ISSN: 2319-8753

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 2, Issue 9, September 2013

Effect of Cold Joint on Strength Of Concrete

V. R Rathi 1, P. K. Kolase 2
Associate Professor, Head, Department of Civil Engineering, PREC, Loni, MH, India1
PG Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, PREC, Loni, India2
Abstract: Delay in concreting due to various conditions as well as improper casting sequence can result in cold joints. For
unusually long delays during concreting, the concrete should be kept alive by periodically re-vibrating it to keep concrete
workable. However, concrete should not be over-vibrated to the point of causing loss in homogeneity. This study gives
strength data simulating such improper casting sequences.
To cope this problem related to improper casting sequence, which ultimately results in formation of cold joints, we
have used sugar as retarding agent. To prove this we conducted experiments on three types of concrete of M25 grade, such
as stained concrete, stained concrete with retarding agent and fresh concrete. The experimental results of compressive,
flexural and split tensile strength with above three types of concrete shows that stained concrete with retarding agent gives
improved strength as compare to stained and fresh concrete in horizontal failure plane.

Keywords: cold joint, improper casting sequence, retarding agent (sugar), stained concrete.

I. INTRODUCTION
It is very difficult to cast the whole structure monolithically and also the construction joints are very important in
the structure for the expansion and contraction of the concrete. Also the amount of the concrete to be placed is depends on
the mixing capacity of plant crew sizes. The correctly designed, located and constructed joints do not affect the strength of
the concrete. For many structures, it is impractical to place concrete in a continuous operation. Construction joints are
needed to accommodate the construction sequence for placing the concrete. The amount of concrete that can be placed at
one time is governed by batching and mixing capacity, crew size, and the amount of time available. Correctly located and
properly executed construction joints provide limits for successive concrete placements, without adversely affecting the
structure.
A plane of weakness or discontinuity formed when a batch of concrete hardens before the next batch is placed
against it is called cold joint. A cold joint is usually characterized by poor bond unless remedial measures are taken before
placing concrete against a previously hardened batch. To avoid cold joints, placing should be resumed substantially before
the time of initial set. For unusually long delays during concreting, the concrete should be kept alive by periodically re-
vibrating it. However, concrete should not be over-vibrated to the point of causing segregation. Furthermore, should the
concrete approach time of initial setting, vibration should be discontinued and the concrete should be allowed to harden. A
cold joint will result, and suitable surface preparation measures should be applied. When, in practice, either casting cannot
be completed in one go or there is a time lapse between mixing and placing, the strength of the final product is affected.
The strength could also depend on the plane where casting at two different points in time meet. This study gives strength
data simulating such improper casting sequences.
Delay in concreting, resulting the cold joints and it affect concrete strength minor to very major reduction. The
most important problem with cold joint is possibility of the moisture into the concrete section and if this happened there is
degradation of the concrete due to availability of the water in cold joint. Following are some cause result in improper
casting sequence:-
1. Delay in casting or mixing due to time gaps
2. Due to delay in transportation of concrete from RMC plant to project site location
3. Extension of the incomplete construction on next day
4. Due to shortage of constituents of concrete

Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 4671

 ISSN: 2319-8753

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 2, Issue 9, September 2013

II. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

A. Material Properties
Cement: (OPC53 grade) Cement which used during whole casting was from same batch and properties of the cement used
are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Properties of ordinary Portland cement
Sr.No. Test Result

1 Standard consistency 32%

2 Compressive strength (N/mm2)
3 days 23.36N/mm2
7 days 45.08N/mm2
28 days 65.24N/mm2
3 Initial setting time 75 minutes
4 Final setting time 210 minutes
5 Specific gravity 3.15
6 Fineness of cement 3%

Following the methods prescribed in the Indian standard code, the mix proportioning for M25 grade concrete was worked
out.
Retarding Agent
Retarding agents means the admixture which delay the hydration of cement i.e. increases the setting time. In this
project we use the sugar as a retarding agent and the amount of sugar is 0.1% due to which the initial setting time increase
up to 195 minutes and final setting time is increase up to 315 minutes. And the above table (table 1) indicates the data for
the IST and FST without sugar.
Casting procedure:-
Before the casting, the oiling to the surface of the mould is carried out. This is done for to avoid the bonding
between concrete and the inner surface of the mould. Now the following are the procedure used during fresh concreting,
stain concreting and stain concreting with retarding agent.
Stain Concrete:-
The mix is cast immediately after the mixing but only the half of the mould is fill and the remaining half mould is
fill with the same concrete is fill after the times laps of 45 min., 75 min., 120 min. and 180min. The times delay in casting
is to be done to study the behavior for the joints under compressive ,split tensile and flexural strength.
Fresh Concrete
The specimen for the fresh concrete is produced by the preparing fresh concrete for half mold. And for the
remaining half filling of the mould the concrete is prepared (i.e. freshly mix) with the times laps of 45min, 75min, 120min
and 180min. i.e. Fresh concrete is mix for each mold having the times gap as mention above.
The main difference between the stained concrete and fresh concrete is the stained concrete is totally mix for the total no. of
mould in single stage and fill that concrete in times laps and the fresh concrete the new concrete is prepared for every times
laps every time.
The waterproof thin paces of plywood is used for the producing the joint surface. The three main types of the joints are
vertical, diagonal and horizontal (Fig.1)

Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 4672

 ISSN: 2319-8753

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 2, Issue 9, September 2013

Fig 1 Step by step procedure of casting of vertical failure, diagonal failure and horizontal failure plane.

B. Hard concrete test result and graphs:

Testing of hardened concrete plays an important role in controlling and confirming the quality of cement concrete work.
Tests are made by casting cubes, beams and cylinder from the actual concrete. The samples are tested for compressive, split
tensile and flexural strength for 3days, 7days and 28 days.
Table 2. Test results for compressive strength of fresh concrete Table 3. Test results for compressive strength of stained normal concrete

Compressive strength of concrete , N/mm2 Compressive strength of concrete , N/mm2

Time Time
Sr. Diagonal Vertical Horizontal Sr Diagonal Vertical Horizontal
lag, Full lag, Full
No Failure Failure Failure No Failure Failure Failure
(min) cube (min) cube
Plane Plane Plane Plane Plane Plane
1 0 34.84 34.84 34.84 34.84 1 0 34.84 34.84 34.84 34.84
2 45 34.5 33.67 34.01 34.3 2 45 39.56 35 35.35 37.67
3 75 33.45 31.79 32.23 32.57 3 75 41.65 36.12 36.89 39.67
4 120 32.45 30.46 30.2 31.84 4 120 29.55 30.46 30.2 31.84
5 180 31.45 28.71 30.8 30.91 5 180 28.2 28.71 30.8 30.91

Table 4. Test results for compressive strength of stained normal Table 5. Test results for flexural strength fresh M25 grade concrete
concrete with retarding agent
Compressive strength of concrete , N/mm2 Time Flexural strength of concrete, N/mm2
Time Sr
Sr Diagonal Vertical Horizontal lag, Full Vertical failure Horizontal
lag, Full No
No Failure Failure Failure minutes beam plane failure plane
(Min) cube
Plane Plane Plane 1 0 11.13 11.13 11.13
1 0 35.53 35.53 35.53 35.53 2 45 10.45 9.87 11.04
2 45 37.46 36.56 36.85 36.93 3 75 10.15 8.95 11.2
3 75 41.79 37.65 37.8 38.67 4 120 9.95 8.15 10.42
4 120 44.76 38.52 39.84 40.47 5 180 8.94 7.76 8.4
5 180 48.36 41.13 42.74 45.53

Table 6. Test results for flexural strength of stained normal M25 grade Table 7. Test results for flexural strength of stained normal
Concrete concrete with retarding agent
Time Flexural strength of concrete, N/mm2
Time Flexural strength of concrete, N/mm2 Sr. lag,
Sr Full Vertical Horizontal
lag, Full Vertical Horizontal No minutes
No beam failure plane failure plane
minutes beam failure plane failure plane
1 0 12.39 12.39 12.39 1 0 12.81 12.81 12.81
2 45 13.48 12.45 13.1 2 45 13.2 13 13.25
3 75 14.05 12.95 13.82 3 75 14.65 13.5 14.1
4 120 11.4 10.23 10.95 4 120 16.81 14.34 16.45
5 180 10.26 9.45 9.03 5 180 18.56 16.25 17.21

Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 4673

 ISSN: 2319-8753

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 2, Issue 9, September 2013

Table 8. Test results for Split tensile strength of fresh M25 grade Table 9. Test results for Split tensile strength of stained normal concrete
concrete
Split tensile strength of concrete N/mm2 Sr Time lag, Split tensile strength of concrete, N/mm2
Time lag,
Sr No Vertical failure No minutes
minutes Full cylinder Full cylinder Vertical failure plane
plane
1 0 2.67 2.65
1 0 3.15 3.15
2 45 2.72 2.25
2 45 2.68 2.59
3 75 3.15 2.68
3 75 2.02 1.95
4 120 2.68 2.23
4 120 1.88 1.62
5 180 2.28 1.92
5 180 1.43 1.09

Table 10. Test results for Split tensile strength of stained normal concrete with retarding agent M25 grade concrete
Sr Time lag, Split tensile strength of concrete, N/mm2
No minutes Full cylinder Vertical failure plane
1 0 3.18 3.81
2 45 3.94 3.87
3 75 3.93 4.55
4 120 4.1 4.88
5 180 5.49 5.1

III. TEST ANALYSIS

45
37
Compressive Strength

Compressive Strength

Full cube Full cube

35 40
(N/mm2)

(N/mm2)

33
Digonal Digonal
35
31 Failure Plane Failure Plane
29 Vertical 30 Vertical
27 Failure Plane Failure Plane
Horizontal 25 Horizontal
25
Failure Plane 0 45 75 120 180 Failure Plane
0 45 75 120 180
Time Lag(min) Time Lag(min)
Graph. 1 Comparison of compressive strength Graph 2 Comparison of compressive strength
of fresh concrete of various failure planes of stained concrete of various failure planes

60
48 stained concrete
Strength(N/mm2)

Full cube 50
Strength(N/mm2)

45
Compressive

Compressive

42 40
Digonal
39 Failure Plane 30 stained concrete
36 20 with retarding
Vertical agent
33 Failure Plane 10
30 Fresh concrte
Horizontal 0
0 45 75 120 180 Failure Plane
0 45 75 120 180
Time Lag(min) Time Lag(min)
Graph 3 Comparison of compressive strength of stained Graph 4 Comparative results between stained normal
concrete with retarding agent of various failure planes stained concrete with retarding agent and fresh concrete for full cubes

Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 4674

 ISSN: 2319-8753

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 2, Issue 9, September 2013

50 45 stained concrete

Compressive Strength
Strength(N/mm2)

stained concrete 40
40
Compressive

35
30 30

(N/mm2)
25 stained concrete
20 stained concrete 20 with retarding
with retarding 15 agent
10 agent 10
Fresh concrte
0 5
Fresh concrte 0
0 45 75 120 180
0 45 75 120 180
Time Lag(min)
Time Lag(min)
Graph 5 Comparative results between stained normal Graph 6 Comparative results between stained normal
concrete, stained concrete with retarding agent and concrete, stained concrete with retarding agent
fresh concrete for Horizontal failure plane and fresh concrete for Vertical failure plane

45 3.5
Split Tensile Strenght

40 stained concrete 3
Strength(N/mm2)

35
Compressive

2.5
30
(N/mm2)

25 2 Full cylinder
20 stained concrete 1.5
15 with retarding 1
10 agent Vertical
0.5 failure plane
5
0 Fresh concrte 0

0 45 75 120 180 0 45 75 120 180

Time Lag(min) Time lag (min)

Graph 7 Comparative results between stained normal Graph 8 Split tensile strength of fresh M25 grade concrete of various
concrete, stained concrete with retarding agent and failure planes fresh concrete for Diagonal failure plane

3.5 6
Split Tensile Strenght

Split tensile styrength

3 5.5
5
(N/mm2)

2.5
N/mm2

Full cylinder Full cylinder

4.5
2
Vertical 4
1.5 Vertical
failure plane 3.5 failure plane
1 3
0 45 75 120 180 0 45 75 120 180
Time Lag (min) Time lag(min)
Graph 9 Split tensile strength of stained normal Graph 10 Split tensile strength of stained normal concrete
M25 grade concrete of various failure planes with retarding agent M25 grade concrete of various failure planes

Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 4675

 ISSN: 2319-8753

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 2, Issue 9, September 2013

6 6 stained concrete
Split Tensile strength

5 stained concrete

Strength(N/mm2)
5

Split Tensile
4 4
(N/mm2)

stained concrete
3 stained concrete 3 with retarding
with retarding agent
2 2
agent Fresh concrte
1 1
Fresh concrte
0
0
0 45 75 120 180
0 45 75 120 180
Time Lag (min) Time Lag (min)
Graph 11 Comparative results between stained normal Graph 12 Comparative results between stained normal
concrete, stained concrete with retarding agent and concrete, stained concrete with retarding agent
fresh concrete for full cylinder and fresh concrete for vertical failure plane

12 16
Flexure strength N/mm2

Flexural strengthN/mm2

11 14
10 Full beam Full beam
12
9
Vertical 10 Vertical
8 failure plane failure plane
7 8
Horizontal Horizontal
6 failure plane 6 failure plane
0 45 75 120 180 0 45 75 120 180
Time lag(min) Time Lag (min)
Graph 13 Flexural strength of fresh M25 Graph 14 Flexural strength of stained normal M25
grade concrete of various failure planes grade concrete of various failure planes

19 20
Flexural Strength (N/mm2)
Flexural strength N/mm2

18 stained concrete
17 Full beam 15
16
10 stained concrete
15 Vertical
with retarding
14 failure plane
5 agent
13 Horizontal
Fresh concrte
12 failure plane 0
45 0
75 120 180 45 75 120 1800
Time Lag(min) Time Lag (min)
Graph 15 Flexural strength of stained normal concrete Graph 16 Comparative results between stained normal
with retarding agent of various failure planes concrete, stained concrete with retarding agent
and fresh concrete for full beam

Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 4676

 ISSN: 2319-8753

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 2, Issue 9, September 2013

18 20
Flexural Strength (N/mm2)

Flexural Strength (N/mm2)

16 stained concrete stained concrete
14 15
12
10
8 stained concrete 10 stained concrete
6 with retarding with retarding
4 agent 5 agent
2 Fresh concrte Fresh concrte
0 0
0 45 75 120 180 0 45 75 120 180
Time Lag(min) Time Lag(min)
Graph 17 Comparative results between stained normal Graph 18 Comparative results between stained normal concrete,
concrete, stained concrete with retarding agent stained concrete with retarding agent and
and fresh concrete for vertical failure plane fresh concrete for horizontal failure plane

Interpretation of results.
1. Graph 1, 8 and 13 suggest that the compressive, flexure and split tensile strength of fresh concrete decrese at
slower rate with the delay in casting. The horizontal failure plane performed better than the other planes. The
decrease of compressive, flexure and split tensile strength in other cases may be due to improper bonding between
the two layers as the water cement ratio varies in both the layers.
2. Graph. 2, 9 and 14 show the testing result of stained normal concrete graphically. We conclude that the strength of
the full cubes, beams and cylinder is more than the cubes, beams, cylinder having failure plane. It can notice that
compressive strength of full cubes, beams, cylinders increases initially and then decreases as the time lag between
mixing and casting increases. The increase is reflected up to 75 min that is, the initial setting time of cement. Since
most of the initial hydration take place within the initial setting time, the compressive, flexure and split tensile
strength of the concrete decreases for the time lag exceeding the initial setting time. This observation was made for
specimens with diagonal, horizontal and vertical failure plane.
3. So that to overcome this problem, we increased the IST and FST of the cement by adding 0.1% of sugar as a
retarding agent. As a result, the strength of concrete increased even after 180 min delay in casting.
4. Graph 1, 8 and 13 suggest that the compressive, flexure and split tensile strength of fresh concrete decrese at
slower rate with the delay in casting. The horizontal failure plane performed better than the other planes. The
decrease of compressive, flexure and split tensile strength in other cases may be due to improper bonding between
the two layers as the water cement ratio varies in both the layers.
5. Graph. 2, 9 and 14 show the testing result of stained normal concrete graphically. We conclude that the strength of
the full cubes, beams and cylinder is more than the cubes, beams, cylinder having failure plane. It can notice that
compressive strength of full cubes, beams, cylinders increases initially and then decreases as the time lag between
mixing and casting increases. The increase is reflected up to 75 min that is, the initial setting time of cement. Since
most of the initial hydration take place within the initial setting time, the compressive, flexure and split tensile
strength of the concrete decreases for the time lag exceeding the initial setting time. This observation was made for
specimens with diagonal, horizontal and vertical failure plane.
6. So that to overcome this problem, we increased the IST and FST of the cement by adding 0.1% of sugar as a
retarding agent. As a result, the strength of concrete increased even after 180 min delay in casting.
7. It can be noticed from Graph 3, 10 and 15 that adding 0.1% of sugar as a retarding agent increase the setting time .
As the result,a continuous increse in compressive, flexure and split tensile strength for full cubes, beams, cylinder
and cubes, beams, cylinder with digonal, vertical, horizontal failure plane observed. The horizontal failure plane is
again the best one among the cubes, bems and cylinder.

Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 4677

 ISSN: 2319-8753

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 2, Issue 9, September 2013

8. Graph 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, and 15 shows that the percentage loss in compressive, flexure and split tensile
strength was minimum in the case of horizontal failure plane as compared to digonal and vertical failure plane for
different time intervals.
9. Only increse the setting time but also the compressive, flexure and split tensile strength of the failure planes
increase with respect to time lag and the compressive, flexure and split tensile strength of fresh concrete decrease
with respect to time lag.
10. Among all the observations it can be conclude that horizintal failure plane is best with respect to all failure planes.

IV. CONCLUSION
Following conclusion are drawn on the result discussed in the previous chapter:
1. As in the case of the stained normal concrete the strength of the concrete is increase till the initial setting time of
cement (75 minutes) and later on for a time lag exceeding the initial setting time, it decreases.
2. From Experimental study it is observed that, In case of full cubes the compressive, split tensile, flexural strength for
stained concrete with retarding agent compared with stained concrete without retarding agent increases by
19.62%,23.35% and 57.41% respectively.
3. From Experimental study it is observed that, In case of full cubes the compressive, split tensile, flexural strength for
normal concrete compared with stained concrete without retarding agent decreases by 4.11%, 17.79% and 17.41%
respectively.
4. From Experimental study it is observed that, In case of full cubes the compressive, split tensile, flexural strength for
stained concrete with retarding agent compared with normal concrete increases by 19.84%, 33.46% and 47.52%
respectively.
5. From Experimental study it is observed that, In case of horizontal failure plane the compressive, split tensile, flexural
strength for stained concrete with retarding agent compared with stained concrete without retarding agent increases by
12.71%, 87.23% and 24.50% respectively.
6. From Experimental study it is observed that, In case of horizontal failure plane the compressive, split tensile, flexural
strength for normal concrete compared with stained concrete without retarding agent decreases by 5.97%, 11.48% and
12.05% respectively.
7. From Experimental study it is observed that, In case of horizontal failure plane the compressive, split tensile, flexural
strength for stained concrete with retarding agent compared with normal concrete increases by 16.58%, 52.72% and
29.27% respectively.
8. From Experimental study it is observed that, In case of vertical failure plane the compressive, flexural strength for
stained concrete with retarding agent compared with stained concrete without retarding agent increases by 14.67% and
21.67% respectively.
9. From Experimental study it is observed that, In case of vertical failure plane the compressive, flexural strength for
normal concrete compared with stained concrete without retarding agent decreases by 3.5% and 15.40% respectively.
10. From Experimental study it is observed that, In case of vertical failure plane the compressive, flexural strength for
stained concrete with retarding agent compared with normal concrete increases by 15.85% and 41.05% respectively
11. In the case of stained normal concrete the compressive, flexure and split tensile strength reduced below the target mean
strength (33.75 N/mm2) for a time lag exceeding the final setting time of cement i.e. 210 min.
12. The amount of retarding agent used in this study is about 0.1% of the total weight of cement as it is effective, after
performing the setting time test.
13. Among the different failure planes the decrease in compressive, flexure and split tensile strength was least in the case
of horizontal plane as compared to vertical and diagonal planes.
14. From Experimental study it is observed that after initial setting time also slump value is satisfactory after addition of
retarding agent it will be helpful if there is delay in concreting

Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 4678

 ISSN: 2319-8753

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 2, Issue 9, September 2013

REFERENCES
1) Amitha N.R., Prof. H.S.Vidyadhara, and Prof. C. Sashidhar, “Effect of improper casting sequence on compressive strength”, Indian concrete
journal, January 2012, pp 30-40.
2) Akogu Elijah Abalaka, “Effects of Sugar on Physical Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement Paste and Concrete”, Vol AU J.T. 14(3), January 2011,
pp 225-228.
3) Bazid Khan* and Muhammad Ullah, “Effect of a Retarding Admixture on the Setting Time of Cement Pastes in Hot Weather”, JKAU: Eng. Sci Vol.
15 no. 1,2004, pp. 63-79.
4) Bazid Khan* and Bulent Baradan, “The effect of sugar on setting-time of various types of cements” science vision, Vol.8(1) July - September, 2002,
pp 71-78.
5) B.E.I. Abdelraziga, D.G. Bonnera, D.V. Nowella,*,J.M. Drans®eldb, P.J. Egan, “The solution chemistry and early hydration of ordinary portland
cement pastes with and without admixtures” Elsevier, 6 august 1999, Thermochimica Acta 340-341, pp 417-420.
6) David M. Suchorski and James A. Farny, “Chemical admixtures for concrete“ACI Education Bulletin E4-03, American Concrete Institute, Prepared
under the direction and supervision of ACI Committee E-701, 2003, E4-96.
7) Grant T. Halvorsen, Randall W. Poston, “Joints in Concrete Construction”, American Concrete Institute, ACI 224.3R-95, August 1, 1995.
8) Jeffery S. Volz, Carlton S. Olson, Ralph G. Oesterle, and Steven H. Gebler, “Are They Pour Lines or Cold Joints”, The Aberdeen Group, 1977.
9) Matthew H. Banville, “Assessment and repair of concrete structure”, 23rd International Convention & Trade Show, July 2008. pp 26-33.
10) Maria C. Garci Juenger, Hamlin M. Jennings, “New insights into the effects of sugar on the hydration and microstructure of cement pastes”,
Evanston, IL 60208, USA Received 12 June 2001, Cement and Concrete Research 32 (2002) 393–399, accepted 17 September 2001, pp 393-399.
11) Min-Cheol Han, Cheon-Goo Han, “Use of maturity methods to estimate the setting time of concrete containing super retarding agents”, 20
November 2009, Elsevier, pp 164-172.
12) Nisith K. Bairagi, “Selfing and crossing concept (Applied to the strength of Blended concrete mixes)”, ISBN: 978-81-224-2581-9, 2009,New age
international limited, pp 3-55
13) N.L. Thomas and J.D. Brichall, “The retarding action of sugars on cement hydration, Cement and concrete research”, Vol. 13, 12 April 1983, pp.
830-840.
14) N.B. Milestone, “The of glucose and oxidation glucose products on the hydration of tricalcium aluminates”,Vol 7, 20 October 1976, cement and
concrete research, pp 45-52.
15) Robert J. Ryan and Kenneth B. Rear, “ Hot Weather Concreting ACI Committee 305R-99”, American Concrete Institute, ACI 305R-99, 27 October
1999, pp 1-19.
16) V. Lorprayoon and D. R. Rossington, “Early hydration of cement constituents with organic admixtures, Vol 11 No2, 1 December 1980, cement and
concrete research, pp 267-277.
17) V. S. Ramchandran, “Interaction of chemical admixtures in the cement - water system”, Head building material section, Division of building
Research. National research council, Augest 1985, paper no 1441, pp 121-131.
18) V.S Ramchandran and M. Collepardi, “Concrete admixture handbook” February 2001, Noyes publication, pp 1-25.
19) ASTM Designation: C494/C494 M-99, “Standard specification for chemical admixture for concrete”, Designation C494/C494M, July2001, pp 1-9.
20) ACI 224.3R-95, Joints in concrete construction, American concrete institute ,USA, Reapproved 2001.
21) IS 10262-1982, “Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design”, Bureau of Indian Standards.
22) I.S.456 : 2000, “Indian standard Plain Reinforced code of practice (fourth revision)”
23) IS 12269:1987, “53 grade ordinary Portland cement”, Bureau of Indian standard, New Delhi, September 1993.
24) IS 516:1959, “Method of tests for strength of concrete”, Bureau of Indian standard, New Delhi.
25) IS 383:1970, “Specification for coarse and fine aggregates for natural sources of concrete “, September 1993.
26) IS 9103:1999, “Concrete admixture specification”. April 1999.

Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 4679