computer

literacy
movement

construction e - learning
of a
modern ITdesk.info –
society
project of computer e-education
with an open access
- digital literacy handbook
human
rights e - inclusion
to
education
and
information
open
access

Linux Lite 1.0.2 – Basic computer and

file managing
HANDBOOK

Author: Melani Max

 ITdesk.info – project of computer e-education with open access

Original:
Author:
Gorana Čelebić
Subtitle:
Osnovno korištenje računala i upravljanje datotekama – Windows 7, priručnik ISBN: 978-953-56758-1-5
Publisher:
Otvoreno društvo za razmjenu ideja (ODRAZI), Zagreb
Expert review:
EdukaCentar, ustanova za obrazovanje, Zagreb
Proofreading:
Ema Čišić
Place and year of publication:
Zagreb, 2011.

Adjusted for the Linux Lite operating system by:

Author:
Melani Max
Main title:
ITdesk.info – projekt računalne e-edukacije sa slobodnim pristupom
Subtitle:
Linux Lite 1.0.2 - Basic computer and file managing, handbook
Translation:
Una Šijan
Proof-reading:
Manuela Sánchez
Expert review:
Kundan Singh

Publisher:
Otvoreno društvo za razmjenu ideja (ODRAZI), Zagreb
ISBN:
978-953-56758-1-5
Place and year of publication:
Zagreb, 2013.
Copyright:
Feel free to copy, print and re-distribute the whole or a part of this publication, including for the
educational purposes, whether public or private educational organizations, but exclusively in non-
commercial purposes (therefore, without charging the end users of publication) and with a reference
to the source (source: www.ITdesk.info – computer e-education project with a free access).
Derivative works without prior approval of the copywright holder (Open Society for the Exchange of
Ideas-ODRAZI) are not permitted. Contact for permission for derivative works: [email protected].
 ITdesk.info – project of computer e-education with open access

PREFACE

Today’s society is marked by a sudden growth and development of

information technology (IT) field, which has resulted in society being
greatly dependent, in a broader sense, on the knowledge and competence
of the people working in the IT sector. And, despite the constant increase
in this dependency, the human right to education and information has not
been extended to the IT area. There is a problem that affects society as a
whole, which creates obstacles and distances people from the main reason
and motivation for progress, the lack of opportunity. Nowadays, to be a
computer illiterate person means to be a person who is unable to
participate in modern society, to be a person without an opportunity.
Despite the fact that the European Commission, UNESCO, OECD and other
relevant institutions have ackwnoledged the necessity and usefulness of
computer literacy, there are still people with little or no access to the basic
computer education (such as people with disabilities, people with learning
difficulties, migrant workers, unemployed people, people who live in
remote places, etc. ).

This handbook, along with all the other material published on the
ITdesk.info web page, represents our contribution towards realizing and
promoting the human right to education and information in the IT area. We
hope that this education will help you in learning the basic computer skills
and with that hope, we wish that you learn as much as possible and
therefore become an active member of the modern IT society.

Sincerely yours,

ITdesk.info team Expert review of Croatian version:

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TABLE OF CONTENT

1 OPERATING SYSTEM - OS ................................................................................................1

1.1 BASIC OPERATIONS ..................................................................................................1
Turning on the computer .................................................................................................1
Panel ...............................................................................................................................2
Menu...............................................................................................................................4
The correct way to shutdown and restart the computer ..................................................6
Shutting down the computer and non-respoding applications .........................................6
Using Help & Support function ........................................................................................7
1.2 BASIC SYSTEM INFORMATIONS AND OPERATING SYSTEM SETTINGS ........................9
System informations........................................................................................................9
Speakers volume ...........................................................................................................11
Date and Time ...............................................................................................................12
Desktop Background .....................................................................................................12
Screensaver ...................................................................................................................14
Resolution .....................................................................................................................15
Select and add keyboard language ................................................................................16
Program management ...................................................................................................17
1.3 ICONS .....................................................................................................................21
Selecting, moving and opening icons .............................................................................21
Working with shortcuts .................................................................................................22
Keyboard shortcuts .......................................................................................................22
1.4 BASIC WINDOWS OPERATIONS ...............................................................................25
Recognizing different parts of windows .........................................................................25
Dialog box .....................................................................................................................26
Moving windows ...........................................................................................................26
Switching between multiple opened windows ...............................................................26
2 FILE MANAGEMENT ......................................................................................................28
2.1 BASIC TERMS ..........................................................................................................28
File start management...................................................................................................28
Navigation through the storage devices ........................................................................31
Creating shortcuts .........................................................................................................32

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Preview within the operating system of data storage device, folders, files in a
hierarchical manner ......................................................................................................34
2.2 FILES AND FOLDERS ................................................................................................36
Adjusting the view on devices and folders .....................................................................36
Creating folders and subfolders .....................................................................................36
2.3 WORKING WITH FILES ............................................................................................37
Text Editor .....................................................................................................................38
Selecting File status .......................................................................................................39
Sorting the view of files in folders ..................................................................................40
Changing the name – Renaming files and folders ..........................................................42
2.4 OPERATIONS WITH FILES AND FOLDERS .................................................................42
2.5 SEARCHING THE STORAGE DEVICES ........................................................................44
3 UTILITIES .......................................................................................................................47
3.1 WORKING WITH THE PROGRAM FOR COMPRESSING FILES.....................................47
3.2 VIRUSES AND ANTIVURUS PROGRAMS ...................................................................52
4 PRINTER AND PRINTING MANAGEMENT ......................................................................53
4.1 CHOOSING THE PRINTER FROM THE LIST OF INSTALLED PRINTERS .........................53
Installing/adding a new printer to the computer ...........................................................54
Printing the text document from a word processing application ....................................54
4.2 PRINT MANAGER PROGRAM ..................................................................................55
5 GENERAL TERMS OF USE...............................................................................................57

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1 THE OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

1.1 BASIC OPERATIONS

Turning on the computer

 To turn on the computer, press the button, located on the computer case
 Enter the Username and the Password. At the first startup of the Linux Lite 1.0.2
operating system, you will have to enter the username root and press the Enter
button for the password. The user root has all the administrative privileges such as
make changes to the operating system, upgrade the operating system , etc.

After performing those actions, Computer Desktop will open. Located on the desktop are the
following:

 the list of available hard disks and connected USB sticks,

 Help & Support function, and
 Panel.

Pic. 1 – Computer desktop

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Panel

Panel is a toolbar. Tools can be deleted from the panel and added to the panel.

Pic. 2 - Panel

Located on the Panel are:

 Menu buttons - for accessing the main menu with commands,

 Firefox Web Browser button - for accesing the web browser,
 Home Folder button - a window for file and folder managing and for displaying the
original files of the User
 Terminal button - for entering the commands using the keyboard,
 thumbnails of the currently open windows on the Workspace,
 display of the Workspaces ,
 Master speaker button – for opening the vertical scroll bar for adjusting the volume
of the speakers,
 Connected to button - for opening the Wired Network Manager dialog box,
containing the network properties and settings,
 button- for displaying the drop-down menu with the calendar and adjusting
the current time and/or date. Drop-down menu is closed by pressing the
button again.

Add a new icon to the Panel by:

 pressing and holding the left mouse button on the icon that you wish to copy,
 positioning it on the desired location on the panel (on the left or right side) and
 releasing the left mouse button.

Remove an icon from the Panel by:

 pressing the right mouse button on the icon that you wish to remove,
 choose the command Remove from the quick menu and
 in the Are you sure that you want to remove ''Launcher'' dialog box, confirm the
command by clicking on the buttonRemove.

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Panel dimensions can be adjusted if you choose the command Settings from the Menu and
then, from the newly opened menu, choose the command Panel. A dialog box Panel will
appear, in whose tab:

 Display you can choose:

o panel orientation - Vertical or Horizontal and
o panel dimensions – Icon Size and Panel Length
 Appearance, used for editing the background color of the panel
 Items, used for adding and removing items from panel (i.e. Date and Time, Web
browser etc.) or changing the item order on the panel, by using the button on the right
side of the dialog box

Pic. 3 –Panel dialog box

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Menu

Menu is the starting point of the system. Via Menu, you can access programs, configure
computer settings, access Help & Support function, sign out, restart or shutdown the
computer…

Pic. 4 – Menu

To add commands to Menu, you need to choose the command Settings from the Menu and,
from the newly open menu, choose the command Main Menu. A dialog box Main Menu will
open, in which you can choose and add the desired commands. On the left side of the dialog
box, there is a list of all Menus, and in the middle of the dialog box, there is a list of all
available Items for the chosen menu, while on the right side of the dialog box, there are
buttons that allow you to:

 Add New Menu, or

 Add New Item to the existing menu, or
 Insert New Separator for the items, or
 Set the order of items display using the Move Up and Move Down buttons, or
 Edit Properties and
 Delete items and Close.

To display inactive commands, you need to:

 find the inactive command in the Items and

 click on the empty checkbox next to the icon in the Show column using the left mouse
button and
 confirm the activation of the command by clicking on the button

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To hide a command, you need to remove the check from the checkbox placed next to the
command name in the Show column.

Pic. 5 – Main Menu

Dialog box is closed by clicking on the Close button, and actions are cancelled using

the Revert button, which restores the default settings.

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The correct way to shutdown and restart the computer

The computer is shutdown and restarted from the Menu. Click the Menu and choose the Log
Out command. This will open a Log out user dialog box. The following can be done by
selecting various commands

 Log Out, the user logs out

 Restart, the computer turns off and then on again
 Shut Down, the computer turns off
 Suspend, all processes are stopped and getting ready for the next restarting of the
computer, while the computer is being shutdown.

Pic. 6 - Log out user dialog box

Shutting down the computer and non-responding applications

Shutting down the computer

Reset button is located on the computer case and is used if the computer doesn’t respond to
the given commands (if it “freezes”). It is usually below the power button. After the button is
pressed, the computer restarts.

If there is no Reset button on the computer case, press and hold the button on the
computer case for a few seconds. After you release the button, the computer shuts down.

Shutting down the non-responding application (“frozen”, not responding)

If the application freezes and stops reacting, you can solve that problem, in most cases by
opening the command Task Manager.

Select the Accessories command from the Menu, and from the newly opened menu, choose
the Task Manager command.The Task Manager dialog box will open, in which you need to
find the “frozen” application. By right clicking on the “frozen” application, a dialog box will
open that will help you to:

 Stop – the process is momentarily stopped, and can be continued later on,

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 Kill– the process is momentarily stopped

 Terminate – the process is gradually being stopped or
 Change Priority – other processes are given a bigger/smaller advantage.

Pic. 7 –Task Manager dialog box

Task Manager dialog box is closed by clicking on the Quit icon.

Using Help & Support function

Help & Support function is launched by double-clicking on the Help & Support icon,
located on the Desktop. This will open the Linux Lite Help & Support window, in whose search
box you first enter, then search terms. By pressing the F1 button in the active window of a
program, (i.e. LibreOffice Writer), Help function, which is connected directly to that program,
will appear.

Another way of launching Help & Support function is via theMenu.

For a computer that is connected to a network, Help & Support function searches the terms
via Google. If the computer is not connected to a network, you can only search terms which
are shown in the Linux Lite Help & Support window tab.

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Pic. 8 Help & Support dialog box

Help & Support function can provide answers to the basic questions regarding the operating
system. The users of Linux based operating system are advised to use the forums designed for
Linux users. For starters, it is recommended to visit a forum in Croatian:
http://www.forum.hr/forumdisplay.php?f=92

Pic. 9 – Forum in Croatian

or a forum in English: http://www.linuxforums.org/forum/forum.php.

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1.2 BASIC SYSTEM INFORMATIONS AND OPERATING SYSTEM SETTINGS

System informations

You can open a dialog box containing system operations by choosing the command System
from the Menu, and then from the newly opened box, choose the command System
Information. A System Information dialog box will open, which contains information about
the operating system that is installed on the computer and all other basic information about
the computer. (such as CPU type, installed memory etc.).

Choosing one of the items from the left pane: Computer, built-in Devices, Network or
Benchmarks, will show detailed information about the chosen item in the right pane.

Pic. 10 - System Information dialog box

System Information can be copied to the Clipboard and later Pasted to, for example, a word
processing tool, LibreOffice Writer, or a report can be made using the Generate Report
command, containing all the system information.

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Workspaces

Workspaces are, actually, virtual Desktops. Thumbnails of Workspaces are located on the
right side of the Panel. Inside every workspace, there is a thumbnail and the position of all of
the currently opened windows. Active Workspace has a blue background, and an inactive one
has a gray background. Workspace is activated by left-clicking the mouse on the workspace
thumbnail.

If you right-click the workspace thumbnail, it will open a dialog box containing the basic
technical data about the workspace – type of the used workspace (i.e. xfce, gnome, kde, etc.),
credits, licence, etc.

Pic. 11 – Dialog box containing data about the workspace

If you press and hold the right mouse button over the workspace, a drop-down menu will
appear with the following functions:

 Properties – for adjusting the workspace properties and switching to another

workspace
 Move – for moving the workspace
 Workspace Settings – opens a dialog box Workspaces in which you can set the
number of working spaces and margins of the workspace
 Remove – for removing a Workspace
 Panel – for commands such as Add New Items, Log Out and setting other panel
properties.

Releasing the right mouse button over the desired option will open a dialog box with the
characteristics of the chosen option.

Workspaces dialog box can also be opened by selecting the command Settings from the
Menu and then, from the newly opened box, selecting the command Workspaces.

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Pic. 12 – Workspaces dialog box

Speakers volume

To adjust the speaker volume, you need to left-click on the Master icon , located in the
right corner of the Panel. It will open a vertical and horizontal scroll bar. By moving the
vertical scroll bar on the Panel or by moving the horizontal scroll bar in the upper right corner
of the Desktop, you can change the speaker volume.

Pic. 13 – Adjusting the speaker volume – vertical and horizontal scroll bar

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Date and Time

To change the date and time, you need to right-click the Time icon , which is shown
in the right corner of the Panel and then choose the command Properties from the quick
menu. It will open a Date/time properties dialog box, that will allow you to change:

 Layout – to determine what will appear first; date, then time; time and then date or
just date or just time,
 Format – to determine format in which Date and Time will be displayed, and
 Font – size of Date and Time characters.

Pic. 14 – Date and Time dialog box

Desktop Background

To change the Desktop Background, position the mouse pointer on it and right-click and then
choose the command Desktop Settings from the quick menu.

In the Desktop dialog box, under the Background tab, you need to choose one of the images
or, click on the Add an image to the list button . That will open Add Image File(s) dialog
box, in which you need to find the image that has been stored on the computer and then click

on the Add button to add the image.

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Pic. 14 – Desktop dialog box - Background tab

It is possible to choose how you wish to display:

 Single image – one image will be the desktop background

 Image list – images from the list on which different images may be added
 None – background will be empty

Background can be adjusted by:

 Brightness or
 Saturation of the color – it will highlight the warm or cool tones.

Exit the Desktop dialog box by clicking on the Close button .

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Screensaver

To adjust the Screensaver, you need to choose the command Settings from the Menu and
then choose the command Screensaver from the newly opened drop-down menu.

Pic. 15 - Screensaver Preferences dialog box

Screensaver Preferences dialog box will appear, with the following tabs:

 Display Modes, you need to choose one of the offered modes by pressing on the down
arrow key, next to the Mode field.

o Disable Screensaver
o Black Screen Only
o Only One Screen Saver
o Random Screen Saver

By dragging the slider down, you can scroll through the screensaver list. After selecting
one of the offered screensavers, you can see a snapshot of the selected screensaver on
the right side of the dialog box. This way, you can see multiple screensavers in a row.
By pressing the Enter button on the keyboard, you open Preview, and pressing any
other key on the keyboard or the mouse, you exit the Preview.

You can also access Preview of the selected Screensaver by pressing on the Preview
button, located on the right side of the dialog box, below the selected screensaver.

You can set the time of inactivity, after which the Screensaver will automatically
appear and the length of time to repeat the animation cycle of the selected
screensaver.

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 Advanced allows you the following:

o Image Manipulation specify the location of images that will be seen on the
Screensaver or
o Text Manipulation – enter the text that will be seen on the Screensaver, or
o choose Display Power Management which allows, during the time of inactivity
to:
 put processes on Standby After specified number of minutes –
processes are stopped and saved, active documents are not closed and
the computer goes to the minimum energy consumption state,
 processes Suspend After specified number of minutes – processes are
stopped and saved, active documents are not closed and the computer
shuts down, or
 computer Off After specified number of minutes – processes are
stopped, active documents are being closed and the computer shuts
down.
o adjust whether the screen fades or changes immedeiately to or from a
screensaver using Fading and Colormaps.

Resolution

Pixel (picture element) is a basic element from which the picture on the monitor is based. A
monitor that can display more dots is said to have a better or higherpicture quality. The
quality of the picture on the monitor is described in resolution. Since the display is shaped
rectangularly, resolution is expressed with two numbers: horizontal and vertical number of
dots (i.e. 800 x 600). Monitors whose display can display the maximum of 800 x 600 dots,
basically can display maximum of 480 000 dots, that is 480 000 pixels. Today’s monitors are
made for high resolution, for example up to 2 560 x 2 048 pixels.

To adjust the resolution, you need to select the command Settings from the Menu and choose
the command Monitor Settings from the newly opened menu.

A dialog box Display will open, in which you need

to click on the down arrow, next to the Resolution
field and from the drop-down menu, using the left
mouse button, choose the desired value. You can
also choose screen Rotation or Reflection. The
dialog box is closed by pressing on the Close
button . Besides resolution, there is also
the size of the monitor screen. Screen size is
measured by the length of the monitor diagonal
screen usually expressed in inches (1 inch = 25, 4
mm).
Pic. 16 – Dialog box Display

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If some of the selected languages are not installed, it is necessary to choose the command
Settings from the Menu and then the command Language Support from the newly opened
menu. A dialog box Language Support will open, by which the desired language can be
installed. Pressing the button Install / Remove Languages will open Installed Languages
dialog box, with a list of all the languages. Installed languages are marked with a tick on the
right side of the dialog box. If the required language is not installed, you need to tick the
square below the column Installed and press the button Apply Changes. This will
automatically download the language from the internet.

Pic. 19 – Language Support dialog box

Program management

Installing programs

Not all programs are installed the same way. Some programs have the file with an extension
.exe which launches the application, and some programs need to be installed via Terminal. To
install something via terminal, it is necessary to know the commands that need to be entered
so that the program can be installed after being downloaded.

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Removing programs

Choose the command System from the Menu and then, from the newly opened menu, choose
the command Install/Remove Software. A dialog box Synaptic Package Manager will open,
along with the list of all programs, whether they’re installed or just recommended.

In the left pane, choose the display of Installed programs. In the right pane, find the program
that you wish to remove. When you right-click on the particular program, a quick-menu will
appear, from which you should select the command Mark for Removal.

After all of the programs that you wish to remove have been selected, you need to press the
button Apply, located in the main dialog box Synaptic Package Manager.

Pic. 20 – Synaptic Package Manager dialog box

Using a key on the keyboard – print screen

The Print Screen or PrntScr key will open a dialog box Screenshot which enables you to
capture the picture of:

 Entire screen,
 Active window, or
 Select a region.

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You can also choose the option Delay before capturing or the option of capturing the mouse
pointer Capture the mouse pointer when capturing the screenshot. Delaying the capture is
mostly used when you wish to set the screen for capturing.

Pic. 21 - Screenshot dialog box– before and after capturing the screenshot

After the screenshot has been captured, a dialog box Screenshot will open, by which the
screenshot can be:

 Save in a certain file – Save screenshot as... dialog box will open, by which you can
choose the location for saving the screenshot, title and the type of the screenshot (for
image files it is .png or .jpg), or
 Copy to clipboard and then later Paste for example in the word processing program
LibreOffice Writer, or
 Open with for example, a picture processing program GIMP, or
 send to Zimagez – free Online image hosting service.

Screenshot dialog box can also be opened by choosing the command Accessories from the
Menu and then by selecting the command Screenshot from the newly opened menu.

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In case that the command Screenshot is launched, but the screenshot is unable to be saved,
you need to delete the xfce4-screenshooter file, which is located in the Home Folder in the
hidden files of the User. Hidden files can be viewed, if you choose the command Hidden
Folders from the View menu. It will display the hidden folders along with the user folders. You
need to open the .config folder and find the .xfce4 folder, from which you need to delete the
xfce4-screenshooter file.

Home Folder → User → View and Hidden Folders → .config → .xfce4 → xfce4-screenshooter

~/.config/xfce4/xfce4-screenshooter

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1.3 ICONS

Icons are small thumbnails on the computer display, which represent programs, folders, files.

 or Application shortcut icon LibreOffice Calc – program for

processing tabular data

 or Application shortcut icon LibreOffice Writer – word

processing program

 Application shortcut icon LibreOffice Impress – program for creating

presentations

 Icon New folder

 Icon Home Folder – opens the folder manager
 / Icon Trash – icon for the empty / full wastebasket

Selecting, moving and opening icons

Icons are selected by left-clicking the mouse on the icon.

Group of icons can be selected in one of the following ways:

 Press and hold the left mouse button on the empty place on the Desktop and drag the
mouse pointer towards the group of icons, until the desired icons are selected and
then release the mouse button.

Pic. 22 – Selecting a group of icons

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 Selecting adjacent icons: First you need to select one icon and then press and hold
Shift key and select the last icon in the row and then release the Shift key
 Selecting nonadjacent icons: First you need to select one icon, press and hold Ctrl key
and then select nonadjacent icons and release the Ctrl key

Icons are moved by the Drag and drop method – you need to select an icon and hold the left
mouse button until the mouse pointer has been dragged to the place where you wish to move
the icons, after which you release the mouse button.

Possible locations for moving icons are being shown while the icon is being moved. If you
wish, you may position the icon in the provided field (square).

Pic. 23 – Display of the moved icon and the field provided for the icon

Icons are opened by:

 double-clicking the left mouse button on the icon, or

 selecting the icon and then pressing Enter

Working with shortcuts

Shortcut is an icon recognizable by the tilted arrow sign which is connected to a particular
file, folder or a program. Shortcut is usually used for opening frequently used programs or
files.

Any program installed on the computer can be opened via Menu, where the desired program
needs to be found and selected. However, if the certain program will be used frequently, it is
practical to create a desktop shortcut to that program. It will enable quick opening of the
program by double-clicking on the shortcut icon, without having to use the Menu.

Shortcut can be opened by double-clicking the left mouse button on the icon.

Creating the shortcuts is described in the chapter 2.2.

Keyboard shortcuts

To set the keyboard shortcuts, you need to choose the command Settings from the Menu and
then, from the newly opened menu, choose the command Keyboard. That will open the
Keyboard dialog box, in whose tab Application Shortcuts you need to press the Add button.

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Pic. 24 – Keyboard dialog box–Application Shortcuts tab

TheShortcut Command dialog box will open. From here you can choose a command for which
you wish to create a shortcut. By pressing the Open button, the Select command dialog box
will open, in which you need to find the desired command and press the Open button. In the
dialog box Shortcut Command, the selected command is affirmed by pressing the button OK.

Pic. 25 – Dialog box Shortcut Command

Thenthe Command Shortcut dialog box will open. It is used for selecting the shortcut that will
open the command. You need to press the desired keyboard combination. When the keys are
released, dialog box Command Shortcut will close.

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The command with the assigned shortcut will appear in the list of commands in the dialog box
Keyboard under the tab Application Shortcuts.

Pic. 26 – Dialog box Command Shortcut

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1.4 BASIC WINDOWS OPERATIONS

It is possible to have multiple windows openbut only one will be active at a time:

 The active window has a highlighted frame, while the inactive ones have a gray frame
 An open window becomes active if you left-click on it
 An open window also becomes active if you left-click on its thumbnail on the Panel

Recognizing different parts of windows

Basic window parts are: title bar, menu bar, toolbars, status bar and sliders.

Pic. 27 – Window elements

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Dialog box

Dialog box is a specific type of window which opens after the use of certain tools and it offers
various possible choices for completing a task. The choice you make is confirmed by pressing
the button Close . Unlike the standard windows, their size cannot be modified.

Pic. 28 – Example of the dialog box

Manipulation buttons are located in the right corner of the window’s title bar:

Button for hiding the window behind the title bar – title bar stays at its home position
Button for lowering the window to Panel
Button for expanding the window over the Desktop
Button for closing a program and removing the window from the Desktop

Moving windows

Windows are moved by the Drag and Drop method i.e. press and hold the left mouse button
on the title bar and drag the mouse pointer to the place where you wish to move the
window, and then you release the mouse button.

It is necessary to position the mouse pointer in the window’s corner and, when the pointer
changes its shape to , press and hold the left mouse button and, by using the Drag and Drop
method, increase or decrease to the desired size.

Switching between multiple opened windows

Switching between multiple opened windows can be done by:

 pressing the left mouse button within the desired inactive window – this way is
possible only if the windows are at least partially visible on the Desktop

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 pressing the left mouse button on the thumbnail of the desired window on the Panel –
that causes the selected window to appear above all others and become active
 Alt + Tab keyboard shortcut, a dialog box with the preview of open windows appears.
Hold the Alt key, and by pressing the Tab key, you will move between the opened
windows. When you are positioned on the desired window, release the Alt key.

Pic. 29 – Switching between opened windows – using the Alt + Tab keys

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2 FILE MANAGEMENT

2.1 BASIC TERMS

File is a set of digital data recorded in the memory as a logical unit.Each file is characterized by
its beginning, end, size and name. For convenience and easy and logical arrangement files are
placed in Folders.

File start management

In Linux Lite operating system, file management can be performed by:

 Home Folder – a simple version of the file management application, or

 File Manager –Thunar application for file management.

Display of windows file manager can be adjusted via the menu of each menu. Window can be
changed in:

 Path
 Side pane

HOME FOLDER

Launching the file manager via Home Folder can be done in several ways:

 by clicking on the Home Folder thumbnail on the Panel,

 by launching the shortcut which is usually located on the Desktop or
 via Menu by choosing the command Accessories and then, from the newly opened
menu the Home Folder

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Pic. 30 - Home Folder window – root

In the file manager, the Home Folder has an icon and it is named after the username. In
this case, the user is roothence the name of the folder. User files are:

 Folder Desktop – used for displaying folders and files on the desktop. This folder can
be opened by right-clicking on the Desktop and choosing the command Open in New
Window from the newly opened menu.
 Folder Documents – used for organizing and storing documents (text files, workbooks,
presentations…)
 Folder Downloads – used for storing the documents and programs downloaded from
the internet
 Folder Music – used for organizing and storing music
 Folder Pictures – used for organizing and storing pictures
 Folder Public – used for storing documents and programs that are visible to other
users in the network (i.e. in companies, computers are often connected to the local
computer)
 Folder Templates – used for organizing and storing templates
 Folder Videos – used for organizing and storing videos

Creating a new folder in the folder Music:

1. You need to open the Home Folder by clicking on ther icon Home Folder on the
Panel.
2. In the dialog box file management, open the folder Music.
3. Within the folder Music, press the keyboard combination Shift+Ctrl+N or, from File,
choose the command Create New and then Folder.
4. In the dialog box Create New... you need to rename the folder and you can store files,
subfiles, programs in it. The Dialog box is closed by clicking on the OK button.
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Pic. 31 – Dialog box Create New for entering a name for a folder

FILE MANAGER

File Manager can be launched in several ways:

 by clicking on the thumbnail Open Folder with Thunar on the Panel, or

 by launching the shortcut which is usually located on the computer Desktop.

Pic. 32 File Manager

If the thumbnail Open Folder with Thunar is not located on the Panel, Desktop or on the
Menu, you need to add it.

The command is added to the Menu by choosing the command Settings from the Menu and
then, from the newly opened menu, by choosing the command Main Menu. In the dialog box
Main Menu, you need to find the command Open Folder with Thunar and left-click on the
empty box next to the icon, to add it to the Menu. The dialog box is closed by pressing the
button Close.
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Navigation through the storage devices

Working with folders and files using the Data Manager

File Managers are used for a hierarchical preview of folders and files within the data manager
device.

Pic. 33 – Folder Manager window – File Manager and Home Folder

Main parts of the File Manager window are:

 Menu bar – preview of the available menus

 Path bar – address of the location where the user is currently located. Each file/folder
has its own Path – address of the location in which the folder is placed.

In the File Manager, from the menu View, choose the command Location Selector and
the desired preview of the toolbar: Pathbar Style or Toolbar Style.

Pic. 34 –Address bar – Pathbar and Toolbar

Next to the address bar, depending on the File Manager, there are buttons for:

o previewing the user authorization level (e.g. You are in super user mode)
o opening a New Tab
o moving between folders

o returning to the Home Folder

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 Side Pane – for previewing the main folders, available discs and USB storage devices
and user shortcuts. If you left-click on a folder, the content of the folder will be shown
in on the right side of the window.
 Main area – shows the content of folders, discs and USB storage devices chosen from
the Side Pane. Folders on the right side of the window are opened by left double-
clicking.

Pic. 35 File Manager – preview of the window details

Creating shortcuts

Shortcut to a folder located in the File Manager is created by pressing and holding the right
mouse button on the folder and then choosing the Send To from the newly opened menu
and:

 Side Pane – within the dialog box File Manager, a link to the original folder will appear
 Desktop - a link to the original folder will appear on the desktop,
 other locations for the shortcut such as Hard disk drive, Mail Recipent and so on.

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Pic. 36 – Creating a shortcut

If, for example, you wish to make a shortcut for the folder Music on the Desktop, you can also
do it in the following way:

1. press the right mouse button on the Desktop and from the quick-menu choose the
command Open in New Window
2. in the dialog box Desktop, from the Side Pane, choose the folder of the User and right-
click on the folder Music
3. choose the command Send to from the quick-menu
4. from the newly opened menu, choose Desktop (Create Link).

Pic. 37 – Creating a link to the folder Music

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2.2 FILES AND FOLDERS

Opening window to display folder properties

After right-clicking on the folder, choose the command Properties from the quick-menu. In
the open dialog box Properties, under the tab General, there are available information on the
name and size of the folder.

Adjusting the view on devices and folders

Sometimes, when the window is not maximized, you cannot see all the information on the
files and folders. You can then use the vertical and/or horizontal sliders to be able to have a
complete preview of the window. Also, you can adjust the window size so that the whole
height and / or length of the window is visible. It can be done by:

 Keeping the mouse pointer positioned on the edge of the window that you wish to
move
 when the mouse pointer changes the shape to an arrow showing directions in which
you can move the window edge, you need to use the Drag & drop method; press and
hold the left mouse button, drag the window to the desired location and release the
mouse button.

Simultaneous changing of the height and width of the window by positioning the mouse
pointer in any corner of the window and using the Drag & drop method to resize the window.

Creating folders and subfolders

Creating folders

To create a folder on the Desktop, press the right mouse button and open the quick-menu,
from which select the command Create Folder. In the dialog box Create New Folder, enter the
name of the folder. By clicking on the button Create, you can open the new folder.

Creating subfolders

Subfolders in the File Manager can be created by opening any folder (by left double-clicking
on it) and:

 from the File menu choose the command Create Folder, or

 right double-click and from the quick-menu, select the command Create Folder.

Subfolders can be created in the Home Folder by:

 choosing the command Create New from the menu File and then, selecting the
command Folder from the newly opened menu,
 pressing the Shift+Ctrl+N keyboard combination, or
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 right double-clicking and selecting the command Create Folder from the quick-menu.

2.3 WORKING WITH FILES

A file is determined by its name and extension. The extension indicates the file type (text,
multimedia…), that is, it tells us by which application is the file made.

File extensions of the frequently used files are:

.exe – executive

.sys, .dll - system

.tmp, .temp – temporary

.rar, .zip, .7z – compressed

.jpg, .jpeg, .gif, .png – image

.mp3, .wav, .wma – audio

.avi, .wmv, .mpg, .mp4 – video

.txt – text i.e. Text Editor

.rtf, .odt, .ott – LibreOffice Writer

.ods, .ots – LibreOffice Calc

.odp, .otp – LibreOffice Impress

.odb – LibreOffice Base

.pdf – (Portable Document Format) - Adobe Acrobat

.htm, .html, .asp, .aspx, .php - web

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Text Editor

Text Editor is a simple text editor, with limited possibilities of text editing. Application Text
Editor is launched via Menu. In Menu, you need to choose the command Accessories and,
from the newly opened menu, select the command Text Editor.

A blank file Text Editor can be opened if you right-click the mouse button and choose the
command Create From Template from the quick-menu, and then select the command Empty
File from the newly opened menu.

Pic. 39 –Text Editor – main window parts

When you wish to save the file for the first time, you need to choose the command Save As
from the File menu. It will open the dialog box Save As, in which you can enter the file name,
within the field Name and the location where the file will be saved, using the field Save in
folder. The Dialog box Save As can also be opened by pressing Shift+Ctrl+S keyboard
combination.

In case that the file has already been saved in a certain place and under a certain name, it is
sufficient to simply click on the command Save, or use the Ctrl + S keyboard combination to
save the changes.

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Selecting File status

File/folder needs to be selected and then you need to right-click and choose the command
Properties from the quick-menu. In the open dialog box Properties, under the tab
Permissions, you can assign the following file accesses:

 Read and Write – it is possible to make all the changes in the original file.
 Read Only – file can be opened and changed, but when you wish to save it – a dialog
box Save As will open. The new file will be saved under a different name, and the
original file will not be changed because it is available for reading only.
 Write Only – every time an empty file is opened, its content cannot be seen until the
permissions are changed.
 None – both reading and writing are not possible

The selection is confirmed by clicking on the button Close.

Pic. 40 – Dialog box of the folder Properties– tab Permissions

If you wish to remove a selected option from a file/folder, you need to choose another option
from the dialog box Properties.

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Sorting the view of files in folders

File preview in the File Manager

From the toolbar in the View menu, you can choose the following commands:

 Arrange Items and thedifferent ways to sort the files are:

o Sort by Name
o Sort by Size
o Sort by Type
o Sort by Modification Date
o Ascending – alphabetical list from A to Z
o Descending – alphabetical list from Z to A

Pic. 41 – File sorting

 Zooming the size of the icons:

o Zoom in
o Zoom out
o Normal Size

 File preview via:

o View as Icons – only the name of the file is displayed below the icon. The
command can also be performed by Ctrl+1 keyboard combination.
o View as Detailed List – file details are shown next to the icon (size, type, etc.)
The command can also be performed by Ctrl+2 keyboard combination.
o View as Compact List – the title is shown with the icon. The command can also
be performed by Ctrl+3 keyboard combination.

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Pic. 42 –View menu

File preview in the Home Folder

From the toolbar in the View menu, you can choose the following commands:

 File preview:

o Icon View – only the file name is shown below the icon
o Thumbnail View of the icon – display of the zoomed in icons
o Compact View – only the title is shown next to the icon
o Detailed List – file details are shown next to the icon (size, type etc.)

 Sort Files: The files can either be sorted in ; Ascending or Descending order. The
criteria for sorting are:

o By Name
o By Modification Time
o By Size
o By File Type

Pic. 43 – Sorting files

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Good practice in naming files

When naming files and folders, you should use meaningful names to indicate their content.

Changing the name – Renaming files and folders

To rename a file/folder, you need to:

 double-click on the file/folder thumbnail and choose the command Rename from the
quick-menu, and then, enter the new name in the dialog box Rename, or
 double-click on the file/folder thumbnail and choose the command Properties from
the quick-menu and the enter the name in the dialog box Properties, in the field
Name, or
 select file/folder, press F2 key and in the dialog box Rename File enter the new name.
Dialog box is closed by clicking on the OK button.

2.4 OPERATIONS WITH FILES AND FOLDERS

Selecting files and folders

Files/folders are selected by positioning the mouse pointer on the folder and left-clicking. If
you wish to select more than one file/folder:
 press and hold left mouse button and drag the pointer until you have selected the
desired group of files/folders
 Adjacent files: after you have selected the first file, hold the Shift key and select the
last file in a row. Then release the Shift key
 Non adjacent files: hold the Ctrl key until you have selected all of the desired
files/folder with the mouse
 selecting all icons (files, folders, programs, shortcuts): Ctrl + A keyboard combination
or, from the toolbar in the File menu, choose Select All Files

Copying files and folders

To copy files / folders, open the File manager and:

1. in the Side Pane find the folder from which you want to copy and in the right pane
select the file/folder you want to copy to,
2. press the right mouse button and from the quick menu choose the command Copy, or
use keyboard shortcut Ctrl + C,
3. via the Side Pane find and select the folder you want to copy the file or folder into,
4. press the right mouse button and from the quick menu choose the command Paste, or
use keyboard shortcut Ctrl + V.
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Copying using the Drag and drop method:

1. select the file/folder that you wish to copy

2. press and hold the left mouse button on the selected file/folder and then press and
hold the Ctrl key
3. drag the mouse pointer to the desired location
4. release the mouse button and then the Ctrl key. Copy is pasted to the new location.

Moving files and folders

You can move files/folder in the File Manager by:

1. finding and selecting a file/folder that you wish to move in the Side Pane
2. holding the right mouse button and choosing the command Cut from the quick-menu
3. positioning the mouse pointer in the location where you wish to move the file/folder,
via the navigation pane
4. pressing the right mouse button and choosing the command Paste from the quick-
menu

Moving using the Drag & drop method is done in the same way as before, only without using
the Ctrl key.

By using the drag & drop method for moving, files and folders will be permanently moved
from the File manager. However, by using the drag & drop method for cpying, files and folders
will also be copied in the File Manager.

Deleting files and folders by sending them to Trash is done in one of the following ways:

 via the File manager: find the file location in the Side pane and.in the right window,
select the file or a folder that you wish to delete. From the menu Edit, choose the
command Delete, or
 via the mouse:
o press the right mouse button on the file or folder and from the quick-menu
choose the command Delete , or
o using the Drag and drop method: hold the left mouse button on the file or
folder that you wish to delete and drag it to the Trash
 via the keyboard: select the file or folder and press the Delete key on the keyboard

Restoring the deleted files and folders from the Trash

Deleted files/folders which are located in the Trash may be restored to their original location
on the computer. You need to select Trash from the Side Pane in the File manager. In the
right side of the window, the trash content will appear. You need to find the file/folder that
you wish to restore on its original location and press the right mouse button and choose the
command Restore from the quick-menu.

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Emptying the Trash

To permanently delete the Trash, you need to, in the file manager:

 choose the command Empty Trash from the File menu in the Side Pane
 right-click on the Trash thumbnail and from the quick-menu choose the command
Empty Trash.

2.5 SEARCHING THE STORAGE DEVICES

In order to search the storage devices, first you need to install a tool for searching data.
Choose the command System from the Menu, and from the newly opened menu System,
choose the command Install File & Folder Search. That will open a Terminal window, in which
you will need to authorize the launch of installation by entering the password.

Pic. 44 - LXTerminal

The installation will carry out automatically. Once the installation is completed, you will be
able to find the data searching tool Catfish in the Menu, under the menu Accessories.

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Pic. 45 – Program Catfish

In the empty field below the title Catfish, you need to enter the term you want to search. You
can choose:

 an option for searching the exact title; Exact match, within the Hidden files or Limit
results to the default number of search results.
 File type –Documents, Images, Music or Videos.
 Folder to be searched
 Search method – Find

At the end, you need to click on the Find button. On the right side of the window, there will be
all of the files and folders with the default name.

Pic. 46 – Search example

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Searching the data storage device using the wild cards: file types, first letter of the file

If you cannot remember the name of the desired file, you can use the wild cards instead of the
letters: star(*). If you enter the file extension of the file that you wish to find in the input field:

*.*txt that will list all the files with the extension .txt

*.*bmp that will list all the files with the extension .bmp, itd.

You can also search using the certain letters of the file name, such as:

*t.* that will list all the files which end with the letter t

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3 UTILITIES

3.1 WORKING WITH THE PROGRAM FOR COMPRESSING FILES

Compressing reduces the space which the files occupy on the storage discs. Programs for
compressing files are also used for joining a large numbers of files and folders in one
compressed file. Some of the popular programs for compressing programs are: 7zip, Zipeg,
tar.gz etc.

Adding files in a compressed folder

To compress a file or a folder, you need to choose the menu Accessories from the Menu and
then the Unzip/Compress Files program for compressing files. It will open a dialog box of the
program for compressing files Xarchiver 0.5.2.

Pic. 47 – Basic window of the program for compressing files

Clicking on the thumbnail Open an archive opens an existing archive using the dialog box
Open an archive.

Clicking on the thumbnail Create a new archive opens a new archive using the dialog box
Create a new archive.

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Pic. 48 – Dialog box Create a new archive

In the dialog box Create a new archive, you can determine:

 Name of the archive,

 via the Side pane where the archive will be stored:
o Save in folder – if a folder in which you wish to save the archive exists, you
need to find it, using the Side pane, or
o Create folder – if the folder in which you wish to save the archive does not
exist, you need to, using the Side pane, choose a place to save the new folder
and click on the button Create Folder
 Archive Type – extension that will be assigned to the archive (i.e. .zip, .rar etc.)

Clicking on the button Create opens a new empty archive.

Pic. 49 – Archive thumbnail

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In the window of the program for compressing file, which is now named as the default
archive, you can, by clicking on the thumbnail Add files open a dialog box Add files in
whose tab Selection, you can find the files to add to the archive.

In the tab Options, you can set the level of Compression and a Password. Clicking on the

button Add will confirm your actions.

You can also set the password in the dialog box of the program for compressing files via the
menu Actions by choosing the command Enter password or Ctrl + R keyboard combination.

Clicking on the manipulation button you can exit the archive.

Pic. 50 – Dialog box of the compressing window Xarchiver 0.5.2

If you wish to add a new file or a folder to the compressed file, you need to open the archive
by double left clicking or click on the command Open from the quick-menu. The content of the
archive will be shown. Clicking on the thumbnail Add files via the dialog box Add files,
can find and add new files.

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Unpacking a compressed folder

Pic. 51 – Archive quick-menu

To unpack a compressed folder, you need to right-click on the compressed folder thumbnail
and choose the command Open from the quick-menu.

It will open a dialog box of the program for compressing files named as the archive. You need

to click on the Extract files button . It will open a new dialog box Extract files in which you
determine:

 Extract to file or folder from the archive,

 Files that are being extracted - all or just some, and
 additional Options:
o Overwrite existing files,
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o Freshen existing files,

o Update existing files or
o Password – enter the password if the file is being protected by a password.

A dialog box Extract files will open if you select the command Extract To from the quick-
menu.

If you wish to extract files to a file with an archive, you need to choose the command Extract
Here from the quick-menu.

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3.2 VIRUSES AND ANTIVIRUS PROGRAMS

A virus is a malicious program with the ability of auto replication. It searches for other files in
the computer, trying to infect them, with the ultimate goal of spreading to other computers.
The extent of damage to your computer depends on the malicious code that the virus
contains. The virus spreads by transferring and opening the infected file (e-mail attachments,
infected files on removable media, etc.). Even though viruses for computers running Linux are
not so popular, it is recommended to install an antivirus program. Antivirus programs are
used to find and remove malicious software. In the market there are a number of free
antivirus programs suited for the Linux operating system. Some of them are:

 Avast! – Linux Home Edition

 BITDefender – Antivirus Scanner for Unices

 Clam AntiVirus

 AVG Antivirus Free – For Linux

If, for example, you wish to examine (scan) a device, folder or file with the help of an anti-
virus software ClamAV - it can be done by choosing the Terminal from the Panel and typing
the command:

 sudo apt-get install clamtk – command for installing ClamAV

 sudo apt-get install clamav-freshclam – command for updating the program
 clamscan – for scanning
 freshclam – command for updating the program

An Antivirus program needs to be updated regularly, which is necessary to regularly download

new virus definitions (the best thing is to set it to do so automatically while connected to the
internet). If you do not set it so, the antivirus program becomes useless because it cannot
detect new types of malware.

More on protection against viruses and other malicious programs can be found in the manual
Basic Concepts of Information and Communication Technology, in chapter Protection while
using ICT technology, published at the following link:
http://www.itdesk.info/handbook_basic_ict_concepts.pdf .

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4 PRINTER AND PRINTING MANAGEMENT

4.1 CHOOSING THE PRINTER FROM THE LIST OF INSTALLED PRINTERS

If you have more than one printer, only one of them is the preferred one which automatically
executes all the print commands. You can change the default printer via the Menu. In the
main menu, you need to select System and from the newly open menu choose the command
Printing. A dialog box Printing – localhost will open, containing the list of all printers to which
the computer is connected.

Pic. 52 – Dialog box Printing - localhost

You need to select the desired printer and on the menu Printer choose the command Set As
Default. A dialog box Set Default Printer will open, in which you set whether the default
printer will be available to all user accounts on the computer Set as the system-wide default
printer or just to the current user account Set as my personal default printer.

Pic. 53 – Dialog box Set Default Printer

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Installing/adding a new printer to the computer

 Via Menu choose the command System and from the newly opened menu choose the
command Printing. A dialog box Printing – localhost will open in which you need to

click on the Add button . Find the desired printer from the newly opened menu

New Printer, from the Network Printer and click on the button Forward
and follow the instructions for adding printers.

Pic. 54 – Dialog box New Printer

 Via the printer’s installation CD

Printing a text document from a word processing application

Choose the command Print from the File menu. Adjust the settings in the dialog box Print
(number of copies, print specific pages, etc.) and press the button Print.

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4.2 PRINT MANAGER PROGRAM

If you wish to check what is currently being printed, you need to click on the icon located
on the right corner of Panel. A dialog box Document Print Status will open, showingthe
current tasks that are in the queue for printing.

Pic. 55 – Dialog box Document Print Status

If you wish to stop the printing of a document immediately –select the file that is waiting to be
printed and click on the button Hold selected jobs or right-click and open the quick-menu
from which choose the command Hold. To continue printing the stopped document, choose
the command Resume.

If you wish to stop the printing of a document –select the document and by right-clicking open
the quick-menu from which choose the command Cancel and click on the button Yes to
confirm the selection.

If you wish to print the document that is waiting to be printed on another printer –select that
document and by right-clicking open the quick-menu from which choose the command Move
To and, from the newly opened menu, choose one of the available printers.

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This manual is intended for learning with the materials

published on the following links:

* Script:
http://www.itdesk.info/Basic%20computer%20use%20notes.pdf

* Video presentations which show the basic computer using and file managing:
http://www.itdesk.info/en/using-the-computer-and-managing-files-1/
http://www.itdesk.info/en/using-the-computer-and-managing-files-2/
http://www.itdesk.info/en/using-the-computer-and-managing-files-3/

* Test exam:
http://www.itdesk.info/sample%20exam/sample%20exam%20module%202.pdf

* Video presentation which shows the solving of the test example:

http://www.itdesk.info/en/exam-solution-module-2/

* Quizzes for users to solve on their own:

http://www.itdesk.info/en/computer-managing-files-quiz/
http://www.itdesk.info/en/computer-managing-files-quiz/

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5 GENERAL TERMS OF USE

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Feel free to copy and distribute this document, provided that you do not change
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Publisher:
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(ODRAZI), Zagreb

ISBN: 978-953-56758-1-5

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