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Least Mean-Square Error (LMS) Adaptive Weights: Weighting Methods Antenna Theory Antenna Arrays

The document discusses the Least Mean-Square Error (LMS) adaptive weighting algorithm. The LMS algorithm adapts antenna array weights based on received signals to improve performance. It is a simple, easy to implement algorithm that was developed in the 1960s and is still widely used due to its convergence properties.

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Ahmad Dawara
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48 views

Least Mean-Square Error (LMS) Adaptive Weights: Weighting Methods Antenna Theory Antenna Arrays

The document discusses the Least Mean-Square Error (LMS) adaptive weighting algorithm. The LMS algorithm adapts antenna array weights based on received signals to improve performance. It is a simple, easy to implement algorithm that was developed in the 1960s and is still widely used due to its convergence properties.

Uploaded by

Ahmad Dawara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Least Mean-Square Error (LMS) Adaptive Weights

Weighting Methods Antenna Theory (Home) Antenna Arrays (Home)

Antennas (and antenna arrays) often operate in dynamic environments, where the
signals (both desired and interfering) arrive from changing directions and with
varying powers. As a result, adaptive antenna arrays have been developed. These
antenna arrays employ an adaptive weighting algorithm, that adapts the weights
based on the received signals to improve the performance of the array.

In this section, the LMS algorithm is introduced. LMS stands for Least-Mean-
Square. This algortihm was developed by Bernard Widrow in the 1960s, and is the
first widely used adaptive algorithm. It is still widely used in adaptive digital signal
processing and adaptive antenna arrays, primarily because of its simplicity, ease of
implementation and good convergence properties.

The goal of the LMS algorithm is to produce the MMSE weights for the given
environment. The definitions of all the terms used on this page follows that from
the MMSE page, which should be understood before reading this page. The goal of
the LMS algorithm is to adaptively produce weights that minimize the mean-
squared error between a desired signal and the arrays output; loosely speaking, it
tries to maximize reception in the direction of the desired signal (who or what the
array is trying to communicate with) and minimize reception from the interfering
or undesirable signals.

Just as in the MMSE case, some information is needed before optimal weights can
be determined. And just as in the MMSE weighting case, the required information
is the desired signal's direction and power. The direction is specified via the desired
signal's steering vector ( ) and the signal power is written as . Note that these
parameters can vary with time, as the environment is assumed to be changing. The
directions and power can be determined using various direction finding algorithms,
which analyze the received signals at each antenna in order to estimate the
directions and power.

Recall that the Mean-Squared Error between the desired signal and the array's
output can be written as:
The gradient (vector derivative with respect to the weight vector) can be written as:

The LMS algorithm requires an estimate of the autocorrelation matrix in order to


obtain weights that minimize the MSE. The LMS algorithm estimates the
autocorrelation matrix ( ) using only the current received signal at each
antenna (specified by the vector X). The weights are updated iteratively, at discrete
instances of time, denoted by an index k. The estimate of the autocorrelation matrix
at time k, written with a bar overhead, is written as:

The LMS algorithm then approximates the gradient of the MSE by substituting in
the above simple approximation for the autocorrelation matrix:

The adaptive weights will be written as W(k), where k is an index that specifies
time. The LMS weighting algorithm simply updates the weights by a small amount
in the direction of the negative gradient of the MSE function. By moving in the
direction of the negative gradient, the overall MSE is decreased at each time step.
In this manner, the weights iteratively approach the optimal values that minimize
the MSE. Moreover, since the adaptive algorithm is continuously updating, as the
environment changes the weights adapt as well.

The weights are updated at regular intervals, and the weight at time k+1 is related
to time k by:

The parameter controls the size of the steps the weights make, and affects the
speed of convergence of the algorithm. To guarantee convergence, it should be less
than 2 divided by the largest eigenvalue of the autocorrelation matrix. Substituting
in the estimate for the gradient above, the LMS update algorithm can be written as
a simple iterative equation:
The algorithm simplicity is the primary reason for its widespread use. The above
update equation does not require any complex math, it just uses the current samples
of the received signal at each antenna (X).

Example of LMS Algorithm


Assume a linear array of antennas, with half-wavelength spacing and N=5 elements
in the array. We'll assume the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is 20 dB and that the
noise is Gaussian and independent from one antenna to the next. Assume there are
two interferers arriving from 40 and 110 degrees, with an interfering power of 10
dB (relative to the desired signal). The desired signal is assumed to come from 90
degrees.

The algorithm is starting assuming a weight vector of all ones (the starting weight
vector ideally has no impact on the end results):

The convergence parameter is chosen to be:

Using random noise at every step, the algorithm is stepped forward from the initial
weight. The resulting MSE at each time step is shown in the following figure,
relative to the optimal MSE.
The LMS algorithm is fairly efficient in moving towards the optimal weights for
this case. Since the algorithm uses an approximateion of the autocorrelation matrix
at each time step, some of the steps actually increase the MSE. However, on
average, the MSE decreases. This algorithm is also fairly robust to changing
environments.

Several adaptive algorithms have expanded upon ideas used in the original LMS
algorithm. Most of these algorithms seek to produce improved convergence
properties at the expense of increased computational complexity. For instance, the
recursive least-square (RLS) algorithm seeks to minimize the MSE just as in the
LMS algorithm. However, it uses a more sophisticated update to find the optimal
weights that is based on the matrix inversion lemma. Both of these algorithms (and
all others based on the LMS algorithm) have the same optimal weights the
algorithms attempt to converge to.

Antenna Arrays (Home)

Antenna (Home)
THis page on the LMS algorithm is copyrighted. No portion can be reproduced
except by permission from the author. Copyright antenna-theory.com, 2009-2011.
LMS algorithm for antenna arrays.

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