]

 Row 1: [𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐑] 𝟑 [=] − 𝟐 [=] 𝟖 [=]
𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
 Row 2: [𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐑] [=] [=] [=]
𝟑 𝟐 𝟒

Result: (𝒂 = 𝟑 [=] 𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟓). (***The result is

given in terms of 𝒙 and 𝒚 so 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝒃 ∗∗
∗)

Truth set = {𝐚: 𝐚 = 𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐛: 𝐛 = 𝟎. 𝟓}

8
Example 5

Solve the set of equations

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 … … … (1)

3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 2 … … (2)

5𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −1 … (3)

Procedure

 [MODE] [5] [2]

 Row 1: [𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐑] 𝟏 [=] 𝟐 [=] 𝟏 [=] 𝟒 [=]
 Row 2: [𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐑] 𝟑 [=] − 𝟒 [=] −
𝟐 [=] 𝟐 [=]
 Row 3: [𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐑] 𝟓 [=] 𝟑 [=] 𝟓 [=] −
𝟏 [=]

Result: (𝑥 = 2 [=] y = 3 [=] z = −4)

WHY NOT TRY THE FOLLOWING

1. 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 = −𝟔 and 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = −𝟏𝟐
Result 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑦 = 0
2. 𝒂 + 𝒃 = −𝟒 and 𝟒𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝟐
Result 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑏 = −6

9
 3. Find the value of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 if 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 +
𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏𝟔; 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟓𝒛 = 𝟐 and 𝟒𝒙 −
𝟓𝒚 + 𝟔𝒛 = 𝟕
Result 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 7 and 𝑧 = 5

QUADRATIC & CUBIC EQUATION

The key sequence for quadratic equation is given as

[𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄] [𝟓][𝟑] . The option ‘3’ is used for solving
quadratic equations and option ‘4’ is for Cubic
Equations thus the option 3 and 4 are the polynomial
modes- choose option 3 if you have a quadratic
equation and option 4 if you have a cubic equation.

General procedure:

To solve a quadratic or cubic polynomial equation:

1. Go to EQN mode and select option 3 for quadratic

equation. Thus, [𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄] [𝟓][𝟑]
2. Enter the polynomial coefficients, from highest
degree downward.
Each coefficient is followed by [=] in order to go
the next coefficient

10
3. Press [=] again and you will be shown the roots of
the equation.
4. Note that complex-valued solutions are included.
Thus it will provide you with all roots, both real
and complex.
5. Cubic equations 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅 = 𝟎 are also
solved the same way using the calculator.

The general equation of quadratic equation is given

as 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0.

Let’s use examples to illustrate how such equations

are solved using your calculator.

Example 1

Find the roots of the equation 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 4 = 0

Procedure

 Press [MODE] [5] [3]

 Enter the coefficients in the equation ( 𝑎 =
2 , 𝑏 = −6 and 𝑐 = 4)
 [2] [=] [−𝟔] [=] [4] [=]
Result: 𝑥1 = 2 [=] 𝑥2 = 1

11
Example 2

Solve 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 = 0

Procedure

 Press [MODE] [5] [4]

 Enter the coefficients in the equation ( 𝑎 =
3 , 𝑏 = 2 , 𝑐 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = 5)
 [3] [=] [2] [=] [4] [=] [5] [=]
1
Result: 𝑥1 = −1 [=] 𝑥2 = + 1.2802i [=] 𝑥3
6
1
= − 1.2802i
6

Example 3

Find the truth set of the equation 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 5 =

0

Procedure

 Press [MODE] [5] [3]

 [3] [=] [−𝟖] [=] [5] [=]
5
Result: 𝑥1 = [=] 𝑥2 = 1
3

12
CHECK WITHOUT CALCULATOR!

3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 5 = 0

3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 5 = 0

3𝑥(𝑥 − 1) − 5(𝑥 − 1) = 0

(3𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 1) = 0

3𝑥 − 5 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 1 = 0

𝑥 = 5/3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1

Example 4

Find the truth set of 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 9 = 0

Procedure

 Press [MODE] [5] [4]

 [1] [=] [−𝟏] [=] [−𝟗] [=] [9] [=]
Result: 𝑥1 = −3 [=] 𝑥2 = 3 [=] 𝑥3 = 1

Example 5

Find the roots of the quadratic equation 5𝑥 2 +

2𝑥 − 3 = 0

13
Procedure

 Press [MODE] [5] [3]

 [5] [=] [𝟐] [=] [−𝟑] [=]
3
Result: 𝑥1 = [=] 𝑥2 = −1
5

TRY IT OUT!

1. Solve the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 81𝑥 − 81 = 0

Result: 𝑥1 = 9 [=] 𝑥2 = −1 [=] 𝑥3 = −9
2. Find the roots of the quadratic equation
2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 − 8 = 0
Result: 𝑥1 = −3 [=] 𝑥2 = 3 [=] 𝑥3 = 1
3. Solve the equation 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 −
10 = 0
Result: 𝑥1 = 2 [=] 𝑥2
= −5

14
 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES AND
DECIMAL PLACES

Approximations are simply manipulated with the

calculator when the number of significant figures or
the decimal places are specified.

General Procedure

1. Specify the number of decimal places or

significant places you want.
2. Punch the number unto the calculator and
press [=]
3. The result would be displayed. For
significant figures, the result would be
displayed in standard form.
4. The key operation for significant figures and
decimals places are [SHIFT] [MODE](Fix;
Sci; Norm).
5. Where Fix is Decimal Places and Sci is
Significant Figures.

15
Example 1

Correct 287530 to

a. 4 significant figures
b. 3 significant figures
c. 2 significant figures

Procedure

a. [SHIFT] [MODE] [7] and then specify the

number of significant figures you want i.e. [4]
287530 [=] (𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡 2.875 × 105 = 287500)
b. [SHIFT] [MODE] [7] [3] 287530 [=]
(𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 2.88 × 105 = 288000)
c. [SHIFT] [MODE] [7] [2] 287530 [=]
(𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 2.9 × 105 = 290000)

Example 2

Correct each of the following to numbers to 2

significant figures

a. 0.0496
b. 0.0996

16
 Procedure

[SHIFT] [MODE] [7] [2]

a. 0.0496 [=] (result: 5.0 × 10−2 = 0.050)

b. 0.0996 [=] (result: 1.0 × 10−1 = 0.100)

Example 3

Correct 23.4625 to

a. 1 decimal place
b. 2 decimal place
c. 3 decimal place

Procedure

a. [SHIFT] [MODE] [6] and then specify the number

of significant figures you want i.e. [1] 23.4625 [=]
(result: 23.5)
b. [SHIFT] [MODE] [6] [2] 23.4625 [=] (result:
23.46)
c. [SHIFT] [MODE] [6] [3] 23.4625 [=] (result:
23.463)

17
 TRY IT OUT!

a. Correct 0.7625 to 3 decimal place

Results: 0.763
b. Correct 4.7625 to 3 significant figure
Results: 4.76 × 100 = 4.76

18
 ARITHMETIC
A. FRACTIONS

The calculator uses the popular order of operation

‘BODMAS’ in its calculations.

The questions are punched directly onto the screen;

no ‘mode’ is required. The result can be converted
between decimal and fraction (proper or mixed).
When the result is in mixed number, it can be
converted to improper fraction and vice versa by
pressing [S ↔ D]. The fraction (proper or
improper) can be entered on the calculator using
■
the key [ ] and the mixed number by the key
■
[SHIFT] [ ]

The use of parenthesis is very useful when dealing

with algebra. The parenthesis tells which part of
the algebra the calculator should tackle first.

19
Example 1

Perform the following operations

a. 3⁄4 + 7⁄8 + 1⁄2

b. 3 1⁄2 + 2 2⁄3

Procedure
3 7 1 17
a. [ ] [+] [ ] [+] [ ] [=] (Result ). The result
4 8 2 8

is in improper fraction form, to retrieve it in

decimal form, just press [S ↔ D]. (Result:
2.125)
1 2 37
b. [3 ] [+] [2 ] [=] (Result: )
2 3 6

Example 2

Evaluate
3 1
a. ( + 7)/(4 − 3)
2 3
3⁄ +3⁄ +5⁄
2 4 4
b. 7⁄ −1⁄
8 4

20
 Procedure

3 1
a. [ ([ ] [+] 7)] [÷] [([4 ] [−] 3)] [=]
2 3
51
(Result: )
8
3 3 5
b. [ ([ ] [+] [ ] [+] [ ] )] [÷
2 4 4
7 1 28
] [ ([ ] [−] [ ] )] [=] (Result: )
8 4 5

***Note the parenthesis, which tells the calculator

that the (𝟕⁄𝟖 − 𝟏⁄𝟒) is dividing the whole of (𝟑⁄𝟐 +
𝟑⁄ + 𝟓⁄ ). It is very important to know that****
𝟒 𝟒

Example 3

Arrange 4⁄5 , 5⁄6 , 7⁄12 , 2⁄3 and 3⁄8 in descending

order.

Procedure

For such questions, use the calculator to convert each

fraction to decimal and compare them.
4
[ ] [=] [S ↔ D] (Result: 0.8)
5
5
[ ] [=] [S ↔ D] (Result: 0.833333)
6

21
 7
[ ] [=] [S ↔ D] (Result: 0.583333)
12
2
[ ] [=] [S ↔ D] (Result: 0.666667)
3
3
[ ] [=] [S ↔ D] (Result: 0.375)
8

Now in descending order 5⁄6 , 4⁄5 , 2⁄3 , 7⁄12 and

3⁄
8

B. PERCENTAGES

The percentage sign can be called from the [shift] [( ].

Example 1

Express 12cm as a percentage of 60cm

Procedure

12 [÷] 60 [SHIFT] [%][=] (Result: 20)

Example 2

Express $50 as the percentage of $180?

Procedure

50 [÷] 180 [SHIFT] [%] [=] (Result: 27.778)

22
 Example 3
Find 20% of 150 and then subtract the result from
150

Procedure
150 [×] 20 [SHIFT] [%] [=] (Result: 30)
150 − [ANS] [=] (Result: 120)

C. SURDS
You can use your calculator to solve surd
questions. The procedure is straight forward: punch
the expression onto the calculator screen and press
[=].

Example 1
Simplify √500 − √125

Procedure

[√500] [−] [√125] [=] (Result: 5√5 ). The

result is in the surd form, to retrieve it in
decimal form, just press [S ↔ D]. (Result:
11.18033989)

23
 Example 2

Simplify √98 + √50 + √18

Procedure

[√98] [+] [√50] [+] [√18] [=] (Result: 15√2 )

Example 3

Simplify (3 − 2√2)(3 + 2√2)

Procedure

([3] [−] [2√2]) ([3] [+] [2√2 ]) [=] (Results:1)

D. INDICES
Indices can be evaluated using the calculator. The
key for exponent or index is [𝑥 ■ ].
Example1
Without using tables, simplify the following:
64 1
a. ( )2
25
2
8
b. ( )−3
27

24
 Procedure

64 1 8
a. [( )2 ] [=] (Result: 1.6 = )
25 5
2
8 9
b. [( )−3 ] ] [=] ( Result: 2.25 = )
27 4

Example 2

Simplify the following

a. (27× 3−2 ) (8× 2−3 )

2 1 1
b. 273 × 643 ÷ 812

Procedure

a. ( [27] [×] [3−2 ] ) ( [8] [×] [2−3 ] ) [=]

(Result :3)
2 1 1
b. [273 ] [ ×] [643 ] [÷] [812 ] [=] (Result: 4)

Example 3

If 3𝑥 = 9 find the value of 𝑥

Procedure

[3] [x ] [ALPHA] [ ) ] [→] [ALPHA] [CALC] [9] [SHIFT]

[SOLVE] [=] (Result: 𝑥 = 2, L − R = 0)

25
 Example 4

Solve for 𝑥 in the following equations

a. 3𝑥−1 = 81
1
b. 32𝑥−1 =
27

Procedure

(a) [3] [x■ ] [ALPHA] [ ) ] [−] [1] [→] [ALPHA] [CALC] [81]
[SHIFT] [SOLVE] [=] (Result: 𝑥 = 5, L − R =
0)
1
(b) [3] [x■ ] [2] [ALPHA] [ ) ] [−] [1] [→] [ALPHA] [CALC] [ ]
27

[SHIFT] [SOLVE] [=] (Result: 𝑥 = −1, L − R =

0)

E. SEQUENCE OF NUMBERS

Arithmetic Sequence

Sequence of numbers can be generated using the

calculator. To generate or form a particular sequence:

Punch the first term and press [=] add the common
difference and press [=]. Keep on pressing the equal
button [=] until the expected last term is achieved.

26
Example 1

Generate a sequence with 2 as the first term and the

common difference 3.

Procedure

2 [=][+]3 [=](Ans: 5)[=](Ans: 8)[=](Ans: 11)[=](Ans: 14)

[=](Ans: 17)[=](Ans: 20)[=](Ans: 23)[=](Ans: 26)[ =

] (Ans: 29) …

Therefore, the sequence is generated as; 2, 5, 8, 11,

14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, …

Example 2

List the first 15 terms of the sequence with 1 as the

first term and 5 as the common difference.

Procedure

1 [=] [+] 5 [=] (ans: 6) [=] (ans: 11) [=] (ans: 16)

[= ](ans: 21)[=](ans: 26)[=](ans: 31)[=] (ans: 36)

[=] (ans: 41) [=] (ans: 46)[=] (ans: 51) [=] (ans: 56)

27
[=] (ans: 61) (ans: 66) [=] (ans: 71) …

Now the sequence is generated as;1 ,6, 11, 16, 21,

26, 31, 36, 41, 46, 51, 56, 61, 66, 71, …

Geometric Sequence

For geometric sequence, punch the first term and press

[=], multiply the result by the common ratio and keep
pressing [=] until the required last term is achieved.

Example 3

Write down the first ten terms of the geometric

sequence with a first term of 1 and a common ratio of
3

Procedure

1 [=] [×] 3 [=] (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 9) [=] (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 27) [=] (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 81)

[=](𝐴𝑛𝑠: 243)[=](𝐴𝑛𝑠: 729)[ =](𝐴𝑛𝑠: 2187)

[=] (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 6561) [=] (𝐴𝑛𝑠: 19683)

Hence the sequence is 1, 3, 9, 27,

81, 243, 729, 2187, 6561, 19683

28
Multiples Of A Number Could Also Be Generated
Using The Following Procedure:

 Punch the number whose multiples are to be

listed
 Press equal to [=]
 Add the number to the answer (i.e. ANS [+] the
number ) and keep pressing the [=]

Example 4

List the multiple of 3 between 1 and 60

Procedure

3 [=] (Ans: 3) [+] 3 [=] (Ans: 6)[=] (Ans: 9) [=]

(Ans: 12) [=] (Ans: 15) [=] (Ans: 18) [=] (Ans:
21) [=] (Ans: 24) [=] (Ans: 27) [=] (Ans: 30) [=]
(Ans: 33) [=] (Ans: 36) [=] (Ans: 39) [=] (Ans:42)
[=] (Ans: 45) [=] (Ans: 48) [=] (Ans: 51) [=] (Ans:
54) [=] (Ans: 57)

Now the multiple of 3 are: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18,

21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51,
54 𝑎𝑛𝑑 57

29
F. Summation
This allows you to calculate the sum of a series
between two terms. The method for this essentially
is the same as that for integration. To access the
[]
summation function, press [SHIFT] ∑0 [ ]and
cursor will be flashing for you to enter the
expression (in terms of 𝑥), using ALPHA and then
specify the first and the number of terms of the
sequence. For arithmetic progression, the
expression should be 𝑥 [+] the common difference.

Get Your Own Question Now!

Hope You Enjoyed Solving Your

Own Questions! Good Work!

30
 NUMBER BASES

The number base can be called from the calculator

using the following mode operation [MODE] [4]. The
calculator can be used to calculate the following
bases: Denary/Decimals (base ten), Hexadecimal
(Base Sixteen), Binary (Base Two) and Octary
(Base 8). The bases are represented as BIN-Binary,
DEC-Decimal, OCT-Octary and HEX-Hexadecimal.
This allows you to add / subtract /divide and multiply
in different number bases. The green labels are
specialized for number base calculation.

Decimal mode acts much like the normal calculator

mode; except you cannot enter fractions and it will not
compute numbers that are too high or too low.

Octal mode is a number system in base 8. You can

enter up to 11 octal digits in this mode

Hexadecimal mode allows you to enter up to 8

hexadecimal digits in a single term. Hexadecimal is
shorthand for numbers represented in binary.

31
To Convert One Base to Another

Example 1

Convert 10012 to base ten.

Procedure

[MODE] [4] [BIN] [1001] [=] [DEC] (Result: 9).

Thus the result is 9 in base ten.

Example 2

Convert 2354𝑡𝑒𝑛 to base sixteen.

Procedure

[MODE] [4] [DEC] [2354] [=] [HEX] (Result: 93216 )

Example 3

Convert 226𝑡𝑒𝑛 to number base 8

Procedure

[MODE] [4] [DEC] [226] [=] [OCT](𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 3428 )

Example 4

Arrange11012, 4216 and 2810 in descending order of

magnitude.

32
Procedure

First, convert each to base ten and compare them

11012
= [MODE] [4] [BIN] [1102] [=] [DEC] (Result: 13)

4216 =
[MODE] [4] [HEX] [42] [=] [DEC] (Result: 66)

2810 = 28

Now arrange them in descending order, we have

4216 , 2810 , 11012

Example 6

Convert 2617𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 to base ten numeral.

Procedure

[MODE] [4] [OCT] [2617] [=] [DEC] (𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 1423𝑡𝑒𝑛 )

Example 7

Evaluate in base two 1001112 /112

Procedure

[MODE] [4] [BIN] [100111] [=] [÷] [11] [=] (𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 11012 )

33
Example 8

Simplify the following 13228 × 138

Procedure

[MODE] [4] [OCT] [1322] [=] [×] [13] [=](Result: 174068 )

***To Perform Division Of Numbers In Bases

Other Than Ten, It Is Advisable To First Convert
The Number To Base Ten, Perform The Division
And Then Convert The Result Back To The
Original Base. This Is Quite Tedious; Using The
Calculator Makes It Easier.***

What Do You Expect? Do The Right

Thing!

34
 RELATIONS

Completing Table for Relations

Complete and complete the table of values for the

relation 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 for −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4

𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 10 -2 10

Procedure

1. [MODE] [7]
2. [𝑥 ■ ] [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴] [ ) ] [→] [2] [→
] [−] [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴] [ ) ] [−] 2 [=]
3. [Start? ] , here you enter the lower limit for the
interval given. In this question the lower limit is
[−3] [=].
4. [End? ], here you enter the upper limit for the
interval given. In this question the upper limit is
[4] [=] [=]
5. Table displays

𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 10 4 0 -2 -2 0 4 10

35
Example 2

Complete the table of values for the relation 𝑦 =

5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 for the range −4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4

𝑥 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 -3

Procedure

1. [MODE] [7]
2. [𝑥 ■ ] [5] [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴] [ ) ] [→] [2]
[→] [+] [2] [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴] [ ) ] [−] 3 [=]
3. [Start? ] , here you enter the lower limit for the
interval given. In this question the lower limit is
[−4] [=].
4. [End? ], here you enter the upper limit for the
interval given. In this question the upper limit is
[4] [=] [=]
5. Table displays

𝑥 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 69 36 13 0 -3 4 21 48 85

36
Example 3

Copy and complete the table of values of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 +

2𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 10 for the range −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5 below;

𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑦 10

Procedure

6. [MODE] [7]
7. [𝑥 ■ ] [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴] [ ) ] [→] [3]
[→] [+] [2] [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴] [ ) ] [𝑥 ■ ] [2]
[→] [−] [13] [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴] [ ) ] [+] 10 [=]
8. [Start? ] , here you enter the lower limit for the
interval given. In this question the lower limit is
[−2] [=].
9. [End? ], here you enter the upper limit for the
interval given. In this question the upper limit is
[5] [=] [=]
10.Table displays

𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑦 36 24 10 0 0 16 54 120

37
Determination of Unknowns

Example 4
𝐴𝐵𝐶
What is the value of if 𝐴 = −3, 𝐵 = 2 and 𝐶 =
𝐴𝐵−𝐵𝐶

−2

Procedure

Punch the relation given onto the calculator memory

■
1. [ ] [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴][𝐴][𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴][𝐵][𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴][𝐶] [→][𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴][𝐴]

[𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴][𝐵][−][𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴][𝐵][𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴][𝐶]
2. Press the [CALC] key to allocate the value of
each variable into the calculator memory
3. [CALC] (A? ) [(−)] 3 [=] (B? )2 [=](C? )[(−)] 2
[=] (result: − 6)

Example 5

Given that 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑏 = −3, evaluate 𝑎(𝑎2 +

𝑏2)

Procedure

1. [ALPHA] [A] [( ] [𝑥 ■ ] [ALPHA][A] [→] [2] [→] [+] [𝑥 ■ ]

[ALPHA][B] [→] [2] [→])

38
 2. [CALC] (A? ) 2 [=] (B? ) [(−)] 3 [=
] (Result: 26)

To Determine a Value for and Unknown

Example 6

The time t seconds for one complete oscillation of a

simple pendulum of length I meters is given by 𝑡 =

2𝜋√𝑙⁄𝑔 where 𝑔𝑚−2 is the acceleration due to

gravity. Find the length of pendulum if 𝑡 = 1𝑠 and

𝑔 = 9.8𝑚𝑠 −2 .

Procedure

𝑡 = 2𝜋√𝑙⁄𝑔

NB: it can be noted that t, I and g are not found on

the alphabet keys of the calculator. Therefore it is
advisable to represent each by different letters. Let us
represent 𝒕 𝒃𝒚 𝑴, 𝒍 𝒃𝒚 𝑿 and 𝒈 𝒃𝒚 𝒀.

■
1. [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴] [𝑀] [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴] [=] 2 [𝑆𝐻𝐼𝐹𝑇] [𝜋] [√■] [ ] [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴]

[𝑋] [→] [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴][𝑌] [→]

2. [𝑆𝐻𝐼𝐹𝑇][𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑉𝐸](𝑀? )1 [=] (𝑌? )9.8 [=]

39
 [=] (𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 0.25, 𝐿 − 𝑅 = 0.2482368999)

Example 7

Find the value of 𝑥 in the equation below

𝑥−3
4𝑥 + = 10
𝑥+10

Procedure

■
1. 4 [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴][ )] [+] [ ] [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴][ )] [−] 3 [→] [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴]

[ )] [+] 10 [→] [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴] [𝐶𝐴𝐿𝐶] 10

2. [𝑆𝐻𝐼𝐹𝑇] [𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑉𝐸] [=](𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 2.51)

TRY ME OUT!

1. Find R1 in the relation below if R 2 = 8 and R =

1 1 1 40
5, = + (Result: = )
R R1 R2 3

2. If 3𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7, find 𝑦 when 𝑥 =
7 (Result: 28)
3. Solve for the value of p if 2(𝑝 + 4) = 7𝑝 + 2
(Result:6⁄5)
7𝑥+3 9𝑥−8
4. Solve − = 6 (𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 𝑥 = 2)
2 4

40
 5. Solve √𝑥 2 + 33 = 𝑥 + 3 (𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 𝑥 = 4)

NB: When solving series of such questions the

memory must be cleared before tackling the next
question. Thus [SHIFT] [9] [3] [=]

41
 VECTORS

This mode allows you to perform calculations on 3D

and 2D vectors - up to three at a time. Upon selecting
vector mode, you’ll be prompted to choose a vector
memory slot to enter (VctA, VctB or VctC). After
choosing which memory slot you’re going to use, you
will be prompted to choose the dimensions of the
vectors (either 2 or 3). Now enter the values of your
vector and then press [=] after entering the value in the
each vector.

[MODE] [8] turns the vectors function on. Let us try

to understand how it is being manipulated using the
following examples.

Example 1

3 2
If 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝐵 = ( ). Find 2𝐴 + 3𝐵
4 3

Procedure

1. [MODE] [8]
2. [1] [2] [3] [=] 4 [=] {thus input of the first vector}
3. [SHIFT] [5] [1] [2] [2] 2 [=] 3 [=]
{thus input of the second vector}

42
 4. [ON] 2 [SHIFT][5][3] [+]3 [SHIFT][5][4] [=]
12
[ANS] 12 [→] 17 {thus the result is ( )
17

3 2 6
Manually, 2𝐴 + 3𝐵 = 2 ( ) + 3 ( ) = ( ) +
4 3 8
6 12
( )=( )
9 17
***NB: For vctA(m) m? The m represents the
number column vector. In the example above
m=2 since it is two column vector. The vctA, vctB
and vctC represent the first, second and the third
vector respectively.***

Example 2

1 3 2
Given 𝑋 = ( ) , 𝑌 = ( ) and 𝑍 = ( ). Find 𝑋 +
3 5 4
5(𝑌 + 𝑍)

Procedure

1. [MODE] [8]
2. [1] [2] [1] [=] 3 [=] {thus input of the first vector}
3. [SHIFT] [5] [1] [2] [2] 3 [=] 5 [=]
{thus input of the second vector}

43
 4. [SHIFT] [5] [1] [2] [3] 2 [=] 4 [=]
{thus input of the third vector}
5. [ON] [SHIFT] [5] [3] [+] 5
([SHIFT][5] [4] [+] [SHIFT] [5] [5])[=]
26
[ANS] 26 [→] 48 {thus the result is ( )
48

NB: note that the variable X,Y and Z has been

represented by A,B and C respectively as specified in
the vector mode.

Example 3

If 𝑎 = 5𝑖 + 𝑗 − 3𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 2𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 7𝑘, find 2𝑎 +

𝑏

Procedure

1. MODE] [8]
2. [1] [1] [4] [=] 1 [=] − 3 [=]
{thus input of the first vector}
3. [SHIFT] [5] [1] [2] [1] 2 [=] − 2 [=] −
7 [=]
{thus input of the second vector}
4. [ON] 2 [SHIFT] [5] [3] [+] [SHIFT][5][4] [=]

44
 [ANS]12 [→] 0 [→] − 13 (Result: 12i +
0j − 13k)
***Note that this is a 3D vector***

Let Us Try Working It Manually To Verify:

2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 2(5𝑖 + 𝑗 − 3𝑘) + (2𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 7𝑘)
= (10𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 6𝑘) + (2𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 7𝑘)
= (10 + 2)𝑖 + (2 + (−2)𝑗 + (−6 + (−7)𝑘
= 12𝑖 − 13𝑘

THE DOT PRODUCT OF A VECTOR

Guess you have been wondering what option [SHIFT]

[7] (dot) in vector option is used for. It is used for
calculating the dot product of vectors.

To work out the dot product of a vector, select vector

A (the first vector), re-enter vector options, select dot
{[SHIFT] [1]}, go into vector options one more time
and select vector B (the second vector). Then press
[=].

45
Example 4

Find the scalar or dot product (a.b) when

a. 𝑎 = 𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘 𝑏 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 𝑘
b. 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 4𝑘 𝑏 = 5𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 𝑘

Procedure

a.
1. MODE] [8]
2. [1] [1] [1] [=] 2 [=] − 1 [=]
{thus input of the first vector}
3. [SHIFT] [5] [1] [2] [1] 2 [=] 3 [=] 1 [=]
{thus input of the second vector}
4. [ON] [SHIFT] [5] [3] [SHIFT] [7] [SHIFT]
[5] [4] [=] (Result: 7)
b.
1. MODE] [8]
2. [1] [1] [2] [=] 3 [=] 4 [=]
{thus input of the first vector}
3. [SHIFT] [5] [1] [2] [1] 5 [=] − 2 [=] 1 [=]
{thus input of the second vector}
4. [ON] [SHIFT] [5] [3] [SHIFT] [7]
[SHIFT] [5] [4] [=] (Result: 8)

46
MAGNITUDE OF VECTORS

To determine the magnitude of a vector, the following

procedure is used:

Press [SHIFT] [Abs] [go into vector options and

choose the vector] and press [=].

Example 5

3
Find the magnitude 𝐴 = ( )
4

Procedure

1. MODE] [8]
2. [1] [2] [3] [=] 4 [=]
3. [ON][SHIFT] [Abs] [SHIFT] [5] [3]) [=
] (Result: 5)

Example 6

3
Determine the length of 𝐴 = ( ).
5

Procedure

1. MODE] [8]
2. [1] [2] [3] [=] 5 [=]

47
3. [ON][SHIFT] [Abs] [SHIFT] [5] [3]) [=
] (Result: 5.831)

Example 7

6 3
Given that 𝑃 = ( ) and 𝑄 = ( ), find the value of
4 5
|4𝑃 + 𝑄|

Procedure

1. [MODE] [8]
2. [1] [2] 6 [=] 4 [=] {thus input of the first vector}
3. [SHIFT] [5] [1] [2] [2] 3 [=] 5 [=]
{thus input of the second vector}
4. [ON ] [SHIFT] [Abs] [SHIFT] [5] [3] [+][SHIFT] [5]
[4]) [=] (Result: 12.728)

Cut The Joke! Practice More Examples

Now!

48
 STATISTICAL FUNCTION

Statistics mode allows inputting data in multiple forms

which gives you the procedures required to calculate
many values from the data sets (e.g. Frequency,
standard deviation, etc.) it requires the 3D-mode:
[MODE] [3]

All input should be started [SHIFT] [9] [3] [=] [=]

with to clear the statistical memory. The statistical
function key ([SUM] and [VAR]) is mainly used to
compute the results.

The following examples will help you to understand

how statistical problems are solved using the
calculator.

General Procedure

1. Activate the statistical mode by pressing

[MODE] [3]
2. Input each data followed by [=]. The statistical
memory should be cleared before the data is
inputted.

49
 3. Use the [SHIFT] [STAT] to select the operation
you want the calculator to perform and press
[=].

Example 1

Find the mean of the following data: 8, 3, 5, 2, 3, 5, 6,

1, 1, 2

Procedure

1. [SHIFT] [9] [3] [=] [=]

2. [MODE] [3] [1]
3. 8 [=] 3 [=] 5 [=] 2 [=] 3[=] 5 [=] 6[=] 1 [=
] 1 [=] 2 [=]
4. [ON] [SHIFT] [STAT]
5. Mean: [4] [2] [=](result: 3.6)

Don’t Be Surprise! Work It Out and Check!

Example 2

The following are the marks obtained by students in

an examination:

Marks 5 6 7 8 9 10
No. of
3 2 11 17 6 1
students

50
Calculate

a. The mean mark

b. Standard deviation
c. Total number of students (frequency)

Procedure

1. [SHIFT] [9] [3] [=] [=]

2. [MODE] [3] [1]
3. [SHIFT] [MODE] [ ↓ ] [4] [1]
4. Enter the marks in the column marked (𝒙)
5. 5 [=] 6 [=] 7 [=] 8 [=] 9 [=] 10 [=]
6. Enter the frequency in the column marked
(𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐐) by using the center key to move the
cursor to the right [→] and up [ ↓ ]. Note the
marks SHOULD correspond to the frequency.
7. 3 [=] 2 [=] 11 [=] 17 [=] 6 [=] 1 [=]
8. [ON] [SHIFT] [STAT] Mean: [4] [2] [=
](result: 7.6)
9. [ON] [SHIFT] [STAT] Standard deviation: [4]
[3]
[=](result: 1.1135)
10.[ON] [SHIFT] [STAT] Total number of
students (frequency): [4] [1] [=] (result: 40)

51
Example 3

Calculate the standard deviation from the following

table:

Age (yrs) 6 7 8 9 10 11
Frequency 4 6 10 11 8 1

Procedure

1. [SHIFT] [9] [3] [=] [=]

2. [MODE] [3] [1]
3. [SHIFT] [MODE] [ ↓ ] [4] [1]
4. Enter the marks in the column marked (𝒙)
5. 6 [=] 7 [=] 8 [=] 9 [=] 10 [=] 11 [=]
6. Enter the frequency in the column marked
(𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐐) by using the center key to move the
cursor to the right [→] and up [ ↓ ]. Note the
marks SHOULD correspond to the frequency.
7. 4 [=] 6 [=] 10 [=] 11 [=] 8 [=] 1 [=]
8. [ON] [SHIFT] [STAT] Standard deviation: [4]
[3]
[=] (result: 1.3)

52
Example 4

The score obtained by students in a test are 21, 25, 27,

25, 27, 21, 24, 23, 23 and 24. Calculate

1. The mean score

2. The standard deviation
3. Variance

Procedure

1. [SHIFT] [9] [3] [=] [=]

2. [MODE] [3] [1]
3. 21 [=] 25 [=] 27 [=] 25 [=] 27[=] 21 [=] 24 [=] 23
[=] 23 [=] 24 [=]
4. [ON] [SHIFT] [STAT] Mean: [4] [2] [=
](result: 24)
5. [ON] [SHIFT] [STAT] Standard deviation: [4]
[3] [=] (result: 2)
6. [ON] [SHIFT] [STAT] Variance: [4] [4]
[=] (result: 4)

53
Example 5

Twenty students score the following marks in a

chemistry test:

5, 2, 5, 3, 1, 6, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1, 2, 2, 4, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3.
Find the

a. Mean mark scored

b. Population standard deviation

Procedure

1. [SHIFT] [9] [3] [=] [=]

2. [MODE] [3] [1]
3. 5 [=] 2 [=] 5 [=] 3 [=] 1 [=] 6 [=] 2 [=] 2 [=] 3 [=] 4
[=] 2 [=] 1 [=] 2 [=] 2 [=] 4
[=] 3 [=] 2 [=] 2 [=] 2 [=] 3 [=]
4. [ON] [SHIFT] [STAT] Mean: [4] [2] [=
](result: 2.8)
5. [ON] [SHIFT] [STAT] Standard deviation: [4]
[3] [=] (result: 1.33)

54
 Try me out!

The biology scores of ten students in a class are as

follows:

Biology 30 50 70 73 26 60 42 38 92 49
a. Find the mean of the scores in biology.
b. Find the standard deviation of the scores in
biology.

Results

a. Mean score in biology: 53

b. Standard deviation of scores in biology: 19.72

55
SUMMARY

To Key Sequence Description

Recall
This
Type Of
Value
𝑛 [SHIFT] No. of data
[STAT] [4] [1] (frequency)

∑𝑥 [SHIFT] Sum of
[STAT] [3] [2] value

∑ 𝑥2 [SHIFT] Sum of
[STAT] [3] [1] squares of
values
𝑥̌ [SHIFT] Mean
[STAT] [4] [2]

𝑥𝜎𝑛 [SHIFT] Standard

[STAT] [4] [3] deviation

56
 While inputting data or after inputting data is
complete, you can use the [↑] and [↓] to scroll
through data you have input. You can then edit the
displayed data if you want. Input the new value and
then press the [=] key to replace the old value with
the new one.

Regression Calculations

Press [MODE] [3] ([2] or [3] or [4] or [5] etc) to

launch the regression mode depending on the type of
regression you want to perform (i.e. linear,
exponential, logarithm, quadratic function, etc.). This
mode allows you to find the mean of x of y, deviation
of x and y, gradient (B) and intercept on y axis (A).

Example 1

The following data is regressed with the least

square regression to 𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥. Find the value
𝑎1 (gradient of the graph).

x 1 20 30 40
y 1 400 800 1300

57
Procedure

1. [SHIFT] [9] [3] [=] [=]

2. [MODE] [3] [2]
3. Enter the marks for x in the column marked x
4. 1 [=] 20 [=] 30 [=] 40 [=]
5. Enter the marks for y in the column marked
𝐲 by using the center key to move the cursor to
the right [→] and up [ ↓ ].
6. 1 [=] 400 [=] 800 [=] 1300 [=]
7. [ON] [SHIFT] [STAT] [5] [2] [=
](result: 32.625)

Example 2

The data in the table below shows the year’s

experiences and salary of seven workers selected at
random in an industry.

Workers A B C D E F G
Years of 3 7 4 9 11 16 8
experience
(x)
Salary GH₵ 13 15 14 17 15 19 17
(,000) (y)

58
Find

a. 𝑥̌ the mean of x
b. 𝑦̌ the mean of y

Procedure

1. [SHIFT] [9] [3] [=] [=]

2. [MODE] [3] [2]
3. Enter the years of experience in the column
marked x
4. 3 [=] 7 [=] 4 [=] 9 [=] 11 [=] 16 [=] 8 [=]
5. Enter the salary in the column marked 𝐲 by
using the center key to move the cursor to the
right [→] and up [ ↓ ].
6. 13 [=] 15 [=] 14 [=] 17 [=] 15 [=] 19 [=] 17 [=]
7. [ON] [SHIFT] [STAT] Mean of x: [4] [2]
[=] (result: 8.3)
8. [ON] [SHIFT] [STAT] Mean of y: [4] [5]
[=] (result: 15.7)

59
Example 3

The table below the value of two variables x and y

obtained from a survey.

x 11 12 14 15 16 18 19 20
y 81 73 53 53 43 29 15 9

Find

a. 𝑥̌ and 𝑦̌ the means of x and y respectively

b. The equation of the line

Procedure

1. [SHIFT] [9] [3] [=] [=]

2. [MODE] [3] [2]
3. Enter the marks x in the column marked x
4. 11 [=] 12 [=] 14 [=] 15 [=] 16 [=] 18 [=] 19 [=] 20 [=]
5. Enter the marks y in the column marked 𝐲 by
using the center key to move the cursor to the
right [→] and up [ ↓ ].
6. 81 [=] 73 [=] 53 [=] 53 [=] 43 [=] 29 [=] 15 [=] 9 [=]
7. [ON] [SHIFT] [STAT] Mean of x: [4] [2]
[=] (result: 15.625)

60
 8. [ON] [SHIFT] [STAT] Mean of y: [4] [5]
[=] (result: 44.5)

NB: The general equation of a linear graph used by

the calculator is given as 𝑦 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥

Where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are the intercept on y-axis and the

gradient of the line respectively.

9. [ON] [SHIFT] [STAT] [5] [1]

[=] (result: Intercept 167.91)
10.[ON] [SHIFT] [STAT] [5] [2]
[=] (result: Gradient − 7.90)
From the results, the equation of the line is:
𝑦 = 167.91 − 7.90𝑥

61
 Try Me Out

The table below shows the mark of 10 students in

physics and mathematics test.

Math 75 80 93 65 87 71 98 68 84 77
(x)
Physics 82 78 86 72 91 80 95 72 89 74
(y)

Find

(a) 𝑥̌ and 𝑦̌, the mean of x and y respectively

(b) The equation of the line of best fit

Results

(Intercept: 29.13) , (Gradient: 0.66) ,Now the

equation of the straight line is: y = 0.66𝑥 + 29.13

***This procedure can also be applied on logarithm,

exponential, power inverse and quadratic functions.
***

62
 CALCULUS
DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION

NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION

Your fx - 991ES/Plus scientific calculator makes the

solving of differential of quantities easier. It allows
you to punch the expression as it appears on the
question paper. The calculator will, given 𝑓(𝑥),
calculate 𝑓 1 (𝑥) for a particular value of 𝑥. Press
𝒅
[SHIFT] [ ] this will bring up something that looks a
𝒅𝒙

𝑑
bit like [■]⃒𝑥 = [■]. Enter 𝑓(𝑥), the function to
𝑑𝑥

be differentiated and scroll right to enter the value of 𝑥

at which you want to calculate the gradient. Finally
press [=] for the result. The numerical differentiation
𝒅
operation [SHIFT] [ ] takes 2 arguments:
𝒅𝒙

1. The function of 𝑥 to differentiate

2. The point where the derivative is evaluated at

63
General procedure

𝒅
1. Press the [SHIFT] [ ] key and punch the relation
𝒅𝒙

to be differentiated.
2. Press [→] followed by the point or value at which
the derivative is differentiated.
3. Press the [=] for the result. The result might take
some few seconds to be evaluated.

Example 1
1
If 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2 + 9. Find the gradient at 𝑥 =
2

Procedure

𝒅
[SHIFT] [ ]
𝒅𝒙

[𝑥 ■ ] [ALPHA] [ ) ] [→] 4 [→] [+] 6 [ALPHA] [ ) ] [𝑥 ■ ]

[2] [→] [+] 9 [→] [0.5] [=] (Result: 6.5)

Example 2

Find the gradient of the curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 2) at

the point where 𝑥 = 1

64
Procedure

𝒅
[SHIFT] [ ]
𝒅𝒙

( [ALPHA] [ ) ] [−] [3]) ([𝑥 ■ ][ALPHA] [ ) ] [→] 2 [→] [+] 2)

[→] [1] [=] (𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: − 1)

Example 3

Find the gradient of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 − 4 at the

point where 𝑥 = 3

Procedure

𝒅
SHIFT] [ ]
𝒅𝒙

[𝑥 ■ ] [ALPHA] [ ) ] [→] 3 [→] [+] 7 [ALPHA] [ ) ] [−] 4

[→] [3] [=] (Result: 34)

So Easy! Try These Out!

3𝑥−1
1. Find the gradient of 𝑦 = at the point where
𝑥
1
𝑥= (𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 4)
2
𝑑𝑦
2. Given that 𝑦 = cos(7𝑥 + 2), find at 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥

4 (𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 3.5)

65
 3. Suppose that the amount of water in a holding
tank at t minutes is given by 𝑉(𝑡) = 2𝑡 2 −
16𝑡 + 35. Determine the volume of water at
𝑡 = 5. (𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 4)

INTEGRATION

The fx - 991ES/Plus makes the solving of definite

integral questions straight forward: it allows you to
punch the expression as it appears on the question
paper.

𝑏
To perform definite integration, first press the ∫𝑎 𝑑𝑥
button. This will bring up an integral sign with blanks
for the upper and lower limits and the integrand and a
dx at the end. The cursor will be flashing for you to
enter the integrand, (in terms of x), using alpha. For
2
example ∫1 (2𝑥 2 + 6)𝑑𝑥. Once you have entered your
integrand 2𝑥 2 + 6, input your upper and lower limits
by scrolling up and down using the replay or
directional arrow buttons. Press [=] and it will perform
the integration, giving the answer as a fraction if
appropriate.

66
Now let us illustrate what has been discussed with
examples:

Example 1
2
Evaluate the integral ∫1 (𝑥 2 + 3)𝑑𝑥

Procedure

[∫ 𝑑𝑥] [𝑥 ■ ] [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴] [ )] [→] 2 [→] [+] 3 [↓] 1 [↑] 2 [→] [=

16
] (𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 5.333333 = )
3

Example 2
3
Find the value of the integral ∫2 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

Procedure

[∫ 𝑑𝑥] [𝑥 ■ ] [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴] [ )] [→] 2 [→] [+] 2 [𝐴𝐿𝑃𝐻𝐴] [ )] [−]

31
1 [↓] 2 [↑] 3 [→] [=] (Result: 10.3333 = )
3

Example 3
4
Determine the exact integral of ∫0 2 cos 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 .
4

67
Procedure

[∫ 𝑑𝑥] 2 [cos] 2 [ALPHA] [ ) ]

■
[↓] 0 [↑] [ ] [𝑆𝐻𝐼𝐹𝑇] [𝜋] [→] 4 [→] [=] (result: 1.6)

2
1. Evaluate ∫0 (𝑥 + 1)√𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (Result:
7.542)
5
2. Determine the value of ∫−2(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 −
−343
10)𝑑𝑥 (Result: -57.16667= )
6

3. Evaluate the integral

4
1
∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 0.2 = 5)
300𝑥
4. Find the area under the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = .
1+𝑒 𝑥

From 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 10 (𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 246.59)

68
 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION

The permutation operation (nPr) and the combination

operation (nCr) is found on the multiplication (×) and
the division sign (÷) respectively.

When dealing with permutation or combination, no

mode is required.

Example 1

If a club has 20 members, how many different four

members committee are possible?

Procedure

The above question is represented by 20𝐶4 = 4845

20 [SHIFT] [÷] 4 [=] (result: 4845)

Example 2

Evaluate the following:

a. 9𝐶6
b. 7𝐶4
c. 8𝑃5
d. 10𝑃3
e. 15𝐶7

69
 f. 4𝑃4

Procedure

a. 9 [SHIFT] [÷] 6 [=] (Result: 84)

b. 7 [SHIFT] [÷] 4 [=] (Result: 35)
c. 8 [SHIFT] [×] 5 [=] (Result: 6720)
d. 10 [SHIFT] [×] 3 [=] (Result: 720)
e. 15 [SHIFT] [×] 7 [=] (Result: 6435)
f. 4 [SHIFT] [×] 4 [=] (Result: 24)

70
 MATRICES

The matrix function (MAT) must first be activated.

The procedure is similar to that of the vector. The
dimensions of the matrix would be required thus the
number of rows and the columns of the matrix.

General Procedure

1. Activate the matrix mode by pressing : [MODE]

[6]
2. Enter the values of the matrix onto the calculator
memory. You would be asked to enter the types of
the matrix or the dimension of the matrix. Thus for
MatA (m × n), the m is for number of rows and the
n is for number of columns. To do this, for
example, with a 3 × 2 matrix you would press [2].
3. Now choose the operation that you want to do with
the inputted data. For example could be
determinant, transpose of the matrix etc.
4. Use the arrow keys to extract or move through the
answer.

NB: The general form of the matrix is shown on

the calculator as:

71
1. 3 × 3
2. 3 × 2
3. 3 × 1
4. 2 × 3
5. 2 × 2
6. 2 × 1
[↓]
1. 1 × 3
2. 1 × 2
3. 1 × 1

Example 1

1 2 −1 2
If 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝐵 = ( ) find AB.
3 4 −3 1

Procedure

1. [MODE] [6]
2. To enter matrix A:
[1] [5] 1 [=] 2 [=] 3 [=] 4 [=]
3. To enter matrix B: [SHIFT][MAT][2][2][5] [(−)]1
[=] 2 [=] [(−)] 3 [=] 1 [=]
4. [ON] [SHIFT] [MATRIX] [3] [×] [SHIFT]
[MATRIX]

72
 −7 4
[4] [=] Result: ( )
−15 10

Example 2

2 1
Given that A = ( ), find the determinant of A.
3 4

Procedure

1. [MODE] [6]
2. [1] [5] 2 [=] 1 [=] 3 [=] 4 [=]
3. [ON] [SHIFT] [MATRIX] [7]
4. [SHIFT] [MATRIX] [3] [=] (Result: 5)

Example 3

A matrix of a linear transformation A is given 𝐴 =

2 −5
( ), find the image of the point (2, −4).
1 −3

Procedure

1. [MODE] [6]
2. [1] [5] 2 [=] − 5 [=] 1 [=] − 3 [=]
3. [SHIFT] [MAT] [2] [2] [6] 2 [=] − 4 [=]
4. [ON] [SHIFT] [MATRIX] [3] [×] [SHIFT]
24
[MATRIX] [4] [=] Result: ( )
14

73
Example 4

1 −1
If 𝐴 = ( ), find
2 4

a. 𝐴−1
b. 𝐴𝐴−1

Procedure

1. MODE] [6]
2. [1] [5] 1 [=] − 1 [=] 2 [=] 4 [=]
3. [ON] [SHIFT] [MATRIX] [3] [𝑥 −1 ] [=]
0.6667 0.1667
Results: ( )
−0.3333 0.1667
4. [ON] [SHIFT] [MATRIX] [3] [×] [SHIFT]
[MATRIX] [3] [𝑥 −1 ] [=] (Result: 𝐴𝐴−1 =
1 0
( )
0 1

Example 5

1 2
Find the transpose of 𝐴 = ( )
3 4

Procedure

1. [MODE] [6]
2. [1] [5] 1 [=] 2 [=] 3 [=] 4 [=]
3. [ON] [SHIFT] [MATRIX] [8]

74
 1 3
4. [SHIFT] [MATRIX] [3] [=] (Result: ( )
2 4

What Else? You Want More?

75
 COMPLEX NUMBERS

In complex mode, the calculator is able to perform all

expected calculations involving complex numbers.
The ENG button (left of the open bracket button)
becomes 𝑖. It is therefore possible to enter complex
numbers in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖. Another option is to enter
complex numbers in the modulus – argument form.

General Procedure

1. The complex number function must be on thus

[MODE] [2]
2. Punch the complex relation given onto the
calculator screen.
****Note that the imaginary part can be punched
from [ENG]***
3. Enter the operation you want the calculator to
perform and press [=]

Example 1

If 𝑍1 = 3 + 2𝑖 and 𝑍2 = −1 + 𝑖. Find

a. 𝑍1 + 𝑍2
b. 𝑍1 − 𝑍2
c. 𝑍1 𝑍2

76
Procedure

1. [MODE] [2]
2. 3 [+] 2 [𝐸𝑁𝐺] [+] [(−)] 1 [+] [𝐸𝑁𝐺] [=] 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 2 +
3𝑖
3. 3 [+]2 [𝐸𝑁𝐺] [−] [(−)] 1 [+] [𝐸𝑁𝐺] [=]
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 4 + 3𝑖
4. 3 [+] 2 [𝐸𝑁𝐺] [×] [(−)] [+] [𝐸𝑁𝐺] [=]
(𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 3 − 𝑖

Example 2
2+3𝑖
Find the real and imaginary parts of
3+2𝑖

Procedure

■
1. [ ] 2 [+]3 [𝐸𝑁𝐺][→] 3 [+]2 [𝐸𝑁𝐺] [=]
12 5 12
(𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡: + 𝑖. The real part is and the
13 13 13
5
imaginary part is 𝑖
13

Example 3

Find the result of the following: (3 + 4𝑖)(2 −

5𝑖)(1 − 2𝑖)

77
 Procedure

1. [( ] 3 [+] 4 [𝐸𝑁𝐺] [ )] [( ] 2 [−] 5 [𝐸𝑁𝐺] [ )] [( ] 1

[−] 2 [𝐸𝑁𝐺] [ )] [=] Result: 12 − 59𝑖

Absolute Value and Conjugate Calculation

Supposing the imaginary number expressed by the by

the rectangle form 𝒛 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 is represented as a
point in the Gaussian plane, you can determine the
absolute value (r) and the argument (𝜃) of the complex
number. The polar form is r < 𝜃. The unit of the
argument of the angle is in degree. To obtain the
absolute value (r) and the argument (𝜃), enter
[MODE] [2] [SHIFT] [MODE] [↓] [3] [2].

Example 4

Express 3 + 4i in a conjugate form.

Procedure

1. [MODE] [2] [SHIFT] [MODE] [↓] [3] [2]

2. 3 [+] 4 [𝐸𝑁𝐺] [=] Result: 5 ⎳ 53.1301°)

Example 5

Express 2 -5i in a conjugate form

78
Procedure

1. [MODE] [2] [SHIFT] [MODE] [↓] [3] [2]

2. 2 [−] 5 [𝐸𝑁𝐺] [=] Result: √29 ⎳
−68.1986°

79
 SCIENTIFIC CONSTANT

By pressing [SHIFT] [CONST] in any mode except

base, it is possible to recall one of 40 constant stored
on the calculator by inputting a number from 01 to 40
although none are necessary for a level exams or
WASSCE (they will be given to you), the following
may be helpful (be aware that examinations may
except you to use specified rounded values)

NAME OF SYMBOL KEY SEQUENCE

CONSTANT
Proton rest 𝑚𝑝 [SHIFT] [CONST]
mass [0] [1]
Neutron rest 𝑚𝑛 [SHIFT] [CONST]
mass [0] [2]
Electron rest 𝑚𝑒 [SHIFT] [CONST]
mass [0] [3]
Muon mass 𝑚𝜇 [SHIFT] [CONST]
[0] [4]
Bohr’s radius 𝑎° [SHIFT] [CONST]
[0] [5]
Planck ℎ [SHIFT] [CONST]

80
constant [0] [6]
Nuclear 𝜇𝑁 [SHIFT] [CONST]
magneton [0] [7]
Bohr’s 𝜇𝐵 [SHIFT] [CONST]
magneton [0] [8]
Reduced ℎ [SHIFT] [CONST]
planck [0] [9]
constant
Fine structure 𝛼 [SHIFT] [CONST]
constant [1] [0]
Classical 𝑟𝑒 [SHIFT] [CONST]
electron [1] [1]
radius
Compton’s 𝛾𝑐 [SHIFT] [CONST]
wavelength [1] [2]
Proton 𝛾𝑝 [SHIFT] [CONST]
gyromagnetic [1] [3]
ratio
Proton 𝛾𝑐𝑝 [SHIFT] [CONST]
Compton [1] [4]
wavelength
Neutron 𝛾𝑐𝑛 [SHIFT] [CONST]

81
Compton [1] [5]
wavelength
Rydberg’s 𝑅∞ [SHIFT] [CONST]
constant [1] [6]
Atomic mass 𝑢 [SHIFT] [CONST]
unit [1] [7]
Proton 𝜇𝑝 [SHIFT] [CONST]
magnetic [1] [8]
moment
Electron 𝜇𝑒 [SHIFT] [CONST]
magnetic [1] [9]
moment
Neutron 𝜇𝑛 [SHIFT] [CONST]
magnetic [2] [0]
moment
Muon 𝜇𝜇 [SHIFT] [CONST]
magnetic [2] [1]
moment
Faraday’s 𝐹 [SHIFT] [CONST]
constant [2] [2]
Electron 𝑒 [SHIFT] [CONST]
charge [2] [3]

82
Avogadro 𝑁𝐴 [SHIFT] [CONST]
number [2] [4]
Boltzmann 𝑘 [SHIFT] [CONST]
constant [2] [5]
Molar 𝑉𝑚 [SHIFT] [CONST]
volume [2] [6]
Universal gas 𝑅 [SHIFT] [CONST]
constant [2] [7]
Speed of light 𝐶° [SHIFT] [CONST]
[2] [8]
First radiation 𝐶1 [SHIFT] [CONST]
constant [2] [9]
Second 𝐶2 [SHIFT] [CONST]
radiation [3] [0]
constant
Stefan- 𝜎 [SHIFT] [CONST]
boltzmann [3] [1]
constant
Permittivity 𝜀° [SHIFT] [CONST]
of free space [3] [2]
Permeability 𝜇° [SHIFT] [CONST]
of free space [3] [3]

83
 Magnetic flux ∅° [SHIFT] [CONST]
quantum [3] [4]
Acceleration 𝑔 [SHIFT] [CONST]
due to gravity [3] [5]
Conductance 𝐺 [SHIFT] [CONST]
quantum [3] [6]

Impedance of 𝑍 [SHIFT] [CONST] [3]

quantum [7]
Difference 𝑡 [SHIFT] [CONST]
between [3] [8]
kelvin and
Celsius
Gravitational 𝐺 [SHIFT] [CONST]
constant [3] [9]
Atmospheric 𝑎𝑡𝑚 [SHIFT] [CONST]
pressure [4] [0]

84
Example

A 50 kg person and a 75kg person are sitting on a

bench. What is the magnitude of gravitational force
each exerts on the other if they are 0.5m apart?

Procedure

𝑚1 = 50𝑘𝑔; 𝑚2 = 75𝑘𝑔; 𝑟 = 0.5𝑚

𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2 𝐺×50×75
𝐹= =
𝑟2 0.52

Where G is the universal gravitational constant

■
[ ] [SHIFT][𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑆𝑇][39][×]50 [×]75

[ →] 0.5 [𝑥 2 ] [=] Result: 1.001142 × 10−6

85
 UNITS CONVERSION

Your calculator can convert between different units of

measurement. The calculator’s built-in conversion
commands make it simple to convert values from one
unit to another. You use the conversion commands in
any calculation mode except for number bases. To
recall a conversion command, press [SHIFT] and
[CONV] which displays the conversion command
menu and input the two digit number that corresponds
to the conversion you want to recall. A full list of
conversions is given below.

FROM TO KEY SEQUENCE

in cm [SHIFT] [CONV] [0] [1]
cm in [SHIFT] [CONV] [0] [2]
ft m [SHIFT] [CONV] [0] [3]
m ft [SHIFT] [CONV] [0] [4]
yd m [SHIFT] [CONV] [0] [5]
m yd [SHIFT] [CONV] [0] [6]
Mile km [SHIFT] [CONV] [0] [7]
km mile [SHIFT] [CONV] [0] [8]
n mile m [SHIFT] [CONV] [0] [9]

86
 m n mile [SHIFT] [CONV] [1] [0]
acre (m2 ) [SHIFT] [CONV] [1] [1]
m2 acre [SHIFT] [CONV] [1] [2]
gal(US) 𝑙 [SHIFT] [CONV] [1] [3]
𝑙 gal(US) [SHIFT] [CONV] [1] [4]
gal(UK) 𝑙 [SHIFT] [CONV] [1] [5]
𝑙 gal(UK) [SHIFT] [CONV] [1] [6]
pc km [SHIFT] [CONV] [1] [7]
km pc [SHIFT] [CONV] [1] [8]
km/h m/s [SHIFT] [CONV] [1] [9]
m/s km/h [SHIFT] [CONV] [2] [0]
oz g [SHIFT] [CONV] [2] [1]
g oz [SHIFT] [CONV] [2] [2]
Ib kg [SHIFT] [CONV] [2] [3]
kg Ib [SHIFT] [CONV] [2] [4]
atm Pa [SHIFT] [CONV] [2] [5]
Pa atm [SHIFT] [CONV] [2] [6]
mmHg Pa [SHIFT] [CONV] [2] [7]
Pa mmHg [SHIFT] [CONV] [2] [8]
hp kw [SHIFT] [CONV] [2] [9]
kw hp [SHIFT] [CONV] [3] [0]
kgf/𝑐𝑚2 Pa [SHIFT] [CONV] [3] [1]

87
 Pa kgf/𝑐𝑚2 [SHIFT] [CONV] [3] [2]
kgf.m J [SHIFT] [CONV] [3] [3]
J kgf.m [SHIFT] [CONV] [3] [4]
Ibf/in2 kPa [SHIFT] [CONV] [3] [5]
kPa Ibf/in2 [SHIFT] [CONV] [3] [6]
℉ ℃ [SHIFT] [CONV] [3] [7]
℃ ℉ [SHIFT] [CONV] [3] [8]
J cal [SHIFT] [CONV] [3] [9]
cal J [SHIFT] [CONV] [4] [0]

Example 1

Change

a. 10ft to meters(m)
b. 1 inch to centimeter(cm)

Procedure

a. 10 [SHIFT][CONV]03 [=](Result: 3.048m)

b. 1 [SHIFT] [CONV] 01 [=] (Result: 2.54cm)

Example 2

Convert

a. 1 atm of pressure to pascal

88
 b. 321000 pascal to atm

Procedure

a. 1 [SHIFT][CONV]25 [=](Result: 101325 Pa)

b. 321000 [SHIFT] [CONV] 26 [ ] (Result: 3.168 atm)

89

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