CS106B Handout #9

J Zelenski Jan 14, 2008

Assignment #1: Getting started in C++
Due: Wed, Jan 23 2:15pm

Lecture has been priming you on how to take your previous programming skills and re-deploy
them in C++, and now it's time to get to work on that! Your first assignment consists of a warm-up
task (setting up your compiler) and then writing a few simple programs to develop your C++ legs.
It's highly recommended you do the warmup as soon as possible. Hey, why not today? That way, if
you run into problems, you'll have plenty of time to resolve those issues before tackling the actual
assignment.

Warmup: Get your C++ compiler working

Your first task is to set up your C++ compiler. Start with a copy of the appropriate compiler
handout ("Using Xcode " for Mac or "Using Visual Studio " for Windows). These handouts walk
through the installation steps and have instructions on how to create a new project, edit code, and
compile and run a program. Decide what is the most likely computer(s) that you will use and make
sure that the compiler and CS106 libraries are properly installed. The public computer clusters on
campus should have our software pre-installed. If you plan to work on your own computer, you will
need to install the appropriate compiler and CS106 libraries on it.

Once you have the compiler ready, follow the steps in the compiler handout to create a new CS106
C++ project. Add the source file warmup.cpp that we provide (this file is available from the
"Assignments" area of the class web site). Your goal is to get this program running. The source file
we give you is a complete C++ program, so complete, in fact, that it comes complete with two bugs.
The errors are not difficult to track down (in fact, we'll tell you that one is incorrect arguments to a
function call and the other is a needed #include statement is missing). This task is designed to give
you a little experience with the way errors are reported by the compiler and what it takes to fix them.

Once you fix the errors, compile and run the program. When the program executes, it will ask for
your name. Enter your name and it will print out a "hash code" (a number) generated for that name.
We'll talk later in the class about hash codes and what they are used for, but for now just run the
program, enter your name, and record the hash code. You'll email us this number. A sample run of
the program is shown below (with user input in italics):

Please enter your name: Julie Zelenski

The hash code for your name is 5310.

While you're getting familiar, pull out the debugging handout for your compiler and spend a little
time learning how the debugger works. Now you are ready for action!

Send us e-mail to announce your compiler success

Being the geeks that we are, your course staff relies heavily on e-mail for our communication and
we want to be sure that you are in the e-loop, too. Be sure that your Axess registration is current
(that gets you on the class mailing list) and take care to check your mail regularly so you don't miss
any important messages from us.

Once you've got your hash code, we want you to email it to your section leader and introduce
yourself. You don't yet know your section assignment, but will receive it via email after signups
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close, so hold on to your email until then. I'd also appreciate if you would cc me on the e-mail
( ) so I can meet you as well.

Here's the information to include in your e-mail:

1) Your name and the hash code that was generated for it by the program
2) Your year and major
3) When you took 106A (or equivalent course) and how you feel it went for you
4) What you are most looking forward to about 106B
5) What you are least looking forward to about 106B
6) Any information that might be helpful to us about how to best help you learn and master the
course material

With the formalities out of the way, include some random and amusing content to make it
interesting. Tell us a good joke or what your new quarter resolutions are or what your roommates
say when they talk in their sleep or… Share with us what intrigues you about CS106! Tell us
something unusual about yourself… Do you play the erhu? Do you own a NeXT machine? Have
you been arrested? Do you speak Estonian? Are you double-jointed?

Problem solving in C++

Many of the assignments in this course are single programs of a substantial size. However, this first
assignment is a set of small problems to solve in isolation. These problems were adapted from
CS106A midterm/final problems and involve only simple A-level concepts (loops, parameters,
strings, I/O, arrays, etc.), so you should find the problem-solving very straight-forward. The idea is
to become acquainted with expressing code in C++ and working with the language and library
features that are almost but not quite the same as those in Java. For each problem, you are to write a
short program to solve it. To reinforce good programming habits, you are expected to decompose
your solutions, use clean style, and include comments to explain non-obvious parts of the code. Our
solution to each program required about a page of code and typically was decomposed into 3-5
functions.

For those of you unsure of whether your programming background is sufficient, this assignment
may be helpful as a gauge. You should find the algorithms and problem-solving relatively easy,
although you may need to spend time figuring out how to express your intentions correctly in
C++. For those of you considering CS106X instead, take a look at their Assignment 1 (available on
their course web site) and see how the other half lives. You are welcome to talk to me to figure out
what is the right place for you.

1. Variables, arithmetic, and control structures

Greek mathematicians took a special interest in numbers that are equal to the sum of their proper
divisors (a proper divisor of N is any divisor less than N itself). They called such numbers perfect
numbers. For example, 6 is a perfect number because it is the sum of 1, 2, and 3, which are the
integers less than 6 that divide evenly into 6. Similarly, 28 is a perfect number because it is the sum
of 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14.
Write a predicate function IsPerfect that takes an integer n and returns true if n is perfect, and
false otherwise. Test your implementation by writing a main program that uses the IsPerfect
function to check for perfect numbers in the range 1 to 10000 by testing each number in turn.
When a perfect number is found, your program should print it. The first two perfect numbers are 6
and 28, there are two others in the range to 10000.

This program will take less than half a page of code. It uses only simple variables, arithmetic
expressions and basic control structures.
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2. Simulation and use of random/io libraries

A recent New York Times article featured a report on the usability, stability, and effectiveness (or
lack thereof) of current electronic voting systems. By one expert's estimate, some voting
technologies have a 10% error rate, which means one in ten votes is misrecorded. This sounds
alarming, but if the errors are uniformly distributed (i.e. affect each candidate with equal
probability), there is some consolation in the fact that it won't alter the final outcome except in very
tight races. However, it is interesting to consider what situations could produce invalid results.

Consider a 1000-voter election with a single percentage point spread between two candidates, i.e.
50.5% vote for one candidate, 49.5% for the other. The voting machine makes an error 8% of the
time and records a vote for the opposite candidate than intended. Is this error rate high enough to
invalidate the results of the election?

With a little knowledge of statistics, it is not hard to calculate the exact probability of an invalid
outcome, but it is even easier to simulate this process. Generate a sequence of 505 votes for
candidate A and 495 for candidate B where each vote has a 8% chance of being inverted when
recorded. Do the vote totals result in B defeating A, despite the original intentions of the voters?
This outcome represents one trial in the simulation. If you repeat this trial many times and keep
track of the results, the ratio

number of trials in which election result was invalid

x 100
total number of trials

provides an estimate of the percentage chance of an invalid election result.

Write a program that prompts the user to enter the voting simulation parameters, then performs 500
simulation trials and reports the ratio calculated above. A sample run of the program is shown
below:

Enter number of voters: 10000

Enter percentage spread between candidates: .005
Enter voting error percentage: .15

Chance of an invalid election result after 500 trials = 13.4%

Your program should take care to verify the user's chosen simulation parameters are within range
(percentages must be 0 to 1.0 and number of voters should be positive) and if necessary, re-prompt
for valid input. Note that because of the randomness in the simulation, it is expected that the results
will vary from run to run.

This program will give you practice with writing functions, using parameters, and client use of the
CS106 simpio and random libraries.

(Given what you know of computer programming, how confidant do you feel about e-voting? Does
running this simulation make you feel better or worse?)

References:
Thompson, Clive. "Can You Count On Voting Machines?" New York Times Magazine. January 6, 2008.
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3. Graphics
For this problem, you will use the graphics library to explore an interesting phenomenon known as
the "Chaos Game."

Prompt the user to click three points within the graphics window. We'll refer to these points as A, B,
C. Draw a triangle connecting A, B, and C. Now, follow these steps to fill in the triangle with points:
1. Randomly choose one vertex (A, B, or C) as the current point
2. Draw a small filled circle around the current point
3. Randomly choose one vertex (A, B, or C) and move the current point half of the distance
toward that vertex
4. Repeat steps 2 & 3 (stop when the user clicks the mouse)

After many iterations, you might expect this random process to produce nothing but an odd
mishmash or that the points will eventually fill the entire triangle. Without giving too much away, I'll
tell you that the resulting image never varies and will likely surprise you with its beauty and
symmetry.

CS106B uses a simple paint-based drawing library that operates on a Cartesian coordinate system
where dimensions are expressed in inches. The graphics.h and extgraph.h header files give
details on the individual functions. For this program, you'll use the functions for handling mouse
events ( W a i t F o r M o u s e D o w n , G e t M o u s e X , etc.) and pen-drawing ( M o v e P e n , DrawArc,
StartFilledRegion, etc). You may also need to call UpdateDisplay in your loop to flush
drawing to the screen without delay.

This program will give you practice with drawing and event-handling via the CS106 graphics library
and perhaps even teach you a little bit about fractals!

References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_game Wikipedia page on Chaos Game
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4. Strings
One of the more pesky features of the English language is the lack of consistency between
phonetics and spelling. Matching surnames is a particularly vexing problem because of the
especially wide variation in spelling and the spelling often even changes over time. Classifying
names by their phonetic structure is the goal of the Soundex system, patented by Margaret O'Dell
and Robert C. Russell in 1918. Genealogical researchers, directory assistance, and private
investigators are consumers of this neat idea.

The Soundex algorithm produces a code for a surname based on the way it sounds, rather than how
it is spelled. The surnames Vaska, Vasque, and Vussky are all assigned the same Soundex code
V200 because of their similar pronunciation, despite their differences in spellings. The algorithm is
only intended to work with English pronunciation, and there are counter-examples, even in English,
where it gets tripped up, but nonetheless this simple algorithm does a surprisingly good job. The
US census has extensively used a variation on the Soundex algorithm for almost a century!

All Soundex codes have the same format (an uppercase letter followed by three digits e.g. Z452 or
V200). The Soundex algorithm converts a surname to a code using these steps:
1. Keep the first letter of the surname (convert to uppercase if necessary)
2. Convert all other letters in the surname to a digit using the table below (discard any non-
letter characters: dashes, spaces, and so on)
0 AEIOUHWY
1 BFPV
2 CGJKQSXZ
3 DT
4 MN
5 L
6 R

3. Remove any consecutive duplicate digits (e.g. A122235 becomes A1235)

4. Remove any zeros
5. Make resulting code exactly length 4 by truncating or padding with zeros

Write a program that allows the user to enter a name and prints its Soundex code as determined by
the above algorithm. It should operate in a loop that allows the user to get codes for as many names
as desired before exiting. A sample run of the program is shown below:

Enter surname (RETURN to quit): Vaska

Soundex code for Vaska is V200
Enter surname (RETURN to quit): Zelenski
Soundex code for Zelenski is Z452
Enter surname (RETURN to quit): 

This program will give you practice working with C++ strings and characters and a little insight
into phonetics. How good a job does Soundex do matching your surname to other spellings?

References:
Knuth, Donald. The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 3: Sorting and Searching. Addison-Wesley, 1972,
pp. 391-392.
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5. File processing and vectors

You are to write a program to produce a histogram from a file of exam scores. You first ask the user
for the name of the data file containing the score information. The data file contains a list of scores,
one per line. Your function should read the scores from the file, tally them into buckets, and print a
histogram. If the data file contained these 12 scores:
76
89
95
83
80
71
54
82
59
92
41
72

This histogram is printed:

0-9:
10-19:
20-29:
30-39:
40-49: X
50-59: XX
60-69:
70-79: XXX
80-89: XXXX
90-99: XX

A few specifications:
• Each score is between 0 and 99 and you are dividing the scores into buckets by the first digit
(i.e. 0-9, 10-19, 20-29 and so on).
• If the named file can't be opened, you should re-prompt for another name until you succeed.
You may assume a file that opens is well-formed, i.e. each line contains a single valid score.
• You should use a Vector object to store the histogram information.
This program will give you practice with using file streams and the CS106B Vector template class.
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Getting started
http://see.stanford.edu/see/materials/icspacs106b/assignments.aspx
The class web site http://cs106b.stanford.edu/ is the place to find assignment starter files.
For Assign 1, you will need the source file warmup.cpp, which contains the buggy hash code
program.

For the assigned problems, create a new project and add a new file in which to write your solution.
Since you have several different programs to write, you might choose to create separate projects,
one for each program. Alternatively, you could re-use the same project as you work your way
through the problems, but note that a project cannot simultaneously contain two files that both
declare the main function, so you will need to either remove the previous file (ie remove part1.cpp
from your project and then add part2.cpp) or temporarily rename the unused main function(s).

Deliverables
The deliverables for this assignment are your .cpp source files. You should hand in separate
programs for each problem, respectively named part1.cpp, part2.cpp, and so on.

You are required to submit both a printed version of your source, as well as an electronic version via
ftp. Both are due before the beginning of lecture on the due date. See the electronic submission
handout for details on how to submit the electronic version. The printed version should be handed
in before lecture starts. Be sure the pages are firmly stapled together and that the printout is clearly
marked with your name, CS106B and your section leader's name! SCPD students need only submit
electronically, no paper copy needed.

You are also responsible for keeping a copy of your assignment to ensure that there is a backup in
case your submission is lost or the electronic submission is corrupted. Never turn in your only
copy!

"I can't think of a job I'd rather do than computer programming. All day, you create patterns and structure out of the formless void, and you solve dozens of
smaller puzzles along the way."
—Peter Van Der Linden, "Expert C Programming: Deep C Secrets"