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ProgrammingBasic 1

This document discusses the basics of C++ programming, including: - An overview of the history and development of C and C++. - The main components that make up C++ programs like tokens, keywords, identifiers, and constants. Keywords have predefined meanings, identifiers name variables and functions, and constants represent values that don't change. - Descriptions and examples of the different data types used in C++ like integers, floating point numbers, characters, and strings.

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Rathish Ragoo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
28 views

ProgrammingBasic 1

This document discusses the basics of C++ programming, including: - An overview of the history and development of C and C++. - The main components that make up C++ programs like tokens, keywords, identifiers, and constants. Keywords have predefined meanings, identifiers name variables and functions, and constants represent values that don't change. - Descriptions and examples of the different data types used in C++ like integers, floating point numbers, characters, and strings.

Uploaded by

Rathish Ragoo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO

BASICS OF
PROGRAMMING
TOPICS DISCUSSED
• The C++ character set, identifiers and keywords, data
types, variables, declarations,
• Best practices for Programming -Naming variables
according to standards, Importance of following
coding standards- file header block, file footer block,
function header block, function footer block,
commenting guideline, Indentation of code,
statements,
• C++ program structure,
• Input and output operations,
• Program Life Cycle

6/22/2015 Department of CSE 2


BASICS OF
PROGRAMMING
• C/C++ History
• C++ Character Set
6/22/2015 Department of CSE 3
History of C
 C is a high level language.
 Evolved by Dennis Ritchie and Brain Kernighan(1978)

 from two previous programming languages, BCPL (Basic


Combined Programming Language )and B

 Used to develop UNIX system software routines

 Is implemented on UNIX operating system

 Structural / Modular Programming

 Portable & have compilers for almost all architectures.

6/22/2015 Department of CSE 4


C++
“C with classes” (1979) C++ (1983)
 Superset of C developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at
Bell Labs and provides object-oriented capabilities
named “c with classes”.

 Object-oriented design is very powerful


 10 to 100 fold increase in productivity

 Dominant language in industry and academia.

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Simple C++ program
// Display “This is my first C++ program”
// Single line comment
#include <iostream.h> // preprocessor directive
void main( ) // Entry point for program execution
{ // block of statements: Begin
clrscr( ); //Each Statement ends with ;
cout << “This is my frist C++ program”;
} // block of statements: End

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Analogy between learning English
Language and C
 Steps in learning English Language:
 Alphabets
 Words
 Sentence
 Paragraphs

 Steps in learning C
 Alphabets, Digits, Special Symbols
 Constants, Variables, Keywords
 Instructions
 Programs

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THE C++
C H A R A C T E R S E T,
IDENTIFIERS
K E Y W O R D S , C O N S TA N T S
D ATA T Y P E S , VA R I A B L E S

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The Character set
Consists of letters, digits, special characters, white spaces.
(i) Letters  ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’,………..z Or
‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’,……….Z
(ii) Digits  0, 1, 2,……………………9

(iii) Special characters  ;, ?, >, <, &,{, }, [, ]……

(iv) White spaces  ex. New line (\n)

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C++ Tokens
Tokens

Special
Keywords Identifiers Operators Strings constants
Symbols
(i) Keywords  words that are basically sequence of characters
defined by a computer language that have one or more fixed
meanings. They are also called as reserve words. Key words cannot
be changed. ex. Int, float, do-while, if, else,…………..
(ii) Identifiers  words which have to be identified by keywords.
user defined names. ex. int amount, float avg,…………..
(iii) Operators  +, -, *, %, /, …………….
(iv) Strings  “Manipal”
(v) Constants  -15, 10
(vi) Special Symbols  { } (,…..
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Keywords

 Each keyword has a predefined purpose in the language.


 Do not use keywords as variable and constant names!!
 Some of the C/C++ keywords are

auto, bool, break, case, catch, class, char,


const, continue, do, default, delete, double,
else, extern, enum, false, float, for, friend,
goto, if, int, inline, long, namespace, new,
operator, private, protected, public, register,
return, short, static, struct, sizeof, switch,
template, this, throw, try, typedef, true,
unsigned, virtual, void, volatile, while …

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Identifiers
 An identifier is a name for a variable, constant, function,
etc.

 It consists of a letter followed by any sequence of letters,


digits, and underscores.

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Identifiers
 A valid identifier is a sequence of one or more
letters, digits or underscore character (_).
 Neither spaces nor punctuation marks or symbols
can be part of an identifier
 Only letters, digits and underline characters are
valid
 variable identifiers always have to begin with a
letter
 They can also begin with an underscore character
(_ ), but this is usually reserved for compiler
specific keywords or external identifiers.

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Identifiers
 They can not begin with a digit.
 The C/C++ is a "case sensitive" language.
 An identifier written in capital letters is not equivalent to
another one with the same name but written in small letters.
 The “RESULT” variable is not the same as the “result” variable
or the “Result” variable
 They cannot match any keyword of the C++ language or your
compiler's specific ones since they could be confused with
these.

6/22/2015 Department of CSE 15


Identifiers
 Examples of valid identifiers: First_name, age,
y2000, y2k

 Examples of invalid identifiers: 2000y

 Identifiers cannot have special characters in them. For


example: X=Y, J-20, ~Ricky,*Michael are
invalid identifiers.

 Identifiers are case-sensitive.


For example: Hello, hello, WHOAMI, WhoAmI,
whoami are unique identifiers.

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Constants
 A value that IS NOT going to be changed during
the execution of our program;

 Constant are specific values that are used in


arithmetic expressions or assigned to variables,
e.g. 2, 5, -10, 2.e+6, 3.14159, and so forth;

 Sometimes a constant represents truly a constant


value in nature such as:

Pi 3.14159
speed of light 2.99792+E8 meters/sec

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Constants
Numeric & Character constants
Numeric: Integer & Real.
Integer constants: Refers to a sequence of digits.
Decimal, Octal , Hexadecimal.
Decimal: set of digits 0 to 9, preceded by
optional “–” or “+” sign
Octal: digits 0 to 7 with a leading “0”
Hexadecimal: digits 0 to 9, char A to F
preceded by “0x”
E.g.: 143, -564, 0346, 0x34, 0x8AF
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Constants
 Real or Floating point constant:
To represent numbers with fractional part
E.g.; 213.45, .456,234.
Another form mantissa e exponent
0.56e4, 3.12E4 , -4.6E-1
 Character constants:
Single character & String constants.
Single character:
Single character with in a pair of single quote (‘ ’) marks,
having integer values known as ASCII values. E.g.: ‘d’, ‘t’,
‘9’

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Constants
String constants:
A sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes
(“ ”). Characters may be letters, numbers, special
characters and blank space.
E.g.: “hello”, “2007”, “T”, “4+5”
Backslash character constants:
Used in output functions
E.g.: ‘\n’ new line, ‘\0’ null char, ‘\a’, ‘\b’, ‘\t’, ‘\”’ …
Also known as escape characters.

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Constants
Symbolic Constants
 Which helps us to associate an identifier with a
constant value in your program;

 The advantage is that you can refer to the


identifier any time you need to use the
constant value instead of having to repeat
writing the value;

 To declare a symbolic constant you must do it


as follows:
const data type identifier = value;

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Summary
• C/C++ History

• Tokens

• Keywords

• Identifiers

• Constants

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