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Lesson 18. Contour Integral: Line Integral In: T B To

This document defines contour integrals along parameterized curves in complex analysis. It introduces contour integrals of functions along curves, and shows that if the function has an antiderivative, the contour integral is path independent according to the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Examples are provided of computing contour integrals along circles. Bounds on contour integrals are also described using curve length.

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Aneek M. Noor
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40 views

Lesson 18. Contour Integral: Line Integral In: T B To

This document defines contour integrals along parameterized curves in complex analysis. It introduces contour integrals of functions along curves, and shows that if the function has an antiderivative, the contour integral is path independent according to the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Examples are provided of computing contour integrals along circles. Bounds on contour integrals are also described using curve length.

Uploaded by

Aneek M. Noor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 18.

Contour integral: line integral in C

We use complex notation z(t) = x(t)+iy(t), a ≤ t ≤ b to


define a parameterized curve C = {r(t) = (x(t), y(t))}.

The curve C is assumed piecewise smooth.

The line integral of f (z) = u + iv is then written as


∫ ∫ b ∫b ( )
dz dx dy
f (z) dz = f (z(t)) dt = (u + iv) +i dt =
C a dt a dt dt
∫ b( ) ∫ b( )
dx dy dy dx
u −v dt + i u +v dt =
a dt dt∫ a dt ∫ dt
u dx − v dy + i u dy + v dx.
C C

1
Example. Let C be the line segment from z1 = 1 + i
to z2 = 2 + 3i and f (z) = z. Then z2 − z1 = 1 + 2i,
dz
z(t) = (1 + i) + (1 + 2i)t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, = 1 + 2i,
dt
∫ ∫ 1
z dz = ((1 + i) + (1 + 2i)t)(1 + 2i) dt =
C 0
( ) 1
t 4i − 3
2
5
(1 + 2i) (1 + i)t + (1 + 2i) = (3i−1)+ = 5i− .
2 0 2 2
If f has an antiderivative F in a domain D containing
a curve C, i.e., F ′ = f , then the fundamental theorem
of calculus holds:
∫ ∫
f (z) dz = F ′(z) dz = F (z(b)) − F (z(a)).
C C
∫
This implies that f (z) dz is independent of path.
2
Example. Let C = {z = z0 + Reit, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π} be
the circle of radius R centered at z0, traversed counter-
clockwise, and f (z) = (z − z0)m, for m = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
Then,
∫ ∫ 2π ∫ 2π
(z−z0)m dz = R meimtiReit dt = iR m+1 ei(m+1)t dt.
C 0 0
If m ̸= −1 we get
2π
R m+1
i(m+1)t
e = 0.
m+1
0
For m = −1 we get
∫ 2π ∫
dz
iR 0 dt = 2πi, i.e., = 2πi.
0 C z − z0

3
∫
We could also get (z − z0)m dx = 0 for m ̸= −1 from
C
the fundamental theorem of calculus, since (z − z0)m
(z − z0)m+1
has an antiderivative for m ̸= −1. The
m+1
antiderivative for m = −1 should have been ln(z − z0),
but it is multi-valued, and its value increases by 2πi
when the circle C is traversed.

In calculus √ we compute the length of a curve C by


∫ b ( ) ( )
dx 2 dy 2
L(C) = + dt. In complex notation,
a dt dt
dz
let | dz| = dt. Then,
dt
∫ ∫ b
dz
L(C) = | dz| = dt.

C a dt

4
If f (z) is continuous on C and |f (z)| ≤ M on C then
∫ ∫ ∫

f (z) dz ≤ |f (z)| | dz| ≤ M | dz| = M L(C).

C C C

Example.
∫ Let C be the half-circle |z| = 10, Re z ≤ 0.
∫
ez 1 10π 5π
Then dz ≤ | dz| = = .
C z2 + 4 C 100 − 4 96 48
Here we used |ez | ≤ 1 and |z 2 + 4| ≥ |z 2| − 4 = 100 − 4
on C.

Example. Let f (z) = Re z and C the unit circle tra-


versed counterclockwise: z = eit, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Then
∫ ∫ 2π
Re z dz = cos t(− sin t + i cos t) dt =
C 0
∫ 2π
(− cos t sin t + i cos2 t) dt = πi.
0
5

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