Strength of Materials

Prof: S .K.Bhattacharya
Dept of Civil Engineering,
IIT, Kharagpur
Lecture no 28
Stresses in Beams- III

Welcome to the 3rd lesson of the 6th module which is on Stresses in Beams part 3. In fact in
the last 2 lessons, on this particular module, we have discussed aspects of the bending
stresses in beams. In this particular lesson, we are going to look into some more aspects of
the stresses and we will be looking into the effect of shearing stress in beams.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:52 - 01:06)

It is expected that once this particular lesson is completed one should be able to understand
the concept of shear stress in beams of a rectangular cross section, one should be able to
derive the shear formula for evaluating the shearing stress in a beam subjected to loads and
one should be in a position to evaluate shear stress in beams of rectangular cross sections for
different loading.

(Refer Slide Time: 01:06 - 01:33)

(Refer Slide Time: 01:33 - 02:09)

Hence the scope of this particular lesson includes recapitulation of the previous lesson, the
concept of shear stress in beams of rectangular cross section, derivation of equation for shear
stress in beams and examples for the evaluation of shear stress in beams. We will be looking
at some examples which we know and we will see how to compute the value of the shearing
stresses in a beam which is subjected to a load. Let us look into the questions which were
posed last time.

(Refer Slide Time: 02:09 - 02:17)

What is the impact of bending stress in arriving at a size of a beam?

Last time, we had discussed that the flexible formula or the bending formula is given by this
particular expression that σ /I. As you know M is the bending moment, y is the point at
which we are trying to evaluate the stress and the distance from the neutral axis; ‘I’ is the
moment of inertia. When we are talking about the symmetrical section, we will be dividing it
into two halves and the positive bending moment will be of the same magnitude. In this
particular expression, σ is the stress which is allowed in this particular member which is a
material characteristic.

(Refer Slide Time: 02:17 - 06:45)

It means that if we know the allowable stress of that particular material then we know the
stress limits of that section. The maximum bending moment Mmax can be evaluated from the
external loading that is acting on the beam member and we have seen how to calculate the
bending moment at different sections. If we draw the bending moment diagram then we will
know at which location the maximum bending moment occurs and therefore we will know
Mmax and σ.

These two parameters I and y basically are dependent on the cross sectional shape of the
particular beam member. So in I/y, ‘I’ is the moment of inertia and y is the distance of the
point where we are evaluating the stress from the neutral axis which is y. This I/y is nothing
but Mmax/σ. We know that from the loading σ and from the materially allowable stress, we
can get the value of I/y and from this particular numerical value of I/y, we can select a
particular section.

We generally designate I/y by Z and if we can select a member of this Z value, then if we go
for a section which has a higher Z value than the Z required, then the section will be able to
withstand the bending moment that is occurring because of the load. That means if we select
a member which has the I/y value larger than we are getting from this expression /σ, then
the member will be in a position to withstand this particular load but if we provide a section
for which the Z value is less than I/y, then naturally the stress level will go beyond the
capability of that particular material and the material will fail.

(Refer Slide Time: 08:17 - 08:59)

Let us suppose the member is unsymmetrical with respect to x axis as we had discussed last
time. If we have a cross section which is symmetrical with respect to y axis but
unsymmetrical with respect to x- axis, then this y value will be different from the neutral axis
for two ends and we can designate it as y1 and y2. Correspondingly, we will have two values
of I/y, we can call one as, Z1 = I/y1; other one will be, Z2 = I/y2

We will have the larger value of Z and if we choose a particular section then that particular
section will be able to withstand the stress. We will have to decide whether it is a
symmetrical section or an unsymmetrical section with respect to x axis and accordingly we
have to find out the value of I/y. Correspondingly, we have to select a particular section
which satisfies this requirement. This bending stress has a great impact in selecting a
sectional configuration of a member where we will have to find out the size.

The next question is what is the relation between curvature and the bending stress in a beam?
We have seen the bending equation which is /I E/ρ σ/ , where M is the bending
moment, I is the moment of inertia, E is the modulus of elasticity, ρ is the radius of the axis
of the beam, σ is the bending stress and y is the distance of the point where we are evaluating
the stress from the neutral axis and the normal stress gets generated because of the bending in
the particular section.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:56 - 08:04)

If we take this particular relationship E/ρ σ/y, then we get σ E /ρ E κ

This is how the stress is related to the curvature through this parameter E and y. We can
evaluate this at a particular point with respect to the neutral axis.

The third question was what is meant by section modulus. In fact, we have said that Z is a
parameter which is I/y and this is what we call section modulus. The ratio of moment of
inertia of section to the extreme fiber distance from the neutral axis of the section is known as
the section modulus. If I is the moment of inertia and ymax is the extreme distance from the
neutral axis of the out of fiber then I/ymax = Z.

In the previous two lessons we have computed the values of the bending stress. That means
when beam members are subjected to a stress result which is a bending moment for that we
could evaluate the value of the normal stress because of such a bending. As you have noticed
that when beam members are subjected to loads, not only are they subjected to a bending
moment but at location they are subjected to shear forces.

In some zones where the bending is associated with shear force we have to compute the value
of the normal stress through the bending equation as we have done and we need to evaluate
the value of the shearing stress as well. In this particular lesson, we are going to look into
how to compute the value of the shearing stress at a particular location where we know the
value of the shearing force for the external loading that the member is subjected to.

Let us look into this figure where we have taken a part of the beam segmented which is
subjected to the loading. This is the positive shear force acting on this particular phase and
this member is of a rectangular cross section having depth h and width b. Now, we assume
two aspects over here. One is that the shear stress is parallel with the shear force at that
particular cross section and we also assume that the shear stresses are uniformly distributed
across the width of the beam.

(Refer Slide Time: 08:59 -13:05)

It is reasonable to assume that across the width of the beam, the shear stress is uniform
otherwise there could be a variation of the shear stress along the depth of the beam but at a
particular point along the width, we assume that the shear stress is uniform. We assume two
aspects: one is that the direction of the shear stress is in line with the shearing force which is
acting at a particular cross section and the distribution of the shear stress along the width is
uniform. For example, if we take out a small segment from this particular beam, then we get
the segmental size which is here.

Along the width, the shear stress is uniform as we have assumed at the moment and we have
the complementary. As we have noticed earlier, if we take a section and if we have verticals
here then we have horizontals here as well which we call as a complimentary. This is the
positive shear stress which we have on the particular phase and consequently we have the
horizontal shearing stress which is the complementary shear stress.

Note that if you take this particular element closer to the top surface where there is no other
element and the shearing stress on the top surface is zero, at the top point since the horizontal
shear stress is zero, the vertical shear stress at the extreme also is zero. At the top and at the
bottom the shearing stress is 0 at ±h/2.
Let us evaluate what is the magnitude of the shearing stress in terms of the sectional
parameters. Before we really go into the evaluation of the shearing stress, you can think of a
small experiment. Take a number of small beams which are supported on supports and these
beams individually are racing one after another.

(Refer Slide Time: 13:05 - 14:43)

We apply a load on to the top of this particular beam and it is expected that it is undergoing
deformation in this particular format as it is shown over here. Since they are not connected
with each other, the bottom part of this particular top beam will be undergoing extension or
tension and the top fiber of this particular beam will be undergoing compression and there is
expected to be some amount of slippage. If we say that the frictional resistance is small then
there will be a substantial change in the length between these two surfaces.

This indicates that if we could hold all these three segments together by applications of glue
or nailing, then the whole system would have to act as one unit. This indicates that some
amount of stresses are acting at the interface between this element and this is what is
horizontal shear stress which retains these three segments together if they are tied together
and they can resist the load in terms of the stresses.

Let us see how to compute the value of the shearing stress in a beam. Consider a segment of
the beam which is loaded and let us say these are two sections at a distance of dx. Let us call
this section as ‘aa’ and this as ‘bb’ and on face ‘aa’, we have a shear force V and the bending
moment M. On the right phase, we have the shear force V + dV and moment as M + dM. We
expect that from aa to bb over dx distance as we move, there is a change in the shear force
and the bending moment.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:43 - 18:41)

Let us separate out this particular element and look into the stresses. Here we have considered
only M and M + dM. There will be stresses because of the shearing action as well but since
we are interested at this moment in computing the value of the horizontal shear stress, let us
keep the vertical shear stress apart. So we are looking only at the stress because of the
bending moment only.

Let us consider a small segment of this particular beam which is at a distance of say y1 from
neutral axis and let us separate out this particular segment and look into the stresses. Here we
have the normal stress which gets generated because of the bending moment M + dM. On left
and right face, we have the normal stresses which are getting generated because of the
bending moment M and at the bottom of the element, we will have a horizontal shear.

Take the cross section of the beam at this particular section ‘aa’, where the width is b and
depth is h and the distance from the neutral axis is h/2 and we are considering a section which
is at a distance of y1 from the neutral axis. This is the section which we are looking into and
the section at bb is a rectangular one having width b and depth h which is the same
configuration.

If we consider a small area dA then the force which will be acting is σ.dA and we can
compute this σ from the expression as we have learned in terms of bending. Since we are
considering only the bending moment acting in this particular section; the stress σ due to
bending is My/I, which we have looked into the flexural equation. The force F1 will be the
stress multiplied by the area of this particular segment and on this side the force F2will be the
stress which is generated because of the M + dM multiplied by this segmental area which will
give us F2.

In this particular element, we have force F1, we have force F2 and we have force F3. If we
take the equilibrium of these forces in the horizontal direction, we have F 1 F2 F3 = 0. How
do we calculate F1, F2 and F3?

(Refer Slide Time: 18:41 - 23:56)

F1 = ∫

Likewise, F2 = ∫

If we write down the equilibrium equation which is F1 F2 F3 = 0 and thereby it gives us,

F3 = F1 F2 and F3 is the force which we are trying to find out.

F3 = ∫ ∫ = ∫

As you can observe from the previous one that F3 is acting at the section of this particular
beam segment wherein the width of the beam is b and the length we have considered as dx.
The area over which the shear is uniformly distributed is b.dx. If τ is the shearing stress, then
the force that is acting at that particular cross section is τ.b.dx, which is stress multiplied by
the area.

F3 τ.b.dx
Equating both equations for F3, we get,

τ.b.dx = ∫

Designating ∫ = Q, we have,

τ (d /dx)Q/Ib

You can recognize this particular parameter dM/dx = V, which is the shear force. The rate of
change of the bending moment along the length is equal to the shear force. Thus, the above
expression becomes,

τ VQ/Ib

This is the expression for the horizontal shear stress where Q the area is the moment of the
area which is above the section where we are trying to calculate the shearing stress. We are
trying to calculate the shearing stress in the section which is at a distance of y1 from the
neutral axis and the area above y1, from y1to h/2 is the segmental area and the moment of that
particular area with respect to the neutral axis will give us the value of Q.

(Refer Slide Time: 23:56 - 24:56)

We know the vertical shear force V, we can compute the value of Q, we can find out I as the
moment of inertia of the section with respect to the neutral axis V which is the width. We can
compute the value of the shearing stress and as you can observe from this particular
expression that at a particular cross section VI and b these three parameters are constant or
the same. The only parameter which is varying is Q because Q depends on y which is the
distance from the neutral axis. Hence along the depth of the beam the shear stress will vary.
Shear stress depends on Q and Q in turn is dependent on the distance y.

We can compute the value of the horizontal shear stress at a particular section. As we have
seen that the horizontal shear stress is complimentary to the vertical shear stress. The vertical
shear stress also will be equal in magnitude of that horizontal shear stress. So once you
compute this expression VQ/ Ib it is the same for the vertical shear stress as well.

From this particular shear formula which we have just derived, we find that the expression for
the shearing stress τ = VQ/Ib and this can be used to evaluate shear stress at any point in the
cross section of a rectangular beam. A rectangular beam is a beam having a rectangular cross
section. The term Q is the first moment of the cross sectional area above the level at which
we are looking for the shear stress and for a particular section.

The shear stress varies with the parameter Q because this parameter is constant for a
particular section. The only parameter which varies is Q and Q is varies with respect to y1.
Hence we have the shear stress along the depth which varies and we get the distribution of
the shear stress on the depth.

(Refer Slide Time: 24:56 - 30:21)

Let us see how the shear stress varies across the depth. We have obtained the value of
shearing stress, τ VQ/Ib. Supposing in this particular rectangular section where the width is b
and height is h for this beam, the neutral axis divides the section into two hubs. We would
like to find out the shear stress across this particular section which is at a distance of y1 from
the neutral axis. Hence this is a segment which is under consideration, which is above the
point where we are computing the shearing stress.
If we compute the value of Q for this particular section,

Q = ʃ y.dA

For dA, if we take a small strip over having width dy = b.dy and y varies from y1 to h /2.

Q=∫ = (b/2) (h2/ 1

2
)

So, τ (V/Ib) (b/2) (h2/ 1

2
) = (V/2I) (h2/ 2
1 )

Note that the shearing stress τ varies parabolic-ally across the depth. When y1 = 0, we get the
maximum value of τ. That implies that at the neutral axis, we get the maximum value of the
shearing stress and y1 becomes + h/2 or – h/2, the value of the shearing stress becomes zero.
As we have noticed earlier that at the top and the bottom of the beam, the value of the
shearing stress is zero. Let us plot the shear stress distribution where at the top and bottom,
the shear stress is zero and over the depth it varies parabolic-ally and at the neutral axis, we
have the maximum value of shearing stress. What is the magnitude of this maximum value?

τmax = (V/2I) (h2/4) = Vh2/8I

Now ‘I’ for this particular rectangular section = bh3/12

After substitution we get,

τmax = 3/2 (V/bh), where bh is nothing but the cross sectional area A, which gives,

τmax = 3/2 (V/A) = 3/2 (Vmax/A)

At the neutral axis, we get the maximum shear stress and at the extreme ends, the shearing
stress is 0 and the magnitude of the maximum shear stress is 3/2 (V/A). As we assumed in the
beginning that although the shear stress varies across the depth, along the width we assume
that the shearing stress is constant. That means that at this particular point, we get the value
of the shearing stress along the width.

This particular value is constant, as we had assumed in the beginning two aspects: one is that
the shear stress acts along the direction of the shearing force and the shearing stress at the
particular point is uniformly distributed across the width. Here one aspect to remember is that
we really do not bother about the sign of the stress. As such we consider that the direction of
the shearing stress is along the direction of the shear force. From the bending moment and on
the shear force diagram, we know the direction of the positive or negative shear.
Accordingly, we take the direction of shearing stresses as well with this background.

What are the steps that we need for evaluating the shearing stress at a particular point? First
of all we need to find out the vertical shear force V in the cross section where we are trying to
find out the particular shear stress. That means that at a particular point where we are
evaluating the shear stress, we will have to find out in which section that particular point is
and at that particular section, we have to calculate the value of the shear force and we can
carry these out by drawing the shear force diagram.

Once we draw the shear force diagram in the length of the beam at different points, we know
the values of the shearing force and the point where we wanted to evaluate the shearing
stress. We would like to find out where that particular point lies and what the magnitude of
the shearing force is.

Secondly in the cross section, we will have to locate the neutral axis and we will have to
compute the moment of inertia about this neutral axis. Then we will have to compute the
value of Q which is the first moment of the area of the section above or below the point
where we are trying to find out the shear stress.

Let us suppose we want to find out the sheer stress in a particular section. We concentrate on
the area where we are trying to find out the shear stress either above or below that particular
segment and we take the moment of that area with respect to the neutral axis which gives us
the value of Q. Once we know Q, we get I, V and b is the width of the beam which gives us
the shear stress from this particular expression which is VQ/Ib. Then we can find out the
value of the shear stress at that particular point with this background.

Let us see how to evaluate the shear stress and the bending stress at a particular point in a
beam having different cross sections. This is the example which I had given last time where
the cross section of the beam is like an inverted u; this particular section is symmetrical with
respect to y-axis but is unsymmetrical with respect to the horizontal axis. Hence we will have
to compute or locate the position of the centroid of this particular section so that we can find
out the position of the neutral axis.

Fortunately in this particular problem, the values are given, the location of the neutral axis is
indicated or the location of centroid is known which is 84 mm from the top of the cross
section and the moment of inertia of the neutral axis is given as 75⨯106 mm4. This particular
beam is subjected to a concentrated load at end A and in between B and C, there is a load of
W kN/m. We need to evaluate the value of W so that the bending stresses are 60 MPa in
tension and 100 MPa in compression.

(Refer Slide Time: 32:17 - 35:11)

We will have to find out the maximum value of load that we can apply in the beam so that the
tensile stress does not go beyond 60 MPa and the bending compressive stress does not go
beyond 100 MPa. If we have to satisfy these two criteria then what is the value of W that we
can apply on this beam? To do that let us first find out where the maximum bending moment
and the maximum shear force occur. Here we are dealing with only bending stress, so we can
know where the maximum bending moment is and we can compute the bending stresses.

This particular beam is supported on a hinge at B and roller on end C. So, we will have a
vertical reactive force RB and a horizontal reactive force HB and a vertical reactive force RC.
Since we do not have any horizontal force HB = 0, we will be left with RB and RC.

RB + RC = W+4W = 5W. If we take the moment of the courses with respect to B, we can get
the value of RC and consequently, RB.

If we compute the values of RB and RC, we get

RB = 3.5 W and RC = 1.5 W.

(Refer Slide Time: 35:11 - 41:34)

Let us plot the shear force diagram and if we take a cross section between A and B and take
the free body of the left part, then we have the shear force and the bending moment. Here we
have the load W and since at this particular segment we do not have any other load V=+W.
We have a positive shear from A to B and that is what is indicated over here and the
magnitude of that positive shear is equal to W.

Let us take a free body diagram of this beam and cut the beam of this particular section
between B and C and take the free body of this left part. We have a reactive force RB, we
have the load W and we have the shear force V and the bending moment M. The load is
distributed over this segment and let us call this particular distance as x. So,

V + RB W Wx = 0, which gives,

V = RB + W + Wx . W + Wx

At B, x=0, which gives, V . W

At C, x=4, which gives, V = +1.5W

Since it changes from (-) to (+) somewhere along the length, the shear force is zero. If the
expression for shear is zero, we get,
x = 2.5m

It indicates that at a distance of x = 2.5, the shear force is zero and it changes sign from
negative to positive and at C the value is 1.5 W.
As we know that when the shear force is zero at the corresponding point, we will get a value
which is maximum in the bending moment. Let us compute the value of the bending moment
for different segments and take the moment from this particular free body diagram. At this
particular free body of segment between A and B, we see that M = Wx and

When x = 2m, M = 2W

So, the magnitude of this moment at point B is 2W.

At point of zero shear force, we expect some higher value of the bending moment, as we have
seen that the maximum bending moment occurs either where the shear force is zero or the
point where shear force changes its sign from the negative to the positive or the vice versa.

For the segment between B and C, free body diagram gives,

M + W(x+2) RB.x + wx2/2 = 0

M = RB.x W(x ) wx2/2

At x=2.5, M = 1.125W, which is maximum positive bending moment in the beam.

We have 2 maximum values of the bending moment, one is the positive maximum, another is
the negative maximum, the maximum positive bending moment = 1.125 W and the maximum
negative bending moment = 2 W along the length of the beam.

Once we plot this bending moment diagram, it is clear that at two locations one is the
maximum positive bending moment and at the other point we have the maximum negative
moment. We have to compute the values of the stresses in the beam corresponding to these
two values of the positive and the negative bending moment and then we will have to take a
decision on what maximum load we can apply on this particular beam. Let us compute the
value of the stresses corresponding to these two bending moments.

We have given that, I = 75⨯106 mm4

Mmax W and max= +1.125W

Let us calculate the bending stress, σ /I

The stress which will be acting at the top for this negative moment is the tension and
permissible tensile stress is 60 MPa.
 (Refer Slide Time: 41:34 - 47:36)

Thereby for the first case we have,

60 = 2W⨯106⨯84/(75⨯106), which gives, W = 26.8 kN

This is one value of W which you get corresponding to the maximum tensile stress
corresponding to the maximum negative bending moment.

The correspondingly allowable compressive stress is 100 MPa. Thus,

100 = 2W⨯106⨯116/(75⨯106), which gives, W = 32.33 kN

Corresponding to this value of the bending moment which is 2W, the maximum negative
bending moment, we get the tensile stress at the top and the compressive stress at the bottom
and corresponding to this limiting value of the tensile stress and the compressive stress we
get the two values of W which is 26.8 kN and 32.33 kN.

If we have this particular load applied on this beam, the stress level intension will exceed 60
and as a result, the beam will fail. So, we will have to limit ourselves to this load value of
26.8 kNm. Before we take a decision on this particular loading, we will have to check up with
respect to the stresses that develop with respect to this positive bending moment. Let us
compute the value of the stresses that developed because of the positive bending moment
which is of magnitude 1.125W. If we calculate the value of the stress, the positive bending
moment which is of this kind will cause a compression at the top and tension at the bottom. If
we compute the stress corresponding to the positive bending moment, the compressive stress
at the top,

100 = 1.125W⨯106⨯84/(75⨯106), which gives, W = 79.4 kN

Correspondingly to this particular moment, if you compute the stress at the bottom which is
the tensile stress which is,

60 = 1.125W⨯106⨯116/(75⨯106), which gives, W = 34.5 kN

Out of these 2 values, we find 34.5 kN is the low value and because if we apply 79.4 kN,
naturally the stress level here will exceed and the member will fail. We have obtained four
values; one is 26.8 kN and 32.33 kN. In the earlier case, corresponding to the maximum
negative moment and corresponding to the positive moment, we have 79.4 kN and 34.5 kN.
Out of these four values, we find that 26.8 is the lowest value and this is the value which we
will have to apply on the beam member so that all the other stresses are within limits.

If we apply a load of more than 26.8 kN, corresponding to the other cases the stress level in
other values will exceed hence we will have to apply the minimum possible W which we
have evaluated out of these four cases and that is the maximum load that we can apply on the
beam so that the beam functions safely and carries the load as indicated in the beam.

(Refer Slide Time: 47:36 - 50:24)

Take the example which corresponds to the one which we have discussed. The example deals
with the aspects of shear stress that a simply supported beam is subjected to on a uniformly
distributed load of 10 kN/m including its own weight. Determine the normal and shear stress
at point C and at this particular point, we will have to find out the value of the normal stress
which is generated due to bending and the value of the shear stress.

The point C is at a distance of 150mm from the bottom fiber that means. We will have to
compute the normal stress and the shearing stress and also we have to find out the value of
the maximum normal and the maximum shear stress. Naturally to compute the value of
maximum normal and the maximum shear stress, we will have to know at which point along
the length of the beam you have the maximum bending moment and the maximum shear
force. For the value of the maximum bending moment and the maximum shear force we will
have to draw the bending moment and shear force diagram.

Correspondingly you can find out where the maximum bending moment and the maximum
shear stress is occurring. The end A is on hinge and we have the vertical and the horizontal
reaction, which is RA and HA. You have the vertical reactive force RB at B and you have to
compute the value of RA and RB and the HA = 0 because you do not have any horizontal force
in this particular member.

This particular member is symmetrically loaded with symmetrical supports as we have seen
earlier. That mean you have a uniformly distributed load and the reactive values will be
equal. Here RA = RB = 10⨯3/2 = 15 kN.

These are the reactive values; HA = 0, RA = 15 and RB =15. Let us look into the shear force
and the bending moment diagram and this particular beam along the length so that we can
compute the value of the stresses.

We have obtained RA as 15 and RB as 15. If we take a free body diagram of this particular
member on the left hand segment we have,

V + RA 10x= 0, which gives, and V = RA + 10x + 10x

At x , we have V

At x=4, we have V= +15kN

When V=0, 10x=15, which gives,

x=1.5m
(Refer Slide Time: 50:24 - 57:10)

Also if you compute the bending moment M the value of the bending moment,

M = RA.x – wx2/ x x2

At the center where x = 1.5 if you compute the value of the bending moment = 11.25 kNm

That is the maximum bending moment that we get corresponding to the 0 shear force. We
will have to find out the maximum bending stress and the maximum shearing stress. From
this particular diagram we can see that the maximum value of the bending moment is
11.25kNm and the maximum value of the shear force which is acting at the support is 15kN
and we have to compute the value of the bending stress and the shear stress at point C. The
maximum value of the bending moment at point C = 6.25kNm and the value of the shear
force at point C is 10kN.

At point C,

σ /I 6. ⨯106⨯50/(100⨯2003/12) = 4.7 MPa

τ VQ/Ib ⨯103⨯100⨯50⨯75/(100⨯100⨯2003/12) = 0.5625 MPa

Corresponding to the maximum value of the bending moment and the maximum value of the
shear force if we compute the stresses,

σmax = My/I = 11.25⨯106⨯100/(100⨯2003/12) = 16.875 MPa

For a rectangular section, the maximum shear stress τmax = 3/2 (Vmax/A), which gives,
τmax = 3/2 (15⨯1000/100⨯200) = 1.125 MPa

(Refer Slide Time: 57:10-57:58)

We have another problem where in the beam which is shown over here, we will have to find
out the stress at a point which is 30mm above the bottom of the beam at section C. That
means that we will have to compute the value of the shearing stress at this particular point
and at this location which is at a distance of 30mm from the bottom. Here the cross section is
symmetrical and with respect to the vertical axis. Here we have two rectangular components
joined together and the neutral axis is located at a distance of 62.5mm from the bottom fiber.
We need not calculate the shear force of the bending moment diagram as such.

(Refer Slide Time: 57:58 - 58:24)

From the shear force diagram we can compute the value of the shear stress. At point C, as we
know the value of the shear force is equal to 6.67kN and correspondingly if you calculate the
value of the shear stress which is,

τ 6.67⨯103⨯100⨯30⨯47.5/(19.3⨯106⨯100) = 0.5 MPa.

(Refer Slide Time: 58:24 - 59:00)

(Refer Slide Time: 59:00 - 59:19)

There is another problem where a beam is subjected to two concentrated loads and you have
to compute the maximum value of b so that the bending stress does not exit 60 MPa and
shearing stress does not exeed 10 MPa. We will look into this particular problem next time.
(Refer Slide Time: 59:19 - 59:39)

To summarize this particular lesson, we have recapitulated the concepts of the previous
lesson, we have looked into the concept of shear stress in beams with rectangular cross
sections, we have looked into the derivation of equations for the shear stress in beams and we
have looked at some examples to evaluate shear stresses in beams.

(Refer Slide Time: 59:39 - 59:57)

The questions given for you are: what are the assumptions made in deriving the shear
formula? What is the limitation of shear stress formula? What is the value of shear stress in a
cantilever beam subjected to a moment at its tip? We will provide answers for these questions
in the next lesson.