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Vector Calculus Independent Study Unit 6: Double and Triple Integrals

This document provides an overview of double and triple integrals. Double integrals find the volume under a two-variable function by taking two integrals, evaluating the inner integral first with respect to one variable while holding the other constant. Triple integrals extend this to three variables by taking three integrals. The document outlines techniques for setting up and evaluating double and triple integrals, including changing the order of integration and using polar, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. Applications to finding mass, centers of mass, averages, and moments of inertia are also discussed.

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Adil Shafiq
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91 views

Vector Calculus Independent Study Unit 6: Double and Triple Integrals

This document provides an overview of double and triple integrals. Double integrals find the volume under a two-variable function by taking two integrals, evaluating the inner integral first with respect to one variable while holding the other constant. Triple integrals extend this to three variables by taking three integrals. The document outlines techniques for setting up and evaluating double and triple integrals, including changing the order of integration and using polar, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. Applications to finding mass, centers of mass, averages, and moments of inertia are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Adil Shafiq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Vector Calculus Independent Study

Unit 6: Double and Triple Integrals


Single integrals, the integrals you learned all about in calculus, find the area
under the graph of a function of one variable. Double integrals, the integrals
you will learn about in this section, find the volume under the graph of a
function of two variables. How do you calculate a double integral? You take
two integrals and call me in the morning. No, seriously, that’s what you do.
And triple integrals? Well, they find the hyper-volume under the graph
of a function of three variables. I mean, duh.

In this section, you will learn:

• Cavaleri’s Principle: The volume of a shape which has cross-sectional


area A(x) [i.e., the area of theR shape intersected with the plane x = c
is A(c)] can be found by V = A(x) dx.
RR
• The definition of the double integral f (x, y) dA as the limit of Rie-
R
mann sums which approximate the volume under the graph of f (x, y)
over the planar region R.

• Double integrals are iterated integrals:


ZZ ZZ Z Z 
f (x, y) dA = f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y) dx dy

R R
Specifically, ab cd f (x, y) dx dy integrates f over the rectangle a ≤ y ≤ b,
R R h(y)
c ≤ x ≤ d. ab g(y) f (x, y) dx dy integrates f over the shape with
a ≤ y ≤ b, g(y) ≤ x ≤ h(y). To integrate over a region dx dy first find
the absolute max and min values of y over the region. These are the
upper and lower bounds of your first integral. Then find the max and
min value of x in your region as a function of y.

• Fubini’s Theorem:
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y) dx dy = tf (x, y) dy dx
R R

1
• Changing the order of integration can either be done geometrically
(graph the region!) or algebraically (write down the constraints, then
manipulate them).
• All of the above is true RofR triple
R
integrals as well, except that you
have one more variable. ! ! 1 dV is the volume of the region being
integrated over. An arbitrary triple integral with limits looks like
Z b Z h(z) Z s(y,z)
f (x, y, z) dx dy dz
a g(z) r(y,z)

which integrates f over the region a ≤ z ≤ b, g(z) ≤ y ≤ h(z),


r(y, z) ≤ x ≤ s(y, z).
RR
• Change of variables. When changing an integral f (x, y) dx dy to new
R
variables u = g(x, y), v = h(x, y), first change the function f to use the
new variables. Next, implicitly differentiate your conversion formulas
to get
∂g ∂g
du = dx + dy,
∂x ∂y
etc. To get an expression du dv, just multiply du by dv and rememeber
that
1. dx dx = 0, and
2. dx dy = −dy dx.
Finally, translate the region you are integrating over to the new vari-
ables.
• Special cases:
polar : dx dy → r dr dθ
cylindrical : dx dy dz → r dr dθ dz
spherical : dx dy dz → ρ2 sin φ dθ dφ dρ
√
By now you should certainly know that r = x2 + y 2, x = ρ sin φ cos θ,
etc.; however, you should also be aware that different texts use different
notation, and physics texts switch the angles in polar coordinates. You
should always check to make sure that you are using the appropriate
names for the coordinate variable.

2
• Applications. All of the below applications work for double and triple
integrals, as well as for path integrals. (That is, they are all phrased in
terms of double integrals, but the application is still valid if you change
it to a double integral or a path integral.) In all of them, ρ is a density
function with proper units (i.e., mass per area, mass per volume, or
mass per length).
RR
1. Mass = ρ dA
2. x- coordinate of center of mass:
RR
xρ dA
x̄ =
Mass
3. Average value of f over region:
RR
f (x, y) dA
f¯ = RR .
1 dA

4. Moment of inertia about the x-axis:


ZZ
Ix = (y 2 + z 2 )ρ dA.

Suggested Procedure:
1. Read and do some problems from

• Rogers Chapters 14 - 18,


• Marsden and Tromba chapters 5 and 6, or
• Simmons, chapter 20.

2. Take the sample test.

3. Take a unit test.

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