Modeling and Simulation

SYSTEM
 Examples
• Some examples of the systems are
• • Esoteric systems
• • Medical/biological systems
• • Socioeconomic systems
• • Communication and information systems
• • Planning systems
• • Solar system
• • Environmental systems
• • Manufacturing systems
• • Management systems
• • Transportation systems
• • Physical systems—electrical, mechanical, thermal, hydraulic systems, and
combinations of them
 Attributes of A System
• A system is characterized by the following
attributes:
• • System boundary
• • System components and their interactions
• • Environment
 System Boundary
Some salient points about the system boundary are

• It is a partitioning line between the environment and the system.

• System is inside the boundary and environment is outside the system.

• A real or imaginary boundary separates the system from the rest of the
universe, which is referred to as the environment or surroundings.

• System exchanges input–output from its environment.

• This boundary might be material boundary (like the skin of a human

body) or immaterial boundary (like the membership to a certain social
group).
 System Boundary
• The interaction between a system and its environment takes place
mainly at the boundaries.

• It determines what can enter or leave a system (input and output).

• System boundary may be crisp (clearly defined) or fuzzy (ill defined).

In crisp boundaries, it is quite clear that what is inside the boundary
(i.e., part of system) and what is outside the boundary (i.e., part of
environment). In fuzzy boundaries, it is not very clear whether a
particular component belongs to the environment or the system.
System Components and Their Interactions

• System component is a fundamental building block.

• It is quite easy to fi nd the input–output relations for the system

components with the help of some fundamental laws of physics, which
is called the mathematical model for components.

• It may be written in the form of difference or differential equations.

• Business system environment includes customers, suppliers, other

industries, and government.

• Its inputs include materials, services, new employees, new equipments,

facilities, etc. Output includes product, waste materials, money, etc.
 System Components and Their Interactions

• It is static or dynamically changing with time, input, or state of the

system.

• • Interaction may be constrained or non-constrained type.

• • The component interaction may be unidirectional or bidirectional.

• • Interaction strength may be 0, 1, or between 0 and 1.

• a. If interaction strength is zero (0) then there is no interaction.

• b. If interaction strength is one (1) it means full interaction and if the

interaction strength lies between zero and one, then the interaction is
partial interaction.
 Environment

• In order to understand the relationship between inputs, outputs, and

processes, you need to understand the environment in which all of this
occurs.

• The environment represents everything that is important to understand

the functioning of the system, but is not a part of the system.

• The environment is that part of the world that can be ignored in the
analysis except for its interaction with the system.

• It includes competition, people, technology, capital, raw materials,

data, regulation, and opportunities.
 Classification of Systems

Systems can be classified on the basis of

• Time frame,
• Type of measurements taken,
• Type of interactions,
• Type of nature,
• Type of components, etc.
 According to the Time Frame

Systems can be categorized on the basis of

time frame as
• Discrete Bank System

• Continuous Solar System

• Hybrid Traffic along a road with traffic lights

 According to the Complexity of the System

Systems can be classified on the basis of

complexity
• Physical systems
• Conceptual systems
 Physical Systems
• Physical systems can be defined as systems whose
variables can be measured with physical devices
that are quantitative such as electrical systems,
mechanical systems, computer systems, hydraulic
systems, thermal systems, or a combination of
these systems.
• Physical system is a collection of components, in
which each component has its own behaviour,
used for some purpose. These systems are
relatively less complex. Some of the physical
systems
Different types of systems. (a) Mechanical system. (b) Electronic circuit.
.
 Conceptual Systems
• Conceptual systems are those systems in which all
the measurements are conceptual or imaginary and
in qualitative form as in psychological systems,
social systems, health care systems, and economic
systems.
• Conceptual systems are those systems in which
the quantity of interest cannot be measured
directly with physical devices. These are complex
systems.
Conceptual Systems

Transportation system
 According to the Interactions
• Interactions may be unidirectional or bidirectional, crisp or fuzzy,
static or dynamic, etc.
• Classification of systems also depends upon the degree of
interconnection of events from none to total.
• Systems will be divided into three classes according to the degree of
interconnection of events.
• 1. Independent—If the events have no effect upon one another, then
the system is classified as independent.
• 2. Cascaded—If the effects of the events are unilateral (that is, part A
affects part B, B affects C, C affects D, and not vice versa), the system
is classified as cascaded.
• 3. Coupled—If the events mutually affect each other, the system is
classified as coupled.
 According to the Nature
• Analog & Digital
• Causal & Anti-Causal
• Linear & Non Linear
• Time Variant &Time-invariant
• Stable & Unstable
• Static & Dynamic
• Invertible & Inverse

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 Analog & Digital Systems

• Nature of Signals

• Analog Systems deal with continuous-time

signals
• Digital Systems deal with Discrete time or
digital signals

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 Causal & Anti-Causal Systems

 Causal system : A system is said to be causal if the

present value of the output signal depends only on
the present and/or past values of the input signal.
 Examples: y[n] = x[n]+ x[n-2]
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 2𝑥(𝑡 − 1) + 𝑥(𝑡 − 2)
• Anti-causal system : A system is said to be anti-
causal if the present value of the output signal
depends only on the future values of the input signal.
• Example:
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 2𝑥(𝑡 + 1) 20
 Linear & Non-Linear Systems
•A system is linear if the output of the scaled sum of two input signals is the equivalent scaled sum
of outputs

Specifically, a linear system must satisfy the two properties:

 Additivity:
x1(t)+x2(t) = y1(t) + y2(t) E.g. Linear
 Scaling (Homogeneity): y(t) = 3*x(t) why?

ax1(t) = ay1(t) where aC Non-linear

 Combined (Superposition): y(t) = 3*x(t)+2,

y(t) = 3*x2(t) why?
ax1(t)+bx2(t) = ay1(t) + by2(t)

A system is said to be linear if it satisfies the principle of superposition

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 Linear & Non-Linear Systems
Determine whether the following system is Linear: y(t)=x2(t)

The system is performing squaring of the input.

• We break the input into two, and perform squaring and adding in two
sequences.
• If the result of both operations is same, the system is linear!

x1(t)
∑ Sqr
x2(t)

2
y(t) =[x1(t) + x2(t)] x1(t) Sqr
∑
x2(t) Sqr

• Is the following system linear?: 2 2

y(t) =x1(t) + x2(t)
y(t) =5x(t)

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 Linear & Non-Linear Systems
– Stereo amplifier
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑥(𝑡) Linear

• Provided limits of power supplies are not reached

Non-Linear
– Adding a constant 𝑦 𝑡 =𝑥 𝑡 +𝐶
𝑑
– Differentiation 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡) Linear
𝑑𝑡

Linear
– RC filter

Non-Linear
– Squarer 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 2 (𝑡)

– Transcendental system Non-Linear

𝑦 𝑡 = cos⁡(𝑥(𝑡))
– Human hearing
Non-Linear
• Responds to intensity on a logarithmic scale
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 Time Variant &Time-invariant

 Behavior does not change with time.

 A time shift in the input results in an identical time shift at the output

x(t) y(t)

x(t-T ) y(t-T )

In this course, most of the systems considered will be linear time invariant (LTI) systems

– No real system is LTI in nature.

• Most real systems are approximations of LTI systems.

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 Time Variant &Time-invariant
– Stereo amplifier 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑥(𝑡) Time Invariant

– Adding a Constant 𝑦 𝑡 =𝑥 𝑡 +𝐶 Time Invariant

– Adding a Function Time

𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 +coswt
Variant
𝑑
– Differentiation 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 Time Invariant

– RC filter Time Invariant

– Sampling (multiplication by impulse train)

• Unless the delay is a multiple of the sample period Time Variant

– Transcendental system 𝑦 𝑡 = cos⁡(𝑥(𝑡)) Time Invariant

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 Stable & Unstable Systems
To define stability of a system we will use the term ‘BIBO’.

– A signal is bounded if its magnitude is always below some finite bound

|x(t)| ≤ B < ∞ for all t

– A system is BIBO stable if all bounded inputs produce a bounded output

|x(t)| ≤ B1 < ∞ BIBO Stable |y(t)| ≤ B2 < ∞

System

For a linear system to be BIBO stable, its impulse response h(t) should be absolutely
integrable.

+∞

ℎ(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡⁡ < ⁡∞

−∞

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 Static & Dynamic Systems
Static system: It is a system in which output at any instant of time depends on input sample at the
same time.
• Voltage drop across a resistor v(t) =
y[n] = 9x[n]
i(t)*R

Why static systems are memoryless systems?

Dynamic system: It is a system in which output at any instant of time depends on input sample at the
same time as well as at other times.

y[n] = x[n] + 6x[n-2]

𝑡
1
• Capacitor stores charge 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑖(𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
𝐶
−∞

Why dynamic system has a memory?

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Static & Dynamic Systems

Example: Static or Dynamic?

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 Lumped &Distributed Parameter Systems

A lumped system is one in which the components are

considered to be concentrated at a point. For example, the
mass of a pendulum in simple harmonic motion is
considered to be concentrated at a point in space. This

In contrast, distributed parametric systems such as the

mass or stiffness of mechanical power transmission shaft
cannot be assumed to concentrate at a point; thus the
lumped parameter assumption breaks down.
Lumped &Distributed Parameter Systems
 System Structure
Systems are generally composed of components (sub-systems).

Series/Cascade

x(t) y(t)
System 1 System 2

Parallel

System 1 y(t)
x(t)
+

System 2

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 System Structure
Feedback

x(t) y(t)
+ System 1

System 2

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 Review Questions
• 1. Define system.
• 2. Give a classification of systems.
• 3. What do you mean by the complexity of systems?
• 4. Differentiate the linear and nonlinear systems.
• 5. Explain the natural systems and manmade systems.