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Variables, Constants, and Arithmetic Operators

This chapter discusses variables, constants, arithmetic operators, and input/output in C++. It covers declaring variables and constants, assigning values, performing calculations, accepting keyboard input using getline() and ignore(), and formatting output such as floating-point numbers. The objectives are to understand memory allocation, data types, assignments, arithmetic operations, and basic input/output in C++ programs.

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Antony
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© © All Rights Reserved
53 views

Variables, Constants, and Arithmetic Operators

This chapter discusses variables, constants, arithmetic operators, and input/output in C++. It covers declaring variables and constants, assigning values, performing calculations, accepting keyboard input using getline() and ignore(), and formatting output such as floating-point numbers. The objectives are to understand memory allocation, data types, assignments, arithmetic operations, and basic input/output in C++ programs.

Uploaded by

Antony
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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An Introduction to

Programming with C++


Fifth Edition

Chapter 4
Chapter 4: Variables, Constants, and
Arithmetic Operators
Objectives

• Distinguish among a variable, a named constant,


and a literal constant
• Explain how data is stored in memory
• Declare and initialize a memory location
• Use an assignment statement to assign data to a
variable

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 2


Objectives (continued)

• Include arithmetic operators and arithmetic


assignment operators in a statement
• Get string input using the getline() function
• Ignore characters using the ignore() function
• Format floating-point output
• Write simple .NET C++ commands

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 3


Concept Lesson

• More on the Problem-Solving Process


• Variables and Named Constants
• Declaring a Named Constant
• Declaring a Variable

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 4


Concept Lesson (continued)

• Using an Assignment Statement to Store Data in a


Variable
• Arithmetic Operators
• Getting Data from the Keyboard
• Formatting Floating-Point Numbers

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 5


More on the Problem-Solving Process

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 6


Variables and Named Constants

• Declare a memory location for each input,


processing, and output item in IPO chart
– A variable is a type of memory location whose
contents can change while program is running
– Values of named constant items remain the same
each time the program is executed

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 7


Variables and Named Constants
(continued)
Requires four memory
locations:

Two input items


•radius
variable
•pi
named constant
One processing item
•radius squared
variable
One output item
•area
variable

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 8


Selecting a Name for a Memory
Location
• Identifiers should be descriptive and follow some
rules:

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 9


Selecting a Name for a Memory
Location (continued)

• Most programmers:
– Use uppercase letters for named constants
– Use lowercase letters for variables
– Use camel case if a variable’s name contains two or
more words

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 10


Selecting a Name for a Memory
Location (continued)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 11


Selecting a Data Type for a Memory
Location

These data types, except string, are fundamental data types

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 12


Selecting a Data Type for a Memory
Location (continued)
• string is a class
– Program must include:
• #include <string>
• using std::string;
• C++ contains one or more data types for storing
– Integers (whole numbers)
– Floating-point numbers (with a decimal place)
– Characters (letters, symbols, and numbers that will
not be used in calculations)
– Boolean values (true and false)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 13


Selecting a Data Type for a Memory
Location (continued)
• The data type to use for a memory location
depends on the values it will store

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 14


How Data is Stored in Internal Memory

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 15


How Data is Stored in Internal Memory
(continued)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 16


Selecting an Initial Value for a Memory
Location
• To initialize is to assign an initial value to a
memory location
– Typically a literal constant
• Type can be: numeric, character, or string
– A location with bool data type can be initialized with
keywords true or false
– Typical initialization values
• 0
• 0.0
• ‘‘
• “”
• true, false
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 17
Selecting an Initial Value for a Memory
Location (continued)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 18


Type Conversions

• Implicit type conversions can occur when


assigning a value to a memory location
– Or, when processing calculation statements
– Value can be promoted or demoted
• Implicit demotion can adversely affect output
• Use explicit type conversion (type casting) to
convert an item from one data type to another
– static_cast operator

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 19


Type Conversions (continued)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 20


Type Conversions (continued)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 21


Variables and Named Constants
(continued)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 22


Declaring a Named Constant

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 23


Declaring a Variable

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 24


Declaring a Variable (continued)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 25


Using an Assignment Statement to
Store Data in a Variable

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 26


Using an Assignment Statement to
Store Data in a Variable (continued)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 27


Arithmetic Operators

• Precedence numbers indicate order in which


computer performs the operation in an expression
– Use parentheses to override order of precedence

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 28


Arithmetic Operators (continued)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 29


Arithmetic Operators (continued)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 30


Arithmetic Assignment Operators

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 31


Getting Data from the Keyboard

• Use >> to get numeric, character, or string values


from the keyboard and store them in a variable
– Stops reading characters when it encounters a
white-space character in the input
• Blank, tab, or newline
– An alternative is to use getline()

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 32


The getline() Function

• When getline() encounters the delimiter


character in the input, it consumes the character

newline character

Items between parentheses in a function’s syntax are the arguments

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 33


The ignore() Function

• ignore() instructs computer to read and


consume characters entered at keyboard

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 34


The ignore() Function (continued)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 35


Formatting Floating-Point Numbers
• Use fixed stream manipulator to display a
floating-point number in fixed-point notation
#include <iostream>
using std::fixed;
• Use scientific stream manipulator for e notation
#include <iostream>
using std::scientific;
• Setprecision stream manipulator controls
number of decimal places displayed
#include <iomanip>
using std::setprecision;
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 36
Formatting Floating-Point Numbers
(continued)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 37


Formatting Floating-Point Numbers
(continued)

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 38


Summary
• Programs have variables, constants (named, literal),
and arithmetic operators (to perform calculations)
const dataType constantName = value;
dataType variableName [= initialValue];
• Use assignment statement to store data in a variable
variableName = expression;
– When assigning a value to a memory location, the value
should fit the memory location’s data type
• Use static_cast operator to convert an item of data
from one data type to another

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 39


Summary (continued)
• Arithmetic operators have a precedence number
– Use parentheses to override order of precedence
• Arithmetic assignment operators abbreviate an
assignment statement
varName arithmeticAssignmentOp expr;
• getline() gets a string of characters
• ignore() reads and consumes characters
entered at the keyboard
• fixed and scientific stream manipulators
format the display of floating-point numbers
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 40
Application Lesson: Using Variables,
Constants, and Arithmetic Operators in
a C++ Program
• Lab 4.1: Stop and Analyze
– Study the program shown in Figure 4-26, then
answer the questions
• Lab 4.2:
– Test program in Figure 4-27
• Lab 4.3:
– Modify program so that it allows user to enter the
semester hour fee
• Lab 4.4: Desk-Check Lab
• Lab 4.5: Debugging Lab
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Fifth Edition 41

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