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Triangular Wave Generator Using Op Amp - Waveforms

This document describes how to generate a triangular wave using an op-amp. A triangular wave can be generated by connecting an integrator circuit to the output of a square wave generator. This causes the capacitor in the integrator to alternately charge and discharge, producing a linear ramp up and down that forms the triangular wave. Alternatively, a triangular wave generator can be made using a comparator and integrator where the integrator feedback is controlled by the comparator output to switch between charging and discharging the capacitor. The frequency and amplitude of the triangular wave depend on component values and can be calculated using the integrator equations.

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Nagendrababu Vasa
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523 views

Triangular Wave Generator Using Op Amp - Waveforms

This document describes how to generate a triangular wave using an op-amp. A triangular wave can be generated by connecting an integrator circuit to the output of a square wave generator. This causes the capacitor in the integrator to alternately charge and discharge, producing a linear ramp up and down that forms the triangular wave. Alternatively, a triangular wave generator can be made using a comparator and integrator where the integrator feedback is controlled by the comparator output to switch between charging and discharging the capacitor. The frequency and amplitude of the triangular wave depend on component values and can be calculated using the integrator equations.

Uploaded by

Nagendrababu Vasa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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4/26/2020 Triangular Wave Generator Using Op amp | Waveforms

Triangular Wave Generator Using Op amp


September 14, 2016 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Triangular Wave Generator Using Op amp:


We have seen that, the output of integrator is a Triangular Wave Generator Using Op amp if its
input is a square wave. This means that a Triangular Wave Generator Using Op amp can be
formed by simply connecting an integrator to the square wave generator as shown in the Fig.
2.85.

Basically, triangular wave is generated by alternatively charging and discharging a capacitor


with a constant current. This is achieved by connecting integrator circuit at the output of square
wave generator. Assume that V’ is high at +V sat. This forces a constant current (+V sat / R3)
through C (left to right) to drive V o negative linearly. When V’ is low at -Vsat, it forces a constant
current (-Vsat / R3) through C (right to left) to drive Vo positive, linearly. The frequency of the
https://www.eeeguide.com/triangular-wave-generator-using-op-amp/ 1/
triangular wave is same as that of square wave. This is illustrated in Fig. 2.86. Although the
amplitude of the square wave is constant (± V sat), the amplitude of the triangular wave
decreases with an increase in its frequency, and vice versa. This is because the reactance of
capacitor decreases at high frequencies and increases at low frequencies.

In practical circuits, resistance R 4 is connected across C to avoid the saturation problem at low
frequencies as in the case of practical integrator as shown in the Fig. 2.87.
To obtain stable triangular wave at the output, it is necessary to have 5R 3 C2 > T/2, where T is
the period of the square wave input.

Another triangular wave generator, which requires fewer components, is shown in the Fig. 2.88.
It consists of a comparator (A) and an integrator (B). The output of comparator A is a square
wave of amplitude ± Vsat and is applied to the inverting (-) input terminal of the integrator B. The
output of integrator is a triangular wave and it is feedback as input to the comparator A through
a voltage divider R2 R3.

To understand circuit operation, assume that the output of comparator A is at + V sat . This
forces a constant current (+ Vsat / R1) through C to give a negative going ramp at the output of
the integrator, as shown in the Fig. 2.88. Therefore, one end of v o l t a g e d i v i d e r is at a
voltage
+Vsat and the other at the negative going ramp. When the negative going ramp reaches a
certain value -Vramp, the effective voltage at point p becomes slightly below 0V.
As a result, the output of comparator A switches from positive saturation to negative saturation (-
Vsat). This forces a reverse constant current (right to left) through C to give a positive going ramp
at the output of the integrator, as shown in the Fig. 2.89. When positive going ramp reaches +
Vramp, the effective voltage at point p becomes slightly above 0V. As a result, the output of
comparator A switches from negative saturation to positive saturation (+V sat). The sequence then
repeats to give triangular wave at the output of integrator B.

Amplitude and Frequency Calculations:


The frequency and amplitude of the Triangular Wave Generator Using Op amp wave can be
determined as follows :

When comparator output is at +Vsat, the effective voltage at point P is given by

When effective voltage at P becomes equal to zero, we can write above equation

Similarly, when comparator output is at -Vsat ,we can write,

The peak to peak amplitude of the triangular wave can be given as

The time taken by the output to swing from – Vramp to + Vramp (or from + Vramp to – Vramp) is
equal to half the time period T/2. Refer Fig. 2.89. This time can be calculated from the
integrator output equation as follows :

Substituting value of Vo(pp) we get,

Therefore, the frequency of oscillation can be given as,

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