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Lesson 15. Exponential Function: U X V Y, U y e V X

The document discusses properties of the exponential function exp(z) or ez, where z is a complex number. It states that exp(z) is an entire function, meaning it is analytic across the entire complex plane. Some key properties include: - exp(z1+z2) = exp(z1)exp(z2) - exp(iy) = cos(y) + i sin(y) - The exponential function maps vertical lines to circles on the Riemann sphere and horizontal lines to rays.

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Aneek M. Noor
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views

Lesson 15. Exponential Function: U X V Y, U y e V X

The document discusses properties of the exponential function exp(z) or ez, where z is a complex number. It states that exp(z) is an entire function, meaning it is analytic across the entire complex plane. Some key properties include: - exp(z1+z2) = exp(z1)exp(z2) - exp(iy) = cos(y) + i sin(y) - The exponential function maps vertical lines to circles on the Riemann sphere and horizontal lines to rays.

Uploaded by

Aneek M. Noor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 15.

Exponential function

exp(z) = ex(cos y + i sin y), u = ex cos y, v = ex sin y,

∂u x ∂v ∂u x ∂v
= e cos y = , = −e sin y = − .
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Thus exp(z) is analytic in C. A function analytic in C
is called entire, thus exp(z) is an entire function.
∂u ∂v
exp(z)′ = +i = exp(z). exp(z1 + z2) =
∂x ∂x
ex1+x2 (cos(y1 + y2) + i sin(y1 + y2)) = exp(z1) exp(z2).

exp(iy) = cos y + i sin y.


In particular, exp( π2 i) = i, exp(πi) = −1, exp(2πi) = 1.
1
We will write ez = exp(z). This agrees with the calculus
definition of ex when z is real, and satisfies ez1+z2 =
ez1 ez2 for any two complex numbers z1 and z2.

1
Notice also that |ez | = ex, z = e−z , and ez+2πi = ez .
e
Thus e ̸= 0, and e is 2πi-periodic.
z z

We may write z = reiθ as the polar form of a complex


number z = r(cos θ + i sin θ). Thus any number z ̸= 0
equals ew where w = ln r + iθ.

If ez1 = ez2 then ez2−z1 = 1, thus z2 = z1 + 2kπi for


k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . ..
Equation ez = c has no solutions for c = 0 and infinitely
many solutions for any c ̸= 0.

The exponential function ez is real, i.e., ez̄ = ez .


2
Mapping properties of w = ez .

Every vertical line x = c maps to a circle |w| = ec, with


each point of the circle covered infinitely many times.
In particular, the imaginary axis maps to the unit circle.

Every horizontal line y = θ maps to a ray

arg w = θ, 0 < |w| < ∞.


In particular, the real line maps to the positive real axis
(0 excluded).

The left open half plane maps to the punctured open


unit disk 0 < |w| < 1, with each of its points covered
infinitely many times. The right open half-plane maps
to the complement of the closed unit disk.
3
The strip 0 < y < π maps to the open upper half plane.

The strip −π < y < 0 maps to the open lower half plane.

The strip 0 ≤ y ≤ 2π maps to the punctured complex


plane C \ {0}, with the positive real axis covered twice.

The strip −π < y ≤ π is the fundamental region for ez :


each value of ez is attained once in that region.

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