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Circles Write

The document discusses properties of circles, including their definitions and equations. It provides examples of finding the center and radius of circles given their equations. It also covers finding equations of circles given points or properties, finding equations of tangents, and the relationship between intersections of lines and circles. Exercise problems at the end practice these skills and their solutions are provided.

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menglee
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
90 views

Circles Write

The document discusses properties of circles, including their definitions and equations. It provides examples of finding the center and radius of circles given their equations. It also covers finding equations of circles given points or properties, finding equations of tangents, and the relationship between intersections of lines and circles. Exercise problems at the end practice these skills and their solutions are provided.

Uploaded by

menglee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Circles

Consider a circle that has centre (𝑎, 𝑏) and radius 𝑟. For all points (𝑥, 𝑦) on the circle, their
distance to the centre is constant, which is 𝑟.

Using the distance formula,

(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2 .

The equation of a circle with centre (𝑎, 𝑏) and radius 𝑟 is given


by
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2 .

Example 1
Write down the coordinates of the centre and the radius of the circle
(𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 − 8)2 = 12.
Centre (−1, 8), radius is √12 = 2√3

Example 2
Find the centre and the radius of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 10𝑥 − 8𝑦 − 40 = 0.
We need to do completing the square to express the equation in the standard form.
𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 − 40 = 0
(𝑥 + 5)2 − 25 + (𝑦 − 4)2 − 16 − 40 = 0
(𝑥 + 5)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 81
So the centre is (−5, 4), radius is √81 = 9.

Other properties of circle are helpful in solving different questions:

The angle in a semicircle is a The perpendicular from the The tangent to a circle at a
right angle. centre of a circle to a chord point is perpendicular to the
bisects the chord. radius at that point.
Example 3
Show that 𝑂𝐵 is a diameter of the circle which passes through the points 𝑂(0, 0), 𝐴(2, 6)
and 𝐵(8, 4). Hence find the equation of the circle.
If 𝑂𝐵 is the diameter of the circle, and 𝐴 lies on the
circle then ∠𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 90°.
To show 𝑂𝐵 is the diameter we need to show that 𝑂𝐴
and 𝐴𝐵 are perpendicular:
6
𝑚𝑂𝐴 = = 3
2
6−4 1
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = =−
2−8 3
𝑚𝑂𝐴 × 𝑚𝐴𝐵 = −1
So 𝑂𝐴 and 𝐴𝐵 are perpendicular.

0+8 0+4
The centre, 𝐶 is the midpoint of 𝑂𝐵, 𝐶 ( , ) so 𝐶(4, 2).
2 2
1 1 1
Radius, 𝑟 = 2 𝑂𝐵 = 2 √82 + 42 = 2 √80 = 2√5
The equation of the circle is
2
(𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = (2√5)
(𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 20

Example 4
Determine the equation of the tangent to the circle, centre 𝐶 with equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 −
2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 5 = 0 at the point 𝐴(2, 5). Give your answer in the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0,
where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are integers.
The equation of the circle after completing the square is (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 9.
𝐶 is (1, 2).
5−2
𝑚𝐴𝐶 = 2−1 = 3
1
𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 = − 3
1
Equation of tangent: (𝑦 − 5) = − 3 (𝑥 − 2),
3𝑦 − 15 = −𝑥 + 2
𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 17 = 0
Exercise A
1. Find the equation of each of the circles given the centre 𝐶 and radius 𝑟.
a. 𝐶(9, 1), 𝑟 = 4 c. 𝐶(−5, 3), 𝑟 = 7
b. 𝐶(−4, −7), 𝑟 = 5 d. 𝐶(6, −2), 𝑟 = 3
2. Determine the centre 𝐶 and radius 𝑟 of each of these circles.
a. (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 9 c. 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0
b. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 7 = 0 d. 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 42𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 4 = 0
3. Find the equation of the circle with centre (−2, −1) and passes through the point (2, 0).
4. 𝑃𝑄 is a diameter of the circle, where 𝑃(−8, 3) and 𝑄(2, −5). Find the equation of the
circle.
5. A circle with equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 12 has centre 𝐶. The circle cuts the 𝑥-axis
at the points 𝐴 and 𝐵. Calculate the area of the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶.
6. 𝑃(2, 1) is a point on the circumference of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 13 = 0. 𝑃𝑄
is the diameter of the circle. Find the equation of the line through 𝑃 and 𝑄.
7. A circle passes through the points (2, 0) and (8, 0) and has the 𝑦-axis as a tangent. Find
the two possible equations for the circle.
8. A circle passes through the points 𝑃(−1, 4), 𝑄(1, 6), 𝑅(5, 4). Find the equation of the
circle.
9. A circle with centre 𝐶 has equation (𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 16. The point 𝑃(1, 7) lies
outside the circle. Find the length of the two tangents to the circle from 𝑃.
Intersection of Lines and Circles
The intersection of a line and a circle will result in a quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
so the nature of the intersection will follow the value of determinant 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐.

𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 Nature of roots Line and parabola


>0 Two distinct real roots Two distinct points of intersection
=0 Two equal roots One point of intersection (line is a tangent)
<0 No real roots No points of intersection

Exercise B
1. A circle with centre 𝐶 has equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8. For the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑘,
determine the values of 𝑘 for which the line and the circle
a. meet at two distinct points
b. the line is a tangent to the circle
c. do not meet
Answers for exercises

Exercise A
1 (a) (𝑥 − 9)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 16 (c) (𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑦 + 7)2 = 25
(b) (𝑥 + 5)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 49 (d) (𝑥 − 6)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 9
3 1
2 (a) 𝐶(−2, 1), 𝑟 = 3 (b) 𝐶 (−1, ), 𝑟 = 3.20 (c) 𝐶 (2, − ), 𝑟 = 1.80 (d) 𝐶(7, −1), 𝑟 = 7.16
2 2
2
3 (𝑥 + 2) + (𝑦 + 1) 2
= 17
4 (𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 41
5 12
6 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7 = 0
7 (𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 ± 4)2 = 25
8 (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 10
9 √29
Exercise B
1 (a) −10 < 𝑘 < 2 (b) 𝑘 = −10, 𝑘 = 2 (c) 𝑘 < −10, 𝑘 > 2

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