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Unit: 6 Geography Lesson 1: Climates of the world

 Differentiate between climate and whether.

Climate Weather
Average weather conditions of a place or Condition of the atmosphere at a certain time or
region throughout the season in a long period over a certain short period
Permanent in nature Temporary in nature
It is affected by elevation, aspect, latitude etc. Affected by humidity, pressure, precipitation
etc.
Fairly constant over a period of time Keeps changing all the time
Integration of weather Differentiation of climate
What you expect is Climate What you get is weather

 What are the factors affecting climate? Describe each of them.

 Latitude (Distance from the Equator): The places near to the equator or with lower
latitude experiences hot climate where as places farther from the equator or with higher
latitude experiences cold climate. It is because of the tilting axis of the earth orbit
differentiates on the position of the Sun. The sun’s rays can only be vertical within the
equatorial region and polar areas get slanting or oblique rays. Because of the vertical
rays, the amount of insolation tends to be higher nearer the equator. The slanting rays
have to travel through the thick atmosphere and long distance making it less intense as
scattering, diffusion and reflection in the atmosphere will be higher in the case of slanting
rays.
 Altitude (Elevation): The amount of Solar radiation received at a place increases with
height (due to reduced atmospheric losses) but there is greater net loss of terrestrial
radiation at higher elevations. This is primarily a result of low density of air at higher
locations. Due to the lower air density at higher altitudes, more of the outgoing terrestrial
radiation escapes into the space without heating the immediate atmosphere. Carbon
dioxide a major gas absorbing terrestrial radiation is heavier than air. So, it’s proportion
at higher elevation is also lesser. Thus, the efficiency of absorption of terrestrial radiation
is lower over mountainous areas. In each 165 meters altitude, the temperature differs by
1 degree centigrade.
 Distance from the sea: Distance from the land and the sea is an important control of the
distribution of climate. The albedo (Proportion of insolation that is reflected back by the
earth’s surface) of land and water is different. Due to their lower albedo oceans absorb
more energy than the continents. However, the Specific heat capacity of water is more
than that of land. So, with equal amount of insolation , the temperature of oceans
increases by a lower margin than that of the continents. Therefore, continent gets heated
more rapidly and to a greater extend during the day than the oceans.
Since the temperature of the land mass is higher than the temperature of the oceans, the
heat loss from the Continent is also faster. Therefore, the oceans do not get cooled at
night as rapidly as the land masses. Due to this difference in the behavior of land and
water with respect to heat, the water is said to have a tendency to store more energy as
opposed to the tendency of the land to reflect and radiate most of the heat received.
The moderating effect of closeness to the sea is called the maritime influence. In Contrast
to coastal areas, places in the interior of the continents experience extremes of
temperature. This influence of location in the interior of the continent is called the

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continental influence. So, places near the sea have a moderate climate and far from the
sea has an extreme climate.
 The world can be divided into the three Climatic zones. What are they? Mention them along
with their climatic pattern.
 The world can be divided into the following climatic zones-
The Tropical Zone: Between 0-30 degree N/S latitude of the Earth- Hot climate
The temperate Zone: Between 30 to 60 degree N/S latitude of the Earth- Mild climate
The Polar Zone: Between 60 to 90 degrees N/S latitude of the Earth- Cold climate
 Latitude affects the climate of a place. Justify with example.
There are together 180 degrees of latitude. Based on these the earth is divided in to 3
climatic zones- Tropical Zone that lies between 0-30 degree N/S latitude of the Earth
with Hot climate, the temperate Zone that lies between 30 to 60 degree N/S latitude of the
Earth with mild climate and the Polar Zone that lies between 60 to 90 degrees N/S
latitude of the Earth with Cold climate.
The places near to the equator experiences hot climate where as places farther from the
equator or with higher latitude experiences cold climate. It is because of the tilting axis
of the earth orbit differentiates on the position of the Sun. The sun’s rays can only be
vertical within the equatorial region and polar areas get slanting or oblique rays. Because
of the vertical rays, the amount of insolation tends to be higher nearer the equator. The
slanting rays have to travel through the thick atmosphere and long distance making it less
intense as scattering, diffusion and reflection in the atmosphere will be higher in the case
of slanting rays.
 Why do the interior parts of the continent have extremes of climate?
The albedo ( Proportion of insolation that is reflected back by the earth’s surface) of land
and water is different. Due to their lower albedo oceans absorb more energy than the
continents. However, the Specific heat capacity of water is more than that of land. So,
with equal amount of insolation, the temperature of oceans increases by a lower margin
than that of the continents. Therefore, continents get heated more rapidly and to a greater
extend during the day than the oceans. Since the temperature of the land mass is higher
than the temperature of the oceans, the heat loss from the Continent is also faster. So
day / night and Summer/winter temperature is highly fluctuating in the exterior of the
continent. E.g. New Delhi, Kabul, Nepalgunj. Due to this difference in the behavior of
land and water with respect to heat, the interior part of the continent gets extreme type of
climate.
 How does distance from the sea affect the climate of Nepal?
 The Bay of Bengal is just about 500 Km. From the Eastern part of Nepal causing more
monsoon rainfall in the Eastern part of Nepal than the Western part of Nepal. The
moisture containing breeze blown from the Bay of Bengal can’t reach the western or far
western part of Nepal or gets dry up in between. So these areas get least rainfall. Since
these areas are also far from the sea they also get extreme type of climate.
 Give geographical reasons for the following:
a. Manang and Mustang remain dry and cold throughout the year.
 They both lie in the lee ward side of the mountain. The breeze carrying monsoon rainfall
is blocked by the high mountains in front of it facing South and the rainfall occurs
heavily in the front side of the mountain like Pokhara lying in rain ward side. But
Manang and Mustang remain dry throughout the year.
b. Nepalgunj is hotter than Taplejung.

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 Taplejung is at higher altitude. At every 165 meters height, the temperature is reduced by
1 degree centigrade. So, Nepalgunj lying at the low altitude than Taplejung is definitely
hotter.
 What is Trade wind?
 Trade winds, also called as the Tropical Easterlies are the planetary winds blowing from
the sun-tropical belts of high pressure to the equatorial belt of low pressure. They blow
from northeast to southeast in the Northern hemisphere and from a Southeast to
Northwest in the southern hemisphere. The name trade wind has been derived from the
German word ‘ Trend’ meaning a constant direction. The persistence of the Trade is well
noted on the Eastern side of the Ocean.
 How does Monsoon rainfall occur in Nepal?
 Monsoon is the non planetary seasonal wind. It is a tropical wind system under which the
direction of wind is completely reversed with the season. It is observed as a result of the
differential heating of land and sea and is persistent over the areas where large land
masses have large oceans in their vicinity.
Due to differences in the specific heat of land and water, the land mass gets heated to a
greater extent than the neighboring oceans in Summer. Therefore, the low pressure
develops over the land mass in summer season and the pressure over the ocean will be
higher. So, the wind blows from ocean to land in Summer season which carries moisture
and thus cause rainfall in Summer. Alternatively, the continent will be cooler than the
Ocean in winter. So, the air pressure will be lower in Ocean and the wind will blow from
land to sea which no moisture at all. So, there will be no rainfall in winter.
Thus, rainfall occurs in Summer in Nepal due to the seasonal reversal of pressure
gradient between the continents and Oceans leading to Monsoon type of Circulation as a
result of the differential heating of Land and water. This is also known as the “Thermal
theory of Monsoon”.
 Mention the characteristics of latitude and explain why it’s not effective in reference to
Nepal?
 The characteristics of latitude are:
 There are 180 degrees latitude stretching from East to West on the Earth.
 They are imaginary lines drawn running parallel to each other.
 It determines the climate of the places on the earth.
 The 0 degree latitude is called Equator which divides the earth into two halves
Its not effective in the case of Nepal because:
 Nepal’s climate is determined by altitude since there’s great topographic
variation in terms of height in Nepal.
 Nepal is a small country stretching just over the few latitudes (80 to 88 degree)
which can not cause big variations of climate.
 How does the slope of the mountain affect the climate of a place?
 Aspect(direction with respect to Sun’s rays) also affect the climate. The aspect explains
the difference in solar receipt between the sun facing and the shady slopes of same
latitude. Sunny slopes receive more insolation than the shady ones. In the Himalayan
region for example, the South facing slope receives more insolation than the North facing
slope. The steeper slopes receives lesser amount of insolation than the flat areas. This is
because the albedo of steep slope is higher than the flat one. Secondly, the sun’s rays get
distributed over a larger area on a steeper slope.

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Unit 6: Geography Lesson 2 Tropical Zone

1. Give a short introduction of Tropical Zone. ( Torrid Zone)
 The Tropical Zone lies between 0 to 30 i̊ n both sides of the equator of the earth. The zone
receives vertical sun rays so that it is hot and summer is longer with maximum rainfall. It
is the region near to the equator between the topic of cancer and tropic of Capricorn. The
area includes all the areas of the earth where the sun reaches a point directly overhead
once a year. The word Tropics is derived from the Greek word ‘Tropos’ meaning ‘turn’
because the apparent position of the sun moves between two tropics within a year. It is
sub divided into four regions:
1. Tropical Equatorial region
2. Tropical grassland
3. Tropical desert
4. Tropical monsoon

Tropical Equatorial region

1. What are the features of the Tropical equatorial region?

 The features of the Tropical equatorial region are:
 Equatorial Climatic region extends from about o to 5 degrees North and South of the
equator in the tropical zone. It is mostly found in Amazon Basin, Congo Basin, Guinea
coast, Zaire Basin, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore.
 There is no seasonal change and diurnal range of temperature is 2 ̊C. Uniform high
temperature is throughout the year with 27 ̊C on average.
 Convectional rainfall takes place throughout the year on average with lightening thunder.
Annual average rainfall is 200 Cm.
 Wind velocities are very low and days and night are equal in length
 Wet climate encourage luxuriant growth of natural Vegetation.
2. What is Tropical rain forest? ( Selvas or Hot rain forest or Amazon rainforest )
 Tropical rain forest occurs inside the world’s equatorial region. Lofty equatorial forests
are known as hot rainforest or Selvas and the most important characteristics region of this
type of vegetation is the Amazon Basin. These forests are almost impenetrable due to
high density of trees and thick growth of epiphytes and lianas. The forest is active
throughout the year. The low deltas and shore are often covered with wooden swamps
called ‘mangroves’ prominent species found in these forest are rubber, mahogany, brazil
wood etc. The trees are gregarious (Compromise numerous species) in nature with broad
leaves. The forest is so dense that there appears to be a keen competition among
individual trees to get sun light, so naturally they are tall. The tree tops with their thick
foliage form a thick and continuous cover making it difficult for the sun’s rays to
penetrate to the forest floor.
3. Why is the Tropical rainforest (Selvas) Important?
 Selvas spawn and support 50 % of all living species on earth and supplies 21 % of
oxygen demand of earth even though they cover less than 5 % of earth’s surface.
Most of the trees produce valuable hardwoods. Balsa wood is used to make boats. Teak is
applied in construction activity. Barks and leaves of mangrove is used in tanning.
Quinine plant is used to produce drugs against malaria. Ivorynut is used to make button.
Chicle which is obtained from the sap of Zaopta tree is used for making chewing gums.

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4. Why Tropical rainforest is called as the ‘land of biodiversity ’or ‘common home of species’?
 High temperature and heavy rainfall which characterize the tropical wet climate
encourage luxuriant growth of natural vegetation. It spawns and supports 50 % of all
living organisms on the earth even though it covers less than 5 % of earth’s surface. It is
estimated that it has more species of plants and animals than in the other entire in world
biomes combined. The richness of the fauna of the rainforest can be imagined by the fact
that in the canal zone about 20,000 species of insects are found in a 16 km square area.
Wild animals like snakes, lizards, frogs, chimpanzee, and gorillas are found here in
abundant.
5. Why the Tropical equatorial zone is known as the land of continuous summer? Or,
Why days and night are equal in the Tropical equatorial region? Or,
Why it is hot, wet and humid throughout the year in the equatorial region?
 Since the Tropical Equatorial region lies between 0 to 5 ̊ North and South of the equator, receiving
vertical sunrays because of the rotation of the earth. The mid day sun is always over head. So, the
days and nights are always of equal length receiving maximum amount of insolation. Mean annual
temperature as about 27 ̊ C and the diurnal range of temperature is 2 ̊ C. Thus, it is hot, wet and
humid throughout the year. High relative humidity combined with intense sun light and slight air
sensible temperature is always very high because of the low rate of evaporation. Because of the
dense could cover and excessive moisture, even the nights in certain locations give little relief from
the oppressive heat.
6. How there is contrast in economic development in the equatorial region?
 In terms of levels of economic development the equatorial regions provide the extreme typical of
the economically and technologically the most advanced, and the most back ward regions. While
parts of Tropical equatorial lowlands like Zaire Basin, Amazon Basin and Congo Basin are the
most back ward areas of the world, but parts of Tropical equatorial highland like Singapore and
Malaysia are among the most advanced part of the world. Some inhabitants of African and South
American low lands are still having a primitive life with no infrastructural development and harsh
climate. But tropical equatorial highlands of Asia have advanced and technologically advanced
urban life with rapidly expanding economy.
7. Describe the life style and economic activities of Tropical Equatorial region.
 The life style of Tropical Equatorial region is primitive and very difficult leaving apart the tropical
highlands of Malaysia and Singapore. Mining is important in few locations. Malaysia is the chief
producer of Tin and Indonesia has considerable reserves of oil. Gold, Copper, Zinc, Lead and
Diamond are found in Zaire Basin. The development is slow mainly due to difficulties in
transportation and communication. Population is thin in most areas due to difficulties in
transportation and communication. Population is thin in most areas due to unhealthy climate and no
agricultural land. Red Indians of Amazon Basin, Pygmies of Congo and Zaire Basin and Semang
and Dayaks of Indonesia are the indigenous tribes who are nomadic and move from one place to
another in search of food. Agriculture is not well developed and people can earn their living by
hunting and gathering, animal husbandry and temporary farming.
8. The Equatorial region of Asia (East Indies) are more developed than the African and South
American region. Why?
 Though the equatorial regions of the continents of Africa and South America were colonized by the
Europeans, these are not so developed as the East Indies of Asia for the following reasons;
The Equatorial regions of these two continents have more extreme type of climate than
that of East Indies.
The distance from the Sea is quite higher than in the East Indies where most parts are
coastal and milder.
The soil in Amazon and Congo Basin are not fertile as in Singapore and Malaysia.

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The people aren’t as educated and as skilled as in the East Indies still preferring to live a
traditional life.
9. The Tropical Equatorial region is the most uncivilized part of the world. Justify.
 The life style of the people in equatorial region is primitive and very difficult due to the hot and
wet climate. Red Indians of Amazon Basin and Pygmies of Congo (Zaire) Basin are the indigenous
nomadic tribes of this climatic region. People earn their living from fishing, hunting and gathering,
animal husbandry and temporary farming as Industry and commerce are not well developed there.
Some of them even work as the Salves for Rich African Bantus. Most people are nomadic and
move from one place to another in search of food.
10. If you were the inhabitant of the Equatorial climate region, what would you have done as
your chief economic activity?
 The harsh climate with excessive rain and high temperature would restrict my choices of
occupation in agriculture and industry. I would have been involved in mining where few parts of
the region have abundant zinc and tin. I would engage myself in cattle rearing as it’s the old
tradition in the region. This region has huge rivers like Amazon and Congo, so I would prefer
fishing occupation. Since it has hard wood tropical rain forest known as Selvas, I would definitely
start lumbering.

Tropical Grassland (Savanna Region/ Sudan Type of Climate/ Tropical Interior)

o Tropical grassland is also known as the Savanna grassland region

o These regions lie in the interior of the tropical lands between the equatorial lands on one
side and the tropical deserts on the other side.
o It includes the area of Sudan, upper Zambezi, interior parts of Oronico Basin, South
interior of Brazil etc.
o Due to their latitudinal location of 5 ̊to 20 ̊N and S on both hemisphere, it is a transit belt
between the humid type of equatorial region and arid climate of tropical desert.

1. Why Savanna grassland is called the ‘Zoo of the world’?

 There is such a large variety of animals in the Savanna region that the African Savannas are called
the Zoological gardens for Tropical mammals. Those regions have animals like elephant, giraffe,
zebra, rhinoceros and antelope. These animals are herbivores. Many varieties of carnivores like
lions, leopards, wild dogs, jackals and hyena are found. Many unique birds like ostrich, emus and
rhea are found. The park landscape of these regions provides habitats to them. These regions are
among the richest regions of the world from the point of variety of wildlife found here. These
animals are not only unique but they are also preserved through different national parks, wild life
reserves and sanctuaries same like in zoo.
This region is also known as the ‘land of big games ’as tribes here like maasai and hausa live
their life by hunting wild animals.
2. Birds in the Savanna grassland are more skilled in running than flying. Why?
 Various birds like ostrich, emus , rhea etc. are found in the Savanna grassland which are more
skilled in running than flying because of the following reasons:
 The birds commonly found here are the largest birds which can’t fly due to their
large body. Eg. An adult ostrich weigh around 120 Kgs.
 They have tall and very strong leg and can run very fast. Eg. Ostrich can run at
70 Km/hr.

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 They may not be skilled in flying as they have been living in the grassland. There
are very few scattered trees.
 They find their food on land rather than in the upper trees or air.
3. Explain the type of vegetation found in the Tropical grassland( Savanna).
 The tropical wet dry climate is called Savanna after it’s typical vegetation i.e. grasslands dotted
with scattered trees and bushes that can survive the drought season. Mostly the trees are deciduous
and lose their leaves during the dry season to prevent the moisture loss through transpiration. The
trees have longer roots so that they can avail of the water in the soil during the dry season. Most of
the trees are drought- resistant, fire- resistant and browse resistant trees with umbrella shaped.
Coarse thick and tall grasses scrubby bushes are found. Common species are mimosa, acacia,
eucalyptus etc.
4. Name the tropical grassland in different places.
 Place Grassland’s name
Orinoco Basin - Llanos
Brazil - Campos
South Africa - Velds
Central Africa - Savanna
5. Name the tribes of the tropical grassland with a short description.
 The tribes in this region have gypsy (nomadic) pastoral lives who roam from one pasture land to
another in search of grass and water for their cattle. The African tribes like Maasai of Kenya &
Tanzania and Hausa of Nigeria are it’s typical examples. Hausa are the largest African ethnic
group. They are famous for their cloth weaving and dyeing, cotton goods, leather sandals, metal
locks, horse equipments etc. Maasai are nilotic group (People indigenous to Nile Valley). Their all
food is met by their cattle. The measure’s of man wealth is determined by their cattle. They rear
cattle for raw milk, raw meat and raw blood. They l live in the fenced house called “Kraals” which
is made from light wooden frames and grass.
6. The life style of people in the Savanna region is primitive but it holds a great prospect for
it’s future development. Justify.
 The Savanna region experiences hot and dry climate which is not appropriate for the human
settlement and population density is sparse here even though it occupies 15 % of the total land.
Wild life is the important resource of these regions. A number of wild life parks and sanctuaries
today have laid the foundation of wild life related tourism in several parts of Africa. Eg. Kenya
alone has more than 40 national parks. This region is being developed as a tourist destination,
research hub and film documentary shooting centre for national geographic, discovery channels.
Cattle rearing, hunting and agriculture are the chief occupations of these regions. Hides and skins
are the chief products of live stock rearing activity. The most important crop is dura, a millet crop.
With slow but steady development of infrastructure, trade has started to pick up. Hardworking and
thirsty people of Negroid race are enhancing the overall development.
7. Where are Spiky Acacia and Baobab found? What Characteristics do they have?
 They are found in the tropical grassland of Africa and Australia. Spiky Acacia has roofing top of
extended branches that shelter the entire lower layer with it’s Umbrella shaped. This shape prevents
the tree from browsing animals, wind and fire. Baobab stores water in its large swollen trunk. Both
of them have log roots to absorb underground water in drought.
8. Why are many of the people in the tropical grassland still involved in their traditional
earning activities despite new tourism related opportunities being made available? What
might have to be done to improve their living?
 Many of the sub Tropical grassland people are still involved in their traditional earning activities
despite new tourism related earning opportunities being made available.

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 They are illiterate and superstitious and are crazily devoted to their traditional life
style.
 They are not properly skilled or modern sources of earning that are newly
available
 It is relatively easier to continue their traditional life style
 For some people, it is against their religious and cultural beliefs to pursue other
lifestyle.
The Following measure might have to be taken to improve their living standard.
 They should be trained for modern jobs available there
 They should be provided some privileges in some modern jobs like tourism
 They should be offered technical assistance for modernizing their traditional
earning activities.
 Due part of the income from tourism should be allocated for supporting and
improving the communities there.
9. If you reach in Savanna grassland of Africa, mention four things that you can enjoy and
four problems that you may face there.
 I can enjoy the following four things in Savanna
 The huge grassland with scattered trees
 Numerous Unique animals like giraffe, zebra
 Culturally diverged and enriched tribes like Hausa and Maausa
 Sights of varieties of birds including ostrich, emu etc.
Similarly, I may face the following problems
 Harsh climate with excessive heat
 Lack of infrastructures and transportation
 Language as all may not be able to understand English
 Wild fire at the grassland which has been a big problem there.
10. What focus should the government give to increase the tourism in Savanna?
 Economy of Savanna is directly related to the wild life and tourism of the region which is in serious
threat these days.
 Poaching of wild animals is the tradition of Africa. Around 35,000 wild elephants are
killed each year in Savanna. Black Rhino’s population is down to 97 % since 1960. 43%
population of lion is lost in 20 years and only about 1,000 mountain gorillas are
surviving. If unaddressed this could create a conservation crisis. Impact of hunting and
bush meat trade should be banned.
 Government should focus on infrastructural development with great roadways, hotels and
good hospitality to attract the tourists from all around the globe
 The habitat of wild animals is in severe threat due to the presence of buffer zones and
huge flow of people in their wild habitats. Huge flow of tourists should be carefully
managed. There should be proper Land use planning to ensure retention of wilderness
area far from human population.
 More focus, effort and recourses is needed to be invested to increase the tourism in
Savanna. Public education along with livelihood alternative should be given to the locals
so that wild life would not be harmed.

Tropical Desert region (Sahara- type region)

Introduction: A place turns into desert if it receives less than 25 Cm. rainfalls annually. Tropical hot
desert climate is also popularly known as the Sahara type of climate named after the most extensive hot

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desert of Sahara in North Africa. Since these deserts are situated in the trade wind belt, they are virtually
trade wind deserts. Most of the desert lie between 20-30 degree North and south of both the hemisphere.
The Sahara, Kalahari and Namib Desert in Africa, The Arabian, Persian and Thar in Asia, Coloradan,
Sonara and Mexican desert in North America, The Atacama and Patagonia in South America and the
Great Australian desert in Australia are different deserts of different continents.

1. Why the deserts are located on the western margins of the Continent?
 The major factors which account of the western margin location of the desert are given below:
 There is greater stability of air masses in the eastern sector of the oceanic sub
tropical high pressure systems.
 The eastern margin of the continents receive more moisture from the trade winds
where as the western margins are deprived of any moisture from them.
 Prevailing winds in the tropics are tropical easterly winds which become dry by
the time they reach western margins.
 Presence of cold currents in western shore leads to high pressure over water
surface leading to no cloud formation. Presence of cold currents along western
coast tends to stabilize the air over the coast. This prevents cloud formation and
rainfall.
2. What are the important factors of aridity of desert? ( Or, why no rainfall)
 Deserts lie in the continents of the trade wind belt. Trade winds are the prevailing winds
and these easterly winds become dry by the time they reach the western margins of the
continents. These regions also come under the subtropical belts of high pressure
characterized by air subsidence. Some deserts lie in the rain shadow side beyond the
mountains where the rain carrying winds are blocked. Eg. Atacama desert.
3. How does the vegetation of the Tropical desert adapt themselves?
 Natural vegetation occurs in deserts only in small patches relatively better watered areas.
The vegetation comprises high draught resistant plant called ‘xerophytes’. In order to
withstand the dry conditions, there plant adapts themselves through various
modifications. Some of them store water in their stems while other protect themselves
from loss of water through evaporation and transpiration by means of thick barks or
reducing the leaves to the shape of thorns or spines. Most of the trees growing in these
regions have very deep roots. Some plants have thick fleshy leaves. Such leaves are
smooth with very pores that prevent transpiration. Fleshy leaves of plant like agave that
grows in desert store water. Only few desert plant like cacti, thorny bushes, date palms,
etc. grow here.
4. Even the deserts are the source of valuable minerals. Prove.
 Due to extreme climate and low productivity of land, desert regions support a small
population. Traditionally trade has not been important. However, these days these regions
are important exporters of minerals, especially oil. Countries of Middle East are among
the leading exporter of oil, Namibia has been an important producer and exporter of
diamonds. The oil rich countries have developed refineries and some petro chemical
industries. Salts found in the basins from which water has evaporated are commercially
vital. For eg, salt lake of Rajasthan, salves of Chile. Besides, there are copper mines in
Chile, gold in Colorado and Australian desert. Mining of such resources has given rise to
large settlements in otherwise desolate areas.
5. Explain the characteristics of the Tropical desert climate.
 In the hot desert climate the highest insolation and the highest temperatures are recorded
because there are no clouds in the atmosphere to scatter the insolation and no water vapor
to absorb it.

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 It is characterized by the greatest diurnal temperature in the world. It may be as

high as 41.7 ̊
 The evaporation exceeds the precipitation. Rainfall is irregular & unreliable
which is less than 12 cm. on average.
 Because of intense heating of the land during day time, convectional currents are
set up which help to produce strong winds.
 There is little moisture on the ground to be evaporated and no clouds to scatter
insolation.
6. Why is Camel called “Ship of the deserts”? How can it adopt easily in the desert?
 Extreme aridity in the tropical desert makes animal life very difficult. Camel also has
adapted itself to the arid conditions. It is able to survive for long without water. It stores
water In it’s hump and can easily walk in the sand due to its broad feet. The typical
features like closing nostrils and long eye lashes also have supported it to adapt in the
desert. Camel furs can trap a layer of air which acts as insulator and help keep their body
cool during day and night. They have very tough lips and tongue which enables them to
nibble thorny desert vegetation. Many people in the desert work as Caravan traders and
transport goods in their camels. Since Camel is used as “beast of burden” and means of
transportation for carrying goods, it is known as the “ship of the desert”.
7. What is Oasis? Why is it important?
 An Oasis is a lush green fertile vegetable land in the midst if a desert around a natural
spring or well. Some people permanently live in the oasis areas and grow food grains,
fruits, vegetables and date palms. It is also important and transportation routes in desert
areas. Caravans must travel via oasis so that supplies of water and food can be
replenished. It supports the growth of plants like apricots, date palms, figs and olives, etc.

8. 5% people of total population of the world are still living in desert region. Why? Give
reasons.
 Tropical desert is not appropriate for human activities because of the extreme aridity. The
population density is hardly about 2 persons per square km. But, still 5 % people of total
population lives there. It is because of the presence of rich minerals deposits like petrol
and gold. Nowadays, development activities are increasing rapidly and business are
growing rapidly. The people have started commercial agriculture and animal husbandry
by using modern technology. Some parts of desert region are oasis where agriculture and
settlement are possible. Deserts region also stretches over large area i.e. 20 to 30 ̊North
and South of the equator.

Tropical Monsoon Climate (Tropical Eastern Margin)

1. How does Monsoon rainfall occur?

 The monsoon circulation is characteristically governed by the migration of inter tropical
convergence zone (ITC) commonly referred as doldrums. Because of differential heating
of the continent and the adjoining oceans, there is a complete reversed pressure gradient
over the landmass. During winter there are centers of high pressure over the continent so
that there is an outflow of air towards the oceanic low pressure centers. These winds are
termed as winter monsoon or dry monsoon which causes no rain. In summer, the
continent develops low pressure centre and sea to land pressure gradients are developed
resulting in on shore wind picking up huge quantities of moisture from oceans. So it is
capable of giving heavy rainfall whenever conditions are favorable.
2. Write down the characteristics of Tropical Monsoon climatic region.

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 The characteristics of tropical monsoon climatic regions are:

 Rain is abundant and intense in tropical monsoon region with distinct short dry
season. There is variability of precipitation.
 It is milder and has two distinct seasons: dry winter and warm summer
 Summer rainfall is characterized by the presence of tropical cyclones known by
typhoons n China, hurricanes in west Indies, willy-willies in northwest Austrlia,
etc.
 Vegetation is mostly deciduous and only wetter locations have evergreen flora.
 Agriculture is the dominant occupation and these region support large
populations in Asian populations.
3. Why Monsoon Climatic region is best suited for agriculture?( Why people are engaged in
agriculture)
 Monsoon regions are rich in agricultural resources. Soils are not excessively leached and
they can support grain crops. Agriculture is therefore the dominant occupation of people
and these regions support large populations in Asian countries. It experiences high
temperature and receives abundant rainfall ideal for cultivation with long growing season.
Availability of the irrigation facilities, cheap labor cost, plain land and fertile soil also
acts as a catalyst to engage more than 70% of the people of this region in agriculture.
Rice is grown in low lying areas and wheat is grown in comparatively less rainy plains.
Since rice is an irrigated crop, monsoon rains are useful. There is presence of fertile river
valleys like Hwango- ho, Ganga, Irrawody, etc.
4. Write any four reasons why there is high density of population in the tropical monsoon
region.
 World’s 1/3rd of the population lives in the tropical Monsoon region. It is also the Cradle
of human civilization where the civilizations like Indus- Valley Civilization, Huango- Ho
River civilization flourished. The reasons for high density of population may be because
of:
 The availability of plain land for agriculture with irrigation support.
 Presence of huge river valleys with fertile soils. Gangas,Irawadi , Huang-ho etc.
 Industrialization is taking place rapidly and some countries like China and India
are exporter of industrial products also.
 Varied earning opportunities through cattle rearing, animal husbandry, presence
of minerals, etc.
5. Explain the economic activities of Tropical Monsoon region.
 Agriculture is the dominant occupation of the tropical monsoon region. More than 70 %
people are engaged in agriculture. Rice, maize, oil seeds, tea and coffee are typical crops
of these lands. China, India, Bangladesh are among the leading producer of rice. More
than 75% of the world’s supply of jute comes from Bangladesh. Monsoon lands are
known for large animal populations. India has the largest cattle population in the world.
The state of Minas Gerais in Brazil, Lake Maracaibo region in Venezuela etc are
important areas of mineral deposits. Monsoon lands are exporter of plantation crops like
coffee, tea, cocoa and other agricultural products. Due to large cattle populations, India
and Pakistan are the leading exporters of hides and skins.
6. Why there is diversity on vegetation in Tropical Monsoon Climate?
 Combination of high temperature and rain in summer is favorable to plant growth in
tropical monsoon climate. The density of forests decreases in areas of low rainfall and
vegetation of such areas can be defined as woodland. However the nature of vegetation
varies in accordance to relief. It is mostly deciduous and only the wetter parts have
evergreen flora. Trees are tropophilous with thin leaves. Teak and Sal are the common
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hardwoods found in these forests. Pure stands of single species are rare. In areas of higher
altitude, where the temperature is lower and rainfall is heavy, a smaller and drier type of
desert is found and is called ‘caatinga’ or ‘hot-thron forest’. Because of the fluctuation
of rainfall, the areas with abundant rainfall(200 cm above) have evergreen forest,
moderate rainfall (100 to 200 cm) have deciduous forest and low rainfall( below 100 cm)
have coarse and tall grasses, thorny bushes and scrubby plants.
7. Why the tropical monsoon region is called the “Cardle of Human Civilization” or “centre of
orient culture”?
 Many ancient civilizations such as Indus Valley and Hwang- Ho Civilizations developed
and flourished in the tropical monsoon region. The Ganges, The Brahmaputra, and the
Irrawaddy rivers are supporting large populations in their banks. The cultural and values
of this region have been influential to the new generations and the people of the whole
world. River valleys with fertile soils have not only a large populations supporting
capacity but it has given the Hindus and Buddhist culture to flourish in it’s land. Orient
refers to the East. Since, this region carries the embryo of the start of great civilizations in
eastern part of the world, it is also known as the centre of orient culture.

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Unit 6 Geography Lesson: 3 Temperate Zone

Temperate Zone is extended between 30 to 60 ̊latitude in the Northern and Southern hemisphere. The sun
rays are a bit slanting and the distance between the earth and the sun is more in comparison to the
Tropical Zone. So it is neither too hot nor too cold, but mild. This is the most developed Zone that has
supported the highest population in the world. It is divided in to four regions:
1. Mediterranean climatic region
2. Temperate grassland
3. Temperate Monsoon ( China Type Climate)
4. St. Lawrence / Temperate Oceanic climatic region

Mediterranean Climatic region

It is also knows as dry sub tropical region or western margin. This region lies between the
latitudes 30 to 45 ̊N and 30 to 40 ̊S of the equator. The Major areas having such climate are the
Mediterranean Sea coastline including Portugal, a large part of Spain, Southern France, and
peninsula of Italy, coastline strips of Balkan Countries, Asia Minor and Coastal California. These
regions are called the Mediterranean regions because the largest area of the Climate lies on the
margins of the Mediterranean Sea.

1. Why the Mediterranean Climatic region does receive rainfall in the winter?
 A rainy winter and a dry summer are the typical features of these regions. The reason for
the dry summers and rainy winters is the seasonal shifting of pressure belts due to which
these regions come under the influence of the easterly trade winds in summer and the
westerly trade wind in winters. The westerly’s blowing from ocean to land on the western
margins of the continents bring rainfall while the easterlies trade winds blows from land
to sea in summer which causes no rainfall. Rainfall is associated with depression and thus
cyclonic in nature.
2. Why the Mediterranean region is called “the garden of the world”? ( or, Famous for
Horticulture and wine production)
 The climate is favorable for the growth of various kinds of citrus fruits such as grape,
citron,,lemon, orange,peach,cherry etc. and other fruits like almond, chestnut,olive,
walnut etc. are grown extensively. Around 70 % of the world export of the citrus fruits
comes from this climatic region. Clear skies, low relative humidity and the winter rainfall
are the contributory factors for the growth of Citrus fruits. Valleys and depressions which
are filled with dense cold air prone to have freezing or sub freezing temperature in winter,
which enhances sensitive crops like citrus fruits. Wine production is widely done. A
variety of wine is produced from the grapes. About 65 % of the world’s total production
of wine is produced in this region. The countries like France, Italy, and Spain. are the
large exporter of world class wine. The abundant citrus can help a lot for the
establishment of more wine industries in the days to come.
3. Explain the kinds of vegetation found in the Mediterranean region.
 A long summer drought is clearly reflected in the nature of the vegetation of the
Mediterranean region. Vegetation consists of open, dry evergreen forests that degenerate
into scrub in area of low rainfall. Most of the vegetation is sclerophyllus
(Hard leaved) and drought resistant. It consists of plants that posses moisture –conserving
devices such as tough surface, shiny thick leaves and roots to be able to suck up soil
moisture. Oak, olive and figs are the common species. Cold humid areas support forests

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of broad leaved deciduous forest like walnut, oak and chestnut. Among the scrubs-
Chaparral is found in California, Mallee in Australia. Citrus family fruits are found here
in abundant
4. Explain the Economic activities and its importance in the Mediterranean region.
 Mediterranean regions are fairly rich in land resource. Therefore, farming is the most
important occupations. Besides growing a variety of crops, these regions are known for
horticultural activity. A humid winter favors high productivity of the winter crop of
wheat. Dry summer is favorable for fruit processing and drying. Wine making is also an
important activity. France with old vine yards is famous for producing a variety of wines.
European countries, especially northern Italy, Parts of Spain are producers of raw silk and
sericulture is their important economic activity. Spain and Portugal are two leading
producers of cork. Spain is also an important producer of Mercury. Africa has deposits of
phosphate and Chilean region is rich in copper and also has coal deposits.
5. Mediterranean type of climate is suitable for human settlement. Why? Justify.
 The Mediterranean regions support 5 % of the world population though occupying just
1% of the total land area of the world. Mediterranean regions are endowed with a fine
climate suitable for number of products and activities. The European countries are
important contributors to world economy in the field of agricultural and industrial
products. It has been home to some of the greatest civilizations like Rome and Greek
Civilization. Mediterranean Sea itself has a moderating effect on the inland climate. The
pleasant daily weather is characterized by abundant Sunshine, blue and clear skies, high
temperatures during day time, and low relative humidity. The fertile soil, agro based and
mineral industries and development of horticulture have also enhanced the suitability of
the human settlement.
6. Give as many reasons as you can why the temperate zones ( Or, Europe) are the most
developed parts of the world.
 Temperate Zone extending between 30 ̊to 60 ̊ latitude in the Northern and Southern
hemisphere is the most developed Zone that has supported the highest population in the
world. The Europeans countries are important contributors to world economy in the field
of agricultural and industrial products. Temperate regions consist of European countries
with a long history of trade, a free market system, and a high level of development and
political stability. Moderating effect on the inland climate by the Mediterranean Sea has
enhanced and attracted huge people from the world in these regions. Dumb, lazy and
slovenly don’t survive in temperate regions. This contributed to the survival of the
brightest and most intelligent, and those willing to work and be diligent. And the bravest,
most diligent and most intelligent became traders and sailors. Free market capitalism and
respect for law, and respect for property rights and other such things that a country needs
to create wealth in the 21st Century lead to the development of these regions.

Temperate Monsoon/ China Type of Climatic region

This climatic region known as humid sub tropics or astern margins occupying between latitudes 25 ̊and
40 ̊N and S on both hemispheres. It includes a greater part of China, Southern Japan, South eastern
United States, sea board of New South Wales and Queensland in Australia.

1. Mention the Climatic Characteristics of Temperate Monsoon region.

 The Characteristics of temperate Monsoon are given below:
 Temperate Monsoon Climate is characterized by hot summers and mild winter locating
between 25 and 40 degrees North and South of the equator.

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 It is located on the western side of the oceanic high pressure cell, and the stability of air is
weak causing heavy rainfall of 75 to 100 cm. Summer temperature vary from 25 to 30
degree centigrade and winter from 5 to 15 degrees.
 Warm ocean currents are found along the eastern coasts which raise temperature during
winter creating mild winter.
 Cyclonic storms are frequent during the winter. Important among the local winds are the
northers of texas, pempero in Argentina and Southerly blusters in Australia.
2. How is the life of the people of the Temperature Monsoon? Why is it famous for Silkworm?
 Temperate monsoon region’s major occupation is the agriculture. In terms of the number
of farming people they support, these regions are rivaled only by monsoon regions. Rice
is the most desired crop of Asian region due to its high yields and capacity to support
large number of people per unit area. Relatively few animals are kept and pigs and
chicken that fed on farm and household residues are the chief animals. Cotton has been
the most important crop of Southern region of the United States. Wheat, Barley and beans
are the major winter crops. The Chinese region is rich in coal and iron ore. Shanxi coal
fields of China are well known for their rich deposits. People are engaged in trading too.
Sericulture is the important activity in the Chinese and Japanese regions. Mulberry trees
are grown on slope lands to feed silkworm. The region is densely populated and
industrialized seeking high demand of silk for industries. Pleasant climate has not only
enhanced Mulberry cultivation but it has been there tradition from centuries and there is
no shortage of manpower and will for silk farming.

Temperate grassland (Turan Type)

Temperate grassland is also known by the name Turan type, interior lowlands, semi arid
or dry- sub tropical region. These regions cover the interiors of most of the continents.
The largest region of this type occurs in Eurasia which includes the plains between the
Caspian Sea and the central Asian mountains in Russia including Kazakhstan,
Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan etc. It is also found in the area in the lee of the Andes in
Argentina and Uruguay extending from 45 to 60 ̊N and 30 to 40 ̊S from the equator.

1. Make a list of the temperate grassland of the world.

 The list of Temperate grassland is given below
Name Regions
Prairie North America, USA
Pampas South America, Argentina
Steppe Eurasia
Velds South Africa, Africa
Downs Australia

2. Temperate grassland is good for cattle rearing. Justify.

 Livestock rearing is an important activity of the dry continental regions. They have some
of the best grazing lands. Scanty rainfall and a high rate of evaporation result in low soil
moisture. This, it restricts vegetation to poor grasslands or thorny scrubs that is the best
condition for cattle rearing. Grass is available in abundance which acts as a good feed for
the growth of animals such as cattle and sheep. This region has so much grass that it is
called as the Ocean of grass. The grasslands include the southern steppes of Russia,
Southern Prairies of North America, Norther Pampas of Argentina and Downs of

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Murray- Darling Basin in Australia. Pedocals and Chernozem are common types of soil
that enhances the growth of vegetation like Sage brush, Yuccas etc.
3. Wheat cultivation is the major agricultural activity in the temperate grassland
region / Prairies. Give reasons.
 Wheat is the chief food crop of the temperate grassland region. The huge flat region
of Central Argentina is famous for wheat cultivation. The pastureland of temperate
grasslands are planted with grasses that anchor the silty soil, and infuse it with
nutrients such as nitrogen, while providing excellent grazing fodder for cattle, the
cattle in turn fertilize the soil, leaving the fields ready for plant of wheat. The
growing season is 150 to 200 days with cyclonic precipitation in the winter which is
the ideal condition for wheat cultivation. The large reserves of decomposed organic
material built up through generations of grass-rotting with high content of potassium
and phosphorous. There are over 220 million hectares of land under wheat cultivation
and annual harvest is estimated to be more than 390 million tones. Farmers now also
supply fertilizers by aerial spraying to conserve and improve the soil fertility. The
dark brown prairie earth of North America is best for it.
4. Australia export wool and Argentina exports meat. Why?
 Sheep is the most commonly found animal and Australia is a world leader in wool leader
in wool production and export. Sheep rearing in Australia is done at a very large scale
and along scientific lines. The temperate grassland of Australia, called the Downs
provides the favorable condition for sheep rearing and wool extraction. New South Wales
and Victoria contain more than half of the sheep population of Australia. Cold, windy and
rainy weather of the southern parts enhance the sheep station because most of the sheep’s
are found where the annual rainfall is more than 25 cm. In between downs, there are
Artesian wells that reduce the dependence of the flocks on rainfall and over the wide
areas wells have doubled the stock farming capacity of the land. The important wool
markets of the country are Sydney, Geelong, Albury, etc.
Argentina is one of the world’s largest producers of beef. It is also the third largest
exporter (after brazil and Australia) and has world’s highest consumption rate. Cattles
were brought to Argentina in 1536 by Spanish. Due to the geography of pampas
containing huge pastureland, Argentina’s beef export industry started to thrive.
Argentina’s rainfall and largely temperate climate result in high quality pastures. The
humid pampas is the most important and best known cattle producing region, as it has
vast and open pastures providing high quality, relatively inexpensive feed for livestock
and wildlife. Cattles are reared in large farms called Ranches.
5. Write down the economic importance of Pampas.
 Pampas (meaning plain) are fertile South American lowlands, covering more than
7,50,000 km square that includes Buenos Aires , Lapampa , Santa Fe, and most of
Uruguay. They are often called as the open air food factories of the world. The climate id
warm with 60 to 120 cm annual rainfall making the soil appropriate for agriculture.
Central Argentina boasts a successful agricultural business, with crops grown on the
pampas south and west of Buenos Aires. Much of the area is also used for cattle rearing
enhancing the beef export and to grow vineyards for wine. The humid pampas ecosystem
is the richest grazing areas in the world. Because of its temperate climate and deep rich
soil, it provides the platform of enormous number of cattle rearing. Its importance has
been highlighted by referring it as the ocean of grass which provides extensive pastures
supporting large herds of horses, cattle and sheep. Argentina’s economy is not
diversified. Its main export is grain (wheat, soyabean) and beef. It is dependent on
pampas for it.

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6. Why the Prairies is known as the “granary or the breadbasket of the world”?
 Agriculture is the principal occupation of the people in the temperate grassland where a
variety of crops are grown in larger quantity. Nevertheless, the climatic condition and the
fertility of the soil are ideal for the cultivation of wheat. Rot of grass forms humus and
increases the fertility of soil. This region is the largest producer and exporter of wheat in
the world. Wheat is cultivated in commercial way in the prairie as they receive rainfall in
wheat growing season. Due to the small population it needs to support and large area
under cultivation, the grains especially cereals are produced in surplus for export. This it
is called as the granary of the world.
7. In the interior (continental) area of temperate zone of the world, life is difficult,
development is slow and population density is low. Discuss the facts responsible
for it.
 The major factors for it are:
 They are at distant areas with inaccessible of transportation, communication,
health, education etc.
 Climate is not mild but extreme, colder in winter and hotter in summer
 Rainfall is very low enhancing the least prosperous agriculture
 Distances from the cities along the coastline are very high. Isolation from the
coastline deprives many developmental opportunities.

St. Lawrence/ Temperate Oceanic / Manchurian type of Climate

St. Lawrence type of climatic region lies between 45 ̊to 60 ̊latitudes of the northern hemisphere only.
Areas included in this type of regions are the lands in the St. Lawrence river Basin ( Eastern Canada and
Labrador), New Foundland , Eastern Korea, Southern Japan and North China region of Manchuria.

1. Explain the climatic characteristics of the St. Lawrence region.

 St. Lawrence region has the following characteristics
 St. Lawrence region experience an extreme type of climate with the alternation of
Continental winter and a maritime summer.
 Rainfall has a summer maximum caused by monsoon summer and winter rainfall
is caused by the westerly cyclones ranging from 50 to 100 cm which occurs
throughout the year.
 It is the most suitable and the healthiest type of climate in the world ranging from
15 to 20 degree centigrade in summer and 0 to 5 degree in winter.
 Natural vegetation reflects the seasonal rhythm of climate and consists of
deciduous forest with broad leaves.
2. Explain the mode of life of people in the St. Lawrence Basin.
 Forestry is the main occupation of the people in USA and Canada. Besides forestry,
agriculture and fruit farming are also important in these regions. Oats, barley and potato
are the leading crops in North American region. Fishing has developed in the coastal
areas as the region is near the great fishing area of Gran d Banks in North Atlantic Ocean.
Japanese has attained both a high degree of industrialization and a very intensive
agriculture. Japan is one of the world leaders in terms of annual fish catch. The New
England state in the U.S. is well developed agriculturally as well as industrially. This area
has some of the important industries like iron and steel, textiles and leather industry.
People of Manchurian region are engaged in iron and steel industry. It is also famous for

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agricultural products like soyabean, potato, Wheat and seasome. People in this region
lead an active, diligent, progressive and healthy life.
3. Why does the St. Lawrence type of climate receive rainfall throughout the year?
 The St. Lawrence type of climate is found along the coastal areas. Due to its closeness to
the sea, the region has a maritime influence. The regions are situated in the belt of the
westerly wind that causes the rainfall. Summer rainfall is caused by the monsoon and the
winter rainfall is caused by the cyclones. Abundant rainfall in winter is caused by the
shifts of wind belts in the seasons because of the presence of Great lakes and the Gulf of
St. Lawrence. Moisture and warmth over these water bodies causes cyclones to tend to
move in this direction causing wide spread winter precipitation. Rotating pressure system
and their frontal causes all the year round rainfall.
4. Why the temperate Oceanic climate is considered as the most suitable and healthy Climate?
Why the people here are diligent, healthy and progressive?
 There is an alternation of the continental winter and maritime summer creating a pleasant
climate. The rainfall is throughout the year caused by Monsoon in summer and cyclones
in winter. It is more equitably distributed throughout the year. The summer temperature
ranges from 15 to 20 degree centigrade and winter 0 to 5 degree centigrade with rainfall
ranging from 50 to 100 cm. They are located in the Eastern margins proximity to the Sea
enhancing a pleasant climate. People are healthy by virtue of the suitable type of climate
and well aware and developed society. So the people here are active, healthy and
Progressive.
5. Why Grand bank and new found land of temperate oceanic climate are suitable for fishing?
 Fishing is generally developed where the opportunities on land for gainful employment
are least. More than half of the annual fish haul of 73.5 million tones come from the
temperate waters of Northern hemisphere. Pacific and Atlantic oceans each accounts for
about 40 % of the total annual fish catch. Temperate climate is famous for fishing
because of the following reasons
 This is the climatic region which is found only in the Northern hemisphere
consisting of Atlantic and pacific coast with a great length of intended coastline
providing many harbors backed by indented and strong relief.
 Planktons are available which develop in shallow seas at around 200 meters deep
and in cool water
 The convergence of cold Labrador Current and warm gulf current promotes
blending of water suitable for fish culture.
 Cool temperate climate not only favors large scale commercial fishing, but also
the preservation and storage of fish

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Unit : 6 Geography Lesson 4 Polar Zone

Polar Zone, also known as frigid or cold zone, extends in the areas from 60 to 90̊ latitudes
North and South of the equator. The climate is extreme, way of living is difficult and
economic activity is poor. It is divided into two regions:
a. Siberian ( Taiga/ Bo-real) climatic region
b. Tundra( Polar lowland) Region

1. Why is the Frigid Zone so cold?

 Polar Zone is very far from the equator occurring around the two poles of the earth.
Normally the areas beyond the Arctic and Antarctic circles are called frigid zones. It is
the coldest zone of the world because of the following reasons:
 It receives the slanting rays of the sun which has to distribute it’s energy over a
larger area while the vertical rays has to heat up a comparatively smaller area on
the surface.
 Slanting beam of light will travel a longer distance through atmosphere before
reaching the surface of the earth. So, scattering, diffusion and reflection in the
atmosphere will be higher as it has to penetrate thick atmosphere.
 The albedo of snow is quite high around 40 to 90 %. So much heat is reflected
lack without being used.
 Insolation is lost as we go far from the equator. Insolation is 100 % at equator, 43
% at 80 degree and 42% at 90 degree north and south poles.
2. Why there is no possibility of agriculture in the Frigid Zone?
 Frigid Zones are the barren lands because the climate is severally cold. The land is below
the freezing point most of the time with very short summer. Very cold wind called Purga
blows. Precipitation occurs mostly in the form of snow. The growing season is of less
than 100 days. The soils are grayish in color, leached of many nutrients and are infertile
and acidic. Permafrost retards the root growth. Night duration of 6 months make the
agriculture impossible as the lack of sunlight couldn’t enhance the photosynthesis
process.
3. Why there is low precipitation (rainfall) in the polar Zone?
 The frigid zone is characterized by meager precipitation distributed throughout the year.
There are several factors responsible for the low precipitation. Low temperature reduce
the moisture-holding capacity of the air. Most of the polar zone lie inward on leeward
sides of the continents so that they are mostly away from the marine influence. The most
dominant factor is the influence of the polar- high pressure system marked by subsidence
and divergence of air. So, cyclonic rainfall occurs in Taiga at an average of 40 cm
annually and 25 cm annually in Tundra.
4. Explain the characteristics of vegetation found in the Siberian (Taiga) type of climate.
 The anticyclones centered over the Taiga region feed violent blizzards and only small
amount of precipitation is possible in the form of fine and dry snow. So there is hardly
any soil in these regions. This precludes any plant growth. Coniferous forest is the only
natural vegetation of this region. These needle leaf coniferous forests are composed of
evergreen spruce,fir and pine. In Russia, the forest is called Taiga which means snow
forest. In North America, it is known by the name Bo-real. Thye have short branches and
shallow roots to absorb water when there is ice melting and rainfall. Taiga forest is the
soft wood timber. Timber obtained from Taiga forests may not be valueable for timber

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but useful for the supply of firewood and wood pulp. Soft wood is used to make toys,
match sticks, sports goods etc.
5. What makes Antarctica an area of attraction for scientists?
 Antarctica has been an area of attraction for the following reasons:
This wild virgin land uninhabited and unaltered by human activities is considered suitable
for the meteorological studies
It hasn’t been claimed by any country. So, independent research is possible.
It is covered by a very thick sheet of ice (nearly 4000 meters). It may give them an
experience of what the earth was like millions of years ago.
The holes made in the depleted ozone layer best are seen from here.
6. List some points on the economic value of Taiga.
 Taiga is the low and a huge coniferous forest found in the Siberian region and Canada
which is very important from the economic point of view.
 Taiga occupies nearly 1/3rd of the total forest area of the world. Therefore, it has a
great contribution to the economic growth of the world.
 It is an important natural resources of several industrialized countries such as
Canada and Russia
 The softwood of pine species of trees of Taiga is most useful in making toys,
paper, decorative, math sticks, sports goods etc.
 The forest supplies huge amount of fire woods for fuel and wood for furniture.
7. Describe the Vegetation and the animals of the Tundra region.
 Tundra is a region of scattered and stunned vegetation. Physical environment is hostile
and vegetation has to contend against the drought as well as a very short growing season.
The size of the plant is therefore reduced to bush. Lowly lichens, mosses, ferns and small
flowering bushes cover the surface during summers. Dwarf willows, birches and alders
grow in sheltered locations but they seldom grow more than one meters high.
Animals are fairly abundant and they provide food, clothing (furs and skins) and even
trading goods to people. Reindeer in Russia and Caribou in North America are very
important animals. Polar bear, wolf, hare, musk ox are other important animals. They all
have thick woolen coats to with stand the extreme cold. Some animals go in hibernation
in winter. Sea birds like penguin are also found.
8. Explain the climatic characteristics of the Tundra( Polar lowland) region.
 Tundra region lies between 70 to 90 degree latitude in the Northern hemisphere
stretching over Northern Russia and Canada. These areas are called barren lands. This is
known as cold desert region because of the severe cold. The summer temperature goes up
to -2 ̊ C to -5̊C and the winter temperature from -35̊C to -40̊C. The winter is long of 9.5
months and summer lasts for 2.5 months. Land is frozen for most of the year and the cold
wind called purge blows. Precipitation varies between 25 and 30 cm and occurs mostly in
summer and autumn in the form of snow.
9. Though the people of Tundra region are the citizens of very rich nations such as Canada,
Denmark, why are they not much attracted to modern life style?
 They are not attracted to modern life style because:
 They live far from the cities
 Traditional life style is simple and cheap
 The government there has adopted the policies to support the natives
 They are getting some facilities and services of the modern time in their own
areas now.
10. How is the life style of Inuits? Who are they?( Describe the native tribes of Tundra)

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 Inuits are the natives of the polar region. They settle in the region as the wanderers
leading a primitive and difficult life. They possess high stamina to tackle the harshness of
the climate and are well adapted to the adverse environment. They are mostly found in
Canada, Greenland, Northwest Scandinavia and Siberia. They emerge from Alaska
around 1000 CE. Traditionally they have been fishers and hunters. They hunt walrus,
Caribou, seal, polar bears, birds and fish. In winter, both on land and on sea ice, they use
dog sleds for transportation. They make clothes and foot wear from animal skins. During
the winter, they live in a temporary shelter made from snow called an Igloo and when
temperature is above freezing, they live in tents known as Tupik, made of animal skins
supported by a frame of bones. They are the hunter-gatherers having a nomadic life.
11. Differentiate between an Igloo and Tupik.
 Difference between Igloo and Tupik are given below:

Igloo Tupik
Temporary shelter of Igloo made from Snow Shelter of Igloo made of animal skins
Used in winter Used in summer
Dome shaped Rectangular shaped
Temporary as will melt in summer Permanent as snow doesn’t affect it

12. How do animals survive in Frigid Zone?

 The animals have thick skin and protect them from the extreme cold. These animals have
a special quality to survive in the cold climate. They store a thick fat in their body which
keeps them warm. Some have thick hair acting as an insulator trapping body heat in E.g.
Snow leopard and polar bear which keeps them warm and safe. Mammals such as
penguins, bears, foxes and seals are warm blooded animals and they maintain similar
internal body temperatures to warm blooded animals in any other climatic zone. These
animals are known as endothermic as they generate their heat internally. They have
windproof and water proof coat with four layers of scale like feathers Eg. Penguin. These
layer over lap each other forming a good protection against the wind even in blizzards.
Typically they raise their temperature by basking in the sun until they are warm enough
to become active. Most people live in huddling (Stay together in group) as it reduces heat
loss up to 50 %.

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Unit 6: Geography Lesson 5 North America

1. How the Continent North America was originally populated? (Melting pot)
 North America was originally inhabited by the Native American and Inuit who migrated
from central Europe through the Bering Strait. The Continent was discovered by the
Christopher Columbus in 1492 A.D. Who had accidently landed in the Caribbean island
Bahamas. It was named much later after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci. After the
discovery of America, the Europeans started to migrate and settled in the east coast of the
continent and gradually migrated west. Most English people left England to escape the
autocratic Stuart dynasty in the 17th century and migrated to North America and settled in
New England. Later, people from Africa came and settled down. Now, it is a diversified
continent with people of various races, colors and cultures. So it is also known as the
melting pot.
2. Name the four major physical divisions of North America.
 The Western Mountain
The Eastern Highland
The central plain
The Atlantic Coast
3. Why the Central plain is known as the Great plain? ( Mississippi river basin)
 The central plain extends from Hudson Bay in the north to the Gulf of Mexico in the
south. It is undulating lowland formed by denudation of land by glaciers and rivers. The
central part is drained by river Mississippi and it’s tributaries which is the most fertile
plain in the world. Mississippi flows southwards to its delta by the warm water of Gulf of
Mexico through well developed farmlands. It’s tributaries like Arkansas, the Red, Ohio,
Missouri also have created a great fertile basin. 6,240 Km long Mississippi which
originates in Itaska lake of Minisota state meet with Missouri which originates at Rocky
Mountain at St. Lui and creates a great fertile basin before drowning to the Gulf of
Mexico. The extensive grassland known as the prairies lies in the central plain of North
America. It runs through 31 states of USA creating the most fertile plain in the world.
4. Write short notes on St. Lawrence.
 St. Lawrence is the river of North America with length 3,058 km which lies in the
Eastern highland. It flows eastwards draining the Great lakes into the Atlantic Ocean. It
flows through the densely populated part of Canada and also serves as a highly
industrialized portion of the United States. So it is the most important river used as a
water way in the world. At Niagara and Cornwell, power stations have been installed to
generate electricity. The St. Lawrence lowland which lies between the Prairies and the
Great lakes produces 90 % of Canada’s agricultural output. Its drainage basin is 52.1% in
Canada and 47.9 % in USA.
5. Why the Central Low land is called the “Lake region”?
 The Great lakes consisting of superior, Erie, Michigan, Huron and Ontario lies at the
Central lowland at the boarder of Canada and USA. There are other important Lakes like
Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake, and Winnipeg etc. Because of the presence of
abundant amount of lakes, we call the central plain as the lake region.
6. Write Short notes on The Great Lakes.
 St. Lawrence river while connecting with the Atlantic Ocean , forms a huge lake known
as the Great Lakes at the boarder of Canada and USA. The lakes are- The Superior,

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Erie, Michigan, Huron and Ontario. These five lakes in combined is known as The
Great Lakes. Lake Superior is the largest among them with 82,000 sq.km. and it is the
largest fresh water lake in the world. Lake Ontario with 19,000 Sq. km. is the smallest
one. Lake Superior only lies in USA and the rest four spread over both Canada and USA.
Niagra falls is located between Lake Erie and Ontario. Many Industrial cities like
Chicago lies at the bank of Michigan, Detroit at the bank of Erie and Toronto at the bank
of Ontario. Many minerals are also abstracted from the Great Lake region. It is one of the
largest water mass with 2,44,106 sq. km consisting of 35,000 islands.
7. Why the central plain is economically important?
 Central plain is drained by the Mississippi which has created one of the most fertile plain
in the world. The extensive temperate grassland known as prairies also lies in the central
plain which has enhanced animal husbandry and wheat cultivation. Largest petroleum
deposit is found at the western part of it and the eastern part has great coal supply. Big
industrial cities like Detroit, Chicago, Toronto etc. are located there. The great lake
region is famous for minerals. Alabama, near Lake Erie region is famous for steel. The
famous Niagara Falls which has the tourism importance lies between Lake Erie and
Ontario. The plains formed by McKenzie which flows northwards before joining the
Arctic Ocean and the Mississippi flowing southward before joining the Gulf of Mexico
has enhanced the economic growth of the Central lowland of North America.
8. Why western mountain system is called the Wonderland of the World?
 Western mountain system is prone to earthquake and there are many active volcanoes
present. Mt. Mckinely, the highest peak of North America lies here. Great Salt Lake
whose waster is saltier than the Ocean also lies here. The longest mountain range of
North America, The Rockies is also situated here. 180 meters deep Canyon called the
Grand Canyon is formed by the Colorado River. Death Valley, the hottest region in the
world lies here. This is highly mineralized area and the greatest oil fields of the world are
located here.
9. Name the rivers and plateaus of the western mountain system.
 Rivers- Columbia, Fraser, Colorado, Nelson, Potomac
Plateaus- Alaskan, Yukon Basin, Columbia, Coloradan Plateaus etc.
10. Write the chains of the Cordillera of western Mountain region. What is
Canadian Shield?
 The Complex chain of three mountain series is called Cordillera. They are-
a. Coastal range in the world.
b. Highland in the middle
c. Rockies in the east
The northern part around the Hudson Bay region which covers a part of
Canada is known as the Canadian Shield. It is also known as the
Laurentian shield which is a part of the Central lowland. It occupies the
uplands around Lake Superior.
11. How are the Eastern Highland formed?
 Eastern Highlands were mountain before but were eroded by different agents of
denudation charging them into highlands not exceeding more than 2100 meters. They are
the old fold mountain formed before Mesozoic period. They are the plateaus formed by
compression through horizontal earth movements. Thus they are the type of Tectonic
Mountain formed by breaking, bending and warping of the Earth’s crust.
12. Eastern part of North America is highly developed. Why?
 Eastern part of North America runs from north to south along the Atlantic Ocean. It is a
fertile land which consists of Gulf Plain, Atlantic Coastal Plain and St. Lawrence River

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basins. E.g. Washington, Alabama, New England etc. There are several indentations
resulted by gulfs, bays and inlets. So, thousands of harbors have been established. They
provide an ideal condition to keep trade relation with different parts of the world.
Moreover, this region has equable climate. Such Climate is best for human habitation;
highly advanced people live in this region. European settlers first settle in this region.
They have established many industries and run all sorts of services. The biggest and
famous inventions of the world have taken place in this region.
13. Locate the areas of Storms, temperate region, deserts and ice caps in the
Continent of North America.
 Storm - Florida
Desert - West California
Temperate region - Part of prairies
Ice Caps- Northern Canada, Alaska and Arctic Islands
14. There are different types of climate in North America. Give reasons.
 There are different types of climate in North America for the following major reasons:
North America has large latitudinal variations. It runs from close to the equator to the
Arctic region. So, solar rays vary there and cause different types of heating.
It also has high altitudinal variations. The topography there varies from low lying coastal
plains to the tower heights of the Rockies. This causes high range of temperature.
It is a landmass surrounded by the Sea and Ocean on almost all sides. Due to distance
from the Sea temperature and rainfall amount differ from the Coastal to the Continental
areas.
Two types of Ocean currents (warm and cold) pass along the eastern and western coasts
of this continent. They have greatly influenced the climate of the coastal parts of the
continent.
15. Why are the Rockies very popular for tourism? List reasons.
 The Rockies are very popular for tourism for several reasons:
 The range has many high mountains suitable for trekking and climbing.
 There lies the world’s oldest national park, yellow stone National Park ( A world
heritage site) within this range.
 As temperature along the ranges varies from the cool to the cold one, people
reach there for escaping heat.
 The range provides very enchanting natural scenery.
 The USA and Canada have developed good networks to the destinations along
with other prerequisites of tourism such as accommodation facilities.
16. How are the Inuit different from Red Indians and Pygmies?
 The major differences are given below:
 Inuit live in the polar region where there is permafrost, But Red Indians live in
North and South American countries and Pygmies live in Central Africa with hot
climate.
 Inuit are taller in contrast to pygmies and Red Indians who are dwarf
 Inuit are taller in contrast to pygmies and Red Indians who are dwarf
 Inuit live more traditional and difficult life than Red Indians and Pygmies
 Inuit are carnivorous who take fish and seal but Red Indians are pygmies also are
engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry.
17. Why North America has a wide Variety of Vegetation?
 The natural vegetation largely depends on climate, soil and relief features. Due to great
diversity in climate and relief, North America has a wide Variety of Vegetation. It has
Tundra type of vegetation and coniferous forests in the northern most part of Canada. The

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Central part of the continent has extensive temperate grassland called Prairies. This
region receives low amount of rainfall and this there is no thick growth of vegetation. The
areas around the St. Lawrence River and southeast of USA have mixed temperate forest
comprising of coniferous and deciduous trees like Oak, Beach and Maple.
18. Explain the Climate Variance of North America.
 The climatic variance of North America is given below:
 The northern most part of the continent is extremely cold throughout the year
 Western coast of Canada and North western part of USA has a mild climate
 The central part of the continent has an extreme climate
 Eastern part of Canada and the areas around St. Lawrence River receives rainfall
throughout the year
 Southeast part of USA is under the influences of cyclones & receives rainfall in
summer
 Southwest part of USA has the desert climate

Unit :6 Geography Lesson: 6 Economic activities of North America

1. In the recent past, USA and Canada have become a major destination of the students,
workers and travelers from around the world. What are the reasons? Enlist.
 The reasons for the people from round the world to move to USA and Canada might be
like the ones below:
 Opportunities of lucrative jobs available there & Presence of great quality
Universities and colleges for providing better education
 Advanced and comfortable life style with Peace, security, good governance and
stable government
 Loose immigration policy and EDV programs to attract world talents
 Guarantee of human rights and social justice respecting the diversity.
2. Agricultural work is highly mechanized and commercialized in North America. What might
we have to do to modernize our agricultural system here in Nepal too?
 Following things should be done for modernizing agriculture in Nepal
 Development of storage facility and its expansion
 Use of improved seeds and species
 Application of appropriate technology
 Wide spread establishment of agro- based Industries
 Providing all year round irrigation, subsidy and loans to the farmers
3. How do the economic activities of USA and Canada be compared to Nepal?
 Vast difference is found between the economic activities of Canada and USA and Nepal.
In Nepal most people are engaged in agriculture but people in Canada and USA, more
people are engaged in service sector. Only around 3% people are involved in agriculture.
People there are engaged in mining and manufacturing which is very rare in Nepal. Nepal
lacks huge fishing ground and coastal areas like in those two countries reducing fishing
industry in Nepal. Devoid of huge resources in Nepal unlike in USA or Canada has
differentiated the economic activities also. The earning opportunities are limited here.
4. Both Nepal and North America are rich in Natural resources. What makes Nepal so poor
and Underdeveloped? How can Nepal be developed like USA and Canada?
 Nepal is poor and underdeveloped despite having natural resources in abundant amount.
The natural resources aren’t utilized properly or underutilized in Nepal. We lack skilled
man power, technology, capital and political stability to exploit them for economic

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purpose. Nepal can be developed like USA and Canada only if we can utilize the
available natural resources. For that we need to produce skilled man power. Enough
capital must be generated to produce and market the resources. Peace and stability must
be maintained. Improvement of technology should be given more priority.
5. Describe briefly the economic activities of USA.
 About 75% people are engaged in services, 20 % in manufacturing and only 2% people
are engaged in agriculture in USA. USA extends southward as far as the tropic of cancer,
so it can grow successfully a variety of crops. The total agricultural output surpasses that
of any other country in the world and it has foremost pig industry. It grows 40% of total
world’s maize, 20% of world’s cotton and 15% of total world’s milk, cheese and butter.
USA is the leading exporter of Tobacco, largest producer of copper (17%) and uranium
(39%). USA has all minerals available in abundant except Manganese, Chrome, Tin and
Diamond. 42% of the world natural gas and 3% of the world’s gold come from USA
alone. Most of the USA is covered with fertile basins created by the rivers like
Mississippi, St. Lawrence, Delaware, so agricultural though done by many but is always
the main source of economy. The central plain and plateaus have high petroleum deposits
and coal supply.
6. North America is rich in natural resources. Justify.
 Nature seems to be very generous to North America. There are almost all kinds of natural
resources available in the continent. Vast grassland known as Prairies which lies in centre
is ideal for wheat cultivation and animal husbandry. Pine forest in the north is very
extensive and provides raw materials to paper industries there. The rivers like
Mississippi, Colorado, and Delaware etc. all drain the continent. There are numerous
lakes including The Great lakes providing prosperous hydro electricity, irrigation and
navigation. North America accounts for 1/3rd of world minerals output. US stands as
world’s foremost producer of Copper, Uranium, Lead , Sulphur etc. and Canada leads in
Nickel and Zinc. The Continent ranks high in the output of Iron ore, gold and silver. It
has the largest reserves of coal (31% of the world). Mexico is the largest producer of
silver. USA is the largest producer of Copper. USA has world’s 42% natural gas.The
Central plain and plateaus have the largest petroleum deposits and the coal supply.
7. What are the reasons behind the high development of USA / Canada or North America?
 The reasons behind the high development of North America are:
 Commercial animal husbandry and presence of huge grassland prairies
 Modernization of agriculture with market extension of agricultural products
 Dedication of migrant population along with high political stability, law and
order.
 Abundant minerals and natural resources found in North America.
8. What are these places famous for?
 Silicon Valley- Computer engineering/Tech companies
Hollywood- Movie industry Winnipeg- Fur trapping
Chicago- Beef city/Steel industry Detroit- Car manufacturing
Hawaii- Sugarcane, volcano, tourism Quebec - Aluminum, Pulp & paper
industry
Niagara- Waterfall, tourism Vancouver- timber and oil refining
Florida- Hurricane and space launching Carolina- Cotton & Tobacoo
Texas- Rice Alberta & Nova Scotia- Coal fields
British Colombia- Timber production
New found land- Fishing ground
9. What are the types of agricultural practices and production of the USA?

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 There is a common saying that USA produces everything apart from tea, coffee, rubber
and jute. Very extensive and intensive agricultural practice is done in USA with the use
of modern technology. It is the leading producer of Maize, wheat, Soybean, barley and
oat. The agricultural goods produced in different states of USA are:
 Chicago known as the Beef city is the largest producer of beef
 Sugarcane is produced in Louisiana
 Oklahoma and Nebraska is wheat cultivation area
 Central Ohio is famous for maize
 Carolina & Alabama produces cotton
 Eastern Texas is famous for rice cultivation
10. Explain the economic activities of Canada.
 The second largest country of the world occupies 41% of North America. Forest is the
most important resources of Canada where 49% of total land area is covered with forest.
Forest, wild life and agricultural resources are the primary sources of economy.
Newfoundland area is famous for fish catching. Winnipeg is the principal fur collecting
city. British Columbia is the most timber producing region. Lumbering the principal
economic activity of Canada where paper and pulp industry is the world’s largest
industry where Canada alone produces over a third of news print paper of world. Canada
is the chief producer of nickel and zinc in the world. Alberta and Nova Scotia are famous
for coal fields with abundant petroleum and natural gas. Canada also has the largest
aluminum industry in the world. It is also the 2nd largest exporter of wheat after USA.
11. Why there is huge growth of Industries and manufacturing in North America?
 The growth of Industry in North America is due to:
 Abundance of fertile land for agricultural output which is a raw material for
industry.
 Mineral and forest based raw materials
 Large scale availability of the transport system and presence of minerals enriched
The Great Lakes.
 Skilled labor, adequate capital and market for manufactured goods.
12. If you get an opportunity to move to North America, which part of the Continent would you
wish to settle and why?
 I would definitely settle in the Great Lakes area because of the following reasons:
 It provides inland waterways and connects with the outer seas through St.
Lawrence River
 There is cool and wet climate throughout the year round
 Development of different manufacturing industries have created the lucrative job
opportunities
 This area has urbanized cities like Chicago, Toronto; Detroit etc. specialized in
generation of different economic opportunities.

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Unit : 6 Geography Lesson: 7 South America Physical features

1. Why South America is called “The land of Superlatives”? Or Land of Extremes?
 South America is the fourth largest continent in the world occupying 12% of the total
land’s area is known as the land of superlatives for the following reasons:
 Angel fall ( 979 mts.) of Venezuela which flows from Karoni river is the
highest waterfall in the world.
 World’s largest river and the second longest river Amazon flows through 7
countries of South America
 Highest navigable lake ‘Tikitika’ (3811 mts. high) lies at the boarder of Bolivia
and Peru
 The stormiest and wildest place on the earth Cape Horn lies in South America
 It has the driest desert in the world Atacama.
 The densest Amazon rain forest known as’ Selvas’ lies here
 Chile is the largest country in the world and its city pont Arinas is the
southernmost city of the world.
2. Write about the Andes ( Western Mountain System)
 The Andes Mountain are the longest mountain chain in the world and the second highest
fold mountain after the Himalayas running almost parallel to the west coast of South
America running through 7 countries. It is rich in minerals can be signified by the name
given to it as In ‘Quechuan’ language, ‘Anta ‘means copper. Its eastern slopes are cut by
large rivers and broken valleys are formed. On the western central foot lies Atacama
Desert, the driest place on the earth. In between the mountain range several lakes and
plateaus lies here. Highest navigable Lake Titicaca and the largest lake of South America
Maracaibo lie here.
3. Write about the Central lowland of South America.
 The Central lowlands extend from the Andes in the west to the Eastern highland in the
east. The area is drained by three rivers.
Amazon river Basin: The largest river basin in the world (65 lakhs sq. km.) which is
covered with rich evergreen equatorial forest known as Selvas lies here which cover 40%
of South American forest.
Orinoco river Basin: It lies in the north between the Amazon Basin and the Guiana
highland with a fertile land consisting of alluvial soil in Venezuela and Colombia. The
region is covered by the grassland called ‘Llanos’. It has drainage basin of 80,000 square
km.
De la Plata River system: The middle of South America comprise of combination of
Paraguay- Parana – Uruguay River. West to the Parana River lies vast grassland called as
the Pampas. A beautiful Estuary is formed while the river meets the sea known as De la
Plata Estuary. Parana River has ‘Itapu’ Dam between Paraguay and Brazil where many
hydroelectricity plans are built.
4. Write about the Eastern Highland region of South America.
 Eastern highland region is the tableland area formed by plateaus which are old and made
of hard rocks. It consists of two highlands- Brazilian highland in the north east with very
fertile plain and Guinea highland in the central north to the north and south of Amazon
River consisting of tropical forest. The highest waterfall of the world Angel lies here.
5. South America has diverse climate and vegetation. Justify.

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 South America has diverse climate and vegetation. The climate is hot and wet in the
northern part. The southern part is temperate. The Andes and the highlands are cold. The
eastern part is hotter than the western part in South America because the hot Brazilian
current passes in the east but the cold Peruvian current makes the west cold. The
vegetation also varies in huge because of the different climate.
Climate Location vegetation
Equatorial Amazon Basin Tropical rainforest (Selvas)
Tropical Grassland Venezuela/ Argentina Llanos and Pampas
Hot Desert Atacama Desert vegetation
Mediterranean Central Chile Mediterranean shrubs
6. Mountains & deserts of South America are means of development rather than barriers.
Justify.
 The mountains and deserts are not the barriers of development in South America.
Patagonia desert is the farthest place to which man walk from his place of origin. It is
home to fantastic mountain peaks, vast and empty steeps, glaciers and ice fields and
stunning national parks. It is the gate way to whale catching and penguin spotting site.
Patagonia has created Pampas in the south which has the most significant contribution in
the economy of South America through its huge pastureland suitable for animal
husbandry. Andes are rich in minerals and huge inflow of tourists has helped to enhance
the economy of the region. Atacama desert though the driest desert of the world but they
have gold mines. They have also the world’s richest nitrate and iodide deposits. Atacama
Desert is crowding into coastal village fishing, mining areas and oasis towns. The scenery
of wind –sculpted canyons and salt lakes are breath taking attracting millions every day.
7. Differentiate between Llanos and Selvas.
 The difference is given below:
Selvas Llanos

It is Tropical rain forest found in Amazon It is Tropical rain forest in Orinoco River
Basin Basin
There is high rainfall and high temperature Scanty rainfall and low temperature
It has the densest forest of the world Only the scanty grass are developed
It has more area It has less area
It lies in countries such as Brazil, Ecuador, It lies mostly in Venezuela and Colombia
Chile etc.

8. Brazil has the highest area of the forest in the world. How the country can best utilize it?
 Brazil consists of evergreen tropical equatorial forest known as Selvas. It can be utilized
by following ways:
The hard wood can be used for construction and furniture
Start jungle safari, sightseeing and other tourism related activities as it is also rich in bio
diversity
Collect herbs and run medicine factories around the area
Start animal husbandry around the marginal areas
Integrate conservation programs with the utilization and developmental activities.
9. Which part of South America get?
 Rain throughout the year: Amazon River Basin
Rain in winter: Central Chile
Rain in summer: South east of continent
No rainfall: Atacama and Patagonia

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10. The Amazon Basin receives everyday rain while parts of Atacama have no record of
rainfall. Explain why the rainfall distribution is so uneven in South America?
 Atacama lies in the lee ward side of the Andes. The rain wind brought from the east is
blocked by the mountain. So, Atacama falls in rain shadow area with no rainfall at all.
The Amazon Basin lies in the tropical equatorial region. This region is hot, humid and
wet throughout the year. High relative humidity combined with intense sun light and
slight air sensible temperature is always very high. The conventional rainfall occurs here
by the trade winds coming from the surrounding areas.

Unit : 6 Geography Lesson: 8 Economic activities of South America

1. Why there is uneven distribution of population in South America?

 Interior of the continent as in Central Brazil has very low density of population because
of its remoteness, extreme type of climate, poor development of infrastructure and
wilderness. Northern countries like Colombia, Venezuela and Southern Countries like
Argentina, Uruguay are densely populated because of their coastal locations and cooler
climatic conditions. Western strips of Andes and areas around Atacama Desert are
sparsely populated. In contrast, coastal areas like Rio De Jenerio, Montevideo etc. are
densely populated because they are cool climate, developed and easily accessible. About
75% of people live in cities in Brazil.
2. During the colonial period, the Spanish and Portuguese suppressed the aborigines of South
America and established their power. Explain.
 Red Indians started to settle in South America about 1200 years ago. Spain invaded and
colonized the continent in 1532 A.D. Before the invasion by the Europeans, South
America was flourishing with organized Inca civilization from 1400 to 1500 A.D. This
Civilization was maintained by force and was very unpopular among people. It was
spread over the entire Northern region centered in Cuzco of present day Peru. After
Columbus discovered America in 1492 A.D., Europeans started to migrate here
exploiting the natural resources and taken back the resources to their countries. Gold and
Silver of South America financed the Europeans to fight the war against Africa. It was
finally conquered when it was engaged in war with another South American country
Ecuador. In the same time, small pox killed almost 65% of the population. Thus the Inca
Civilization Perished from the history. But the roads, walls and irrigation works of them
are still in use.
3. Why is Brazil best for Coffee?
 Brazil is the number one producer of coffee in the world. It began in 1870 A.D. Most
production is in highlands that are gently rolling with occasional pronounced
escarpments. The favorable height of 600-800 metres and temperature of 14 to 26 ̊ C IS
ideal for coffee growing. Rolling topography offers good drainage. Low relief of the
region also has been conducive to the development of transport network for coffee. The
Terra roxa soil, which is deep, porous and permeable soil are ideal for coffee cultivation.
Santos is the most famous coffee exporting port of Brazil handling 3/4 th of the export
because of its port. In Brazil, it grown on large plantations called Fazendas.
4. What kind of animals is used for transportation in the Andes?
 Llama and Alpaca are two kinds of animals used as beasts of burden in the Andes of
South America. They have to use these animals for following reasons:

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 Difficult geographical topography has hindered the modern facilities of

transportation
 There are enough pastures for feeding these animals and these animals also
provide soft wool
 These animals are of considerable size and strong enough with huge stamina to
carry loads. They can walk for considerably long distance without being fed too.
They can carry up to 25-30% of their body weight up to 8 to 13 km. They weigh
around 130 to 200 kg and are about 2 meters in height.
 They are intelligent and can learn simple tasks by little repetition.
5. How do the economic activities of Nepal be compared with that of present day South
America?
 The economic activities of Nepal are similar to that of the present day South America in
the following ways:
 Both are an agricultural country. Animal rearing and cultivation are the two
major economic activities there. They keep animals such as cows, goats; sheep
etc. in around grassland pastures and grow crops such as paddy, wheat, beans etc.
 Only few people are involved in industrial and service sectors and remittance
plays a vital role on the economy.
 They export agro based and forest based raw materials
 The natural resources and minerals are exploited in few without being able to
apply modern and innovative skills and technologies.
6. Explain the minerals and natural resources found in South America.
 South America contains 1/5th of the world iron ore reserves. Only countries like Uruguay
and Paraguay are devoid of minerals. Brazil is the number one producer of pure iron ore
in the world and second largest iron ore exporter. Minas Gerais is the richest mining area
of Brazil. Pitanga mine in the Amazon Basin has the world’s largest Tin oil reserves and
large Bauxite and Titanium deposits. Chile has the largest copper reserve in the world.
Venezuela is one of the leading oil producing country. Maracaibo Basin and Orinoco
Basin are rich in minerals. The slopes of Andes have rich reserves of gold and copper.
There is an extensive gold mine in Atacama Desert. Brazil is the world’s foremost
country in water resources.
7. Why is animal rearing a major activity of South America?
 South Americans rear cattle, pigs, goats and sheep for meat, milk and wool. The Andes
and plateaus have huge pasture land suitable for animal husbandry. Pampas is very
suitable for the purpose which is temperate grassland. The presence of large animal farms
called Estancias are found there. Sheep like oxford down, Lincoln, Romney Marsh
which are of best quality meat provider in the world are reared in the western and
Southern part of the continent. Scanty rainfall and a high rate of evaporation result in
low soil moisture. This, it restricts vegetation to poor grasslands or thorny scrubs that is
the best condition for cattle rearing. The humid pampas ecosystem is the richest grazing
areas in the world. Because of its temperate climate and deep rich soil, it provides the
platform of enormous number of cattle rearing. Its importance has been highlighted by
referring it as the ocean of grass which provides extensive pastures supporting large herds
of horses, cattle and sheep.
8. Peru is developing as an important fishing activity of South America.
 Fishing is an important economic activity of South America. The whole country lies at
the shore of South Pacific Ocean. It has huge 3000 km. coastal cities like Arequipa,
Lima, Piura etc. 3.5% of world fresh water contained in 12,000 lakes of Peru with varied
landscapes and ecosystem. The warm and cold current waves also intermix at these

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banks which provide ideal condition for fish to survive. The good plans are implemented
by the government with national aquaculture law passed in 2015 A.D.
9. What agricultural activities is South American engaged to?
 Since mountains, plateaus and forests cover most parts; agriculture is poor in South
America. However, the Pampas, Coastal plains and the parts of Brazilian highlands are
used immensely for farming. Pampas is the wheat crescent of Argentina from north to
south in around 900 km. Argentina is one of the largest producers of Wheat. Corn is a
native tropical American crop is mostly grown crop throughout the continent. Brazil is
the coffee pot of the world which is grown on large plantation called Fazendas. It is also
the third largest producer of Cocoa. Ecuador is the largest banana exporting country.
10. Where does Lake Maracaibo lie? How is oil and gas extracted from there?
 Lake Maracaibo, an inlet of the Caribbean Sea, is the largest Lake in South America
which lies in Venezuela with an area of 13,500 square km. It is one of the oldest Lake on
the earth formed before 20-36 million years ago. The internal part of the Lake is rich in
oil and gas. The first productive well was drilled in 1917 A.D. More than 10,000 derricks
have been installed to extract oil and gas. Underwater pipelines transport the petroleum
to the storage tanks in the banks. Such oil and gas is loaded into a ship and transported to
other parts of the country and abroad.

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Unit: 6 Geography Lesson: 9 Physical features of Africa

1. Why Africa is called as the hottest Continent?

 Most parts of Africa lies in the Tropical Zone. It extends from 37 degree North to 34
degree South latitude. So, the equator passes almost through the middle and divides it in
to two equal parts. Being in the equatorial region, it gets the direct and vertical sun rays
throughout the year making the continent hot and humid.
2. Why Africa is called the “Dark Continent”?
 Africa was first explored by Moroccan scholar “Ibn Battuta” who travelled across Sahara
and along the North and East coasts of Africa in the 1300 A.D. The term Dark Continent
was coined by H.M. Stanley who had published two books-‘Through the Dark Continent’
and ‘In the Darkest Africa’. To advertise the Christianity, British used to say, “African’s
heart were locked in darkness, they were closed off from the saving light of Christianity.”
It was so called because Europe didn’t know much about Africa because of the mysteries
and the savagery they expected to find in the interior of the continent. The impenetrable
Sahara desert in the North, undulating plateaus and fast flowing rivers with waterfall,
scary wild animals and difficult topography made it difficult for the European explorer to
discover about Africa.
3. Why Africa is called the ‘Plateaus of Plateaus’?
 Plateaus are the highland and it had an integral part to play in the movements and
developments of ancient civilization of Africa. Most of the Africa is above 3300 feet.
Within 100 or so miles of the coast of Southern third of the continent, the land rises
steeply to this elevation. Olduvai Gorge may be the single place where Africa is partially
on another tectonic plate, if not it lies on a single plate acting as one single plateau. All
continents, except Africa have numerous continental mountain ranges. Besides this, there
are many plateaus in Africa in East and South like Ethiopian Plateau, the central lake
Plateau, South African Plateau, Tademait Plateau, Katanga Plateau etc. Deserts like
Karoo and Kalahari are also perched on Plateaus. Great Rift Valley is also formed by the
depression of Plateau.
4. Egypt is called the Gift of the Nile. Why?
 Nile River originates from Victoria Lake passing Eastern Sahara to Mediterranean Sea.
Father of History Herodotus in 5th century B.C. called Egypt as the gift of the Nile. The
hall mark of Egyptian Civilization was the sense of stability offered by the Nile Valley.
The atmosphere of Egypt is dry and invigorating. Except in the delta, rainfall occurs in
negligible quantities, but the deficiency of moisture is counteracted by the annual floods
of the Nile from July to October. The fact that Nile flooded regularly year after year gave
Egyptians a feeling that nature was predictable and benign. Moreover, the fertility of the
soil in the valley provided for great agricultural wealth, and the valley was surrounded by
deserts and sea meant that Egypt was comparatively free from threats of foreign invasion.
The direction of the prevailing winds is the most likewise factor of absence of Malaria in
these hot region which induces people to settle here. Nile connects Egypt to Greece,
Cyprus and Palestine making trade of Ivory, gold, oils and exotic fruits possible. Last but
not the least; rich history of Egypt wouldn’t have been possible without Nile.
5. Describe the Mountains of Africa.
 Atlas Mountain range in the Northwest, Cape range in the South and Darkensberg in the
Southeast are the major mountain areas of the Continent. Atlas mountain range extends
from Morocco to Tunisia with most mountains from volcanic eruptions. Mt. Kilimanjaro

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( 5,895 mts.) is the highest mountain that lies in Tanzania. Extinct volcanic mountain
called Mt. Elgon lies on the border between Uganda and Kenya. Mt. Toubkal is the
highest peak in the Atlas Mountain.
6. Explain the Great Rift Valley of Africa.
 Explorer John Walter gave the name ‘The great Rift Valley’. The Great Rift Valley is the
Special feature of the Southern Plateau. It is a long narrow valley formed as a result of
Vertical cracks developed because of the movement of the earth formed between two
parallel faults. It is formed by the separation of African and Arabian tectonic plateau that
began around 35 million years ago. It runs for some 4,285 Km. in 300 meters deep
starting from Mozambique in Africa into Jordan Valley and Syria in Asia. It is full of
chains of Lakes and series of Volcanoes including Mt. Kilimanjaro. The lakes such as
Rudolf, Malawi and Tana are situated on the eastern line and Lake Albert, Edward and
Tanganyika in the western line of it. Lakes in eastern rift have no outlet to sea. So they
are shallow and have high mineral content. Most Lakes in the Rift Valleys are fresh water
lakes like Malawi, Rudolf, Tanganyika etc.
7. Africa is the Continent of Rivers and Lakes. Explain.
 Africa has numerous lakes and rivers. So it is often regarded as the continent of Rivers
and Lakes.
 Nile, the largest river in the world (6,695 km.) lies in Africa which originates
from Victoria Lake passing Eastern Sahara to Mediterranean Sea. It is known for
its huge contribution in the development of Egyptian civilization.
 Niger is the main river of western Africa which passes 4200 km. through 10
countries making 1400 square mile delta good for rice, sugarcane and cotton.
 4700 km. Congo ( Zaire) is the 2nd longest after Nile in Africa and 2nd most water
flow after Amazon that is the only river which passes the equator twice.
 Victoria Lake (68,800 sq.km.) is the largest Lake in Africa from where the Nile
River originates.
 Tanganyika is the longest fresh water lake in the world and it is 2 nd deepest lake
after Lake Baikal. Lake Malawi is the 2nd greatest Lake in Africa and is home to
more species of fish than any other Lakes in the world.
Apart from these, different important Rivers like Senegal, Orange, Zambezi, Limpopo
etc. are also here. Other Important Lakes are Albert, Edward, Tana, Rudolf, etc.
8. Describe the Important Deserts of Africa.
 In fact there are three major deserts on the Continent- the Sahara, the Namib and the
Kalahari. Together these three amazingly vast and diverse land masses cover a large
portion of Africa. Beautiful, yet treacherous, there areas of the continent provide a rich
geological and cultural history that dates back millions of years. The second largest
continent is the world is also home to the largest desert in the world. The largest desert in
the world Sahara lies in Africa. It is situated in Algeria, Egypt, Chad, Mali, Sudan, etc
countries. It occupies about 1/5th of Africa. The Savanna grassland lies to the South from
it. A common trade route for many centuries, caravans traveled through the Sahara
spending days and weeks traversing the immense landscape. Other note able deserts are
Nubian Desert, Arabian Desert and Libyan Desert. Kalahari Desert also known as Namib
Desert in Namibia is the most important desert in terms of economy. While Sahara Desert
is the largest, Namib Desert is considered to be the oldest desert in the planet believed to
be in existence for 80 million years. Sand dunes of Namib Desert are considered to be the
highest dunes on the planet. Desert is the source of valuable minerals in Africa.
9. Describe the climatic variations in Africa.

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 The continent of Africa experiences several types of climate. Zaire Basin, Congo Basin
has equatorial type of climate with daily rainfall and high temperature throughout the
year. Sudan has tropical grassland (Savanna) type of climate with short and dry winters
and hot summer. Desert type of climate is found in the Northern part in Sahara desert and
in south- central Africa in Kalahari Desert. The coastal areas of North- West Africa
experiences Mediterranean type of climate with winter rainfall. The high plateau of South
Africa has temperate grassland type of climate.
10. Explain the Variance of Vegetation in Africa.
 The equatorial region of Congo and Zaire Basin has broad- leaved hard wood evergreen
trees like Mahogany, rubber, coconut etc. Tropical grassland region of Sudan is known as
Savanna with scattered trees such as acacia and baobab. The hot deserts of Sahara and
Kalahari have nominal vegetation like Cacti, rough grasses, thorny bushes, scrubs etc.
Cork, olive, fig etc. are found in Mediterranean region in the coastal areas of north-west
Africa.

Unit: 6 Geography Lesson: 10 Economic activities of Africa

1. Africa is the 2nd largest continent but it is not well developed. What might be the reasons?
 The main reasons for under development of Africa are given below:
 Colonization and Imperialism by the Europe extracted valuable minerals from
Africa for hundreds of Africa. The situation was so worse that except Liberia and
Ethiopia all African countries were colonized.
 Civil war and terrorism had affected the entire continent and hindered the
developmental work.
 Lack of good governance, political stability, unfair trade policies and unending
corruption is hampering the development of Africa.
 Africa has difficult geographical topography with lack of moisture,
desertification, harsh climate, poor infrastructures, hazards such as epidemics,
famine, malnutrition; superstitions etc. all contribute to the least development of
Africa.
2. What measures should be taken to promote Tourism in Africa?
 Tourism in Africa is an important contributor to the development of economies in the
region; it contributes much to the gross domestic products of different countries in
Africa. For example in Uganda it contributes 6% to the national GDP. However despite
of the contribution tourism has on economy, it has been limited by several challenges
such as infrastructure deficiency, perceived insecurity and negative publicity about
Africa. So, the following measures should be taken to promote tourism in Africa:
 Lasting peace and security must be ensured to attract foreigners which is clearly
lacking.
 Government should prevent and punish the illegal poaching of animals and birds
as wild life safari is the main source of revenue of Africa. Peaceful and natural
environment should be provided to the wild animals and birds.
 There should be easy access to tourist needs by reducing infrastructure
deficiency.
 Tourism product diversification must be made and some new brand should come
along with Wild life tourism.
3. What are the problems that are related to tourism in Africa?

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 Tourism in Africa is an important contributor to the development of economies in the

region; it contributes much to the gross domestic products of different countries in
Africa. For example in Kenya it contributes 7% to the national GDP. However despite of
the contribution tourism has on economy, it has been limited by several challenges and
problems such as:
 Tourism infrastructure is underdeveloped and air travel between the major
African cities is inadequate
 There is a huge threat to the safety and security of the tourists as they are often
faced with indiscriminate attacks from local by virtue of criminal activities and
political instability.
 Traditional values held by the locals also aren’t attracting foreigners. Eg. In
Zanzibar has huge Muslim population which doesn’t allow immodest dress for
women tourists.
 Poaching of wild animals for its tusks, horns and skin has become a serious
problem. Many animals are being extinct due to this.
4. Africa has huge prospects of tourism. Justify.
 Prospects of tourism in Africa are huge. Seychelles, for example, “tourism accounts for
60% of GDP. Tourism accounts for more than 70% of employment for the population of
about 90,000 people.” This clearly shows the significance of tourism in Africa. The
following facts justify that Africa has high prospects of tourism:
 It is rich in topographical diversity and natural beauty with majestic and
panoramic landscapes. Example: Egypt, Nile, Malawi, etc.
 Savannas have huge diversity of animals with numerous wild life reserves,
national parks and sanctuaries referring it as the Zoo of the world
 Africa is rich in ethnic cultural diversities with more than 800 races whose
original life style is matter of attractions for the visitors
 Africa is situated in the middle part of the world with its water boundaries on all
sides, making it accessible for visitors from around the globe.
5. The countries of North Africa (Algeria, Libya, Nigeria and Egypt) are very different from
the rest of the Continent. How?
 The countries are different from the rest in following ways:
 They are situated around the Mediterranean coastal line and the most parts are
moderate in temperature and densely populated.
 They have good trade relation with European countries through Mediterranean
Sea.
 They are much developed because of presence of rich minerals like petroleum,
gold and natural gas.
 These are industrialized and advanced in trade because of the resources and
easier access to the Sea.
6. Why South Africa is the most developed country in Africa?
 South Africa is the most developed country in Africa because:
 Temperate wet climate is there because it lies in the southern tip of the continent
providing proper irrigation facilities for agriculture
 It has a long coastline allowing access to water transport for commerce
 It is the richest gold mining area of the world. It has Rand, which is west ward
pointing finger like extension of the rich Velds that is rich in gold deposits. Rand
is the shield area with old crystalline rock formed in high temperature.
Johannesburg is called the city of gold. It is the largest producer of good quality

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diamond which was formed millions of years ago in Kimberlite or blue ground
deep inside the mantle.
 Rule of law, political instability and good wave of democratic practice after the
end of long colonization contributes to its development.
7. Explain the economic activities of people of Africa.
 The economic activities of any place are determined by its geophysical feature,
availability of resources and climatic conditions. Because of lack of moisture, drought
season and harsh climate, only 8% land is arable and fertile but more than 75%
population relies upon farming. Angola is famous for good quality coffee where ½ of the
produced coffee is exported to USA. Zimbabwe exports the most tobacco and its city
Harare is an important tobacco centre. Mozambique produces the highest cashew nut in
the world. 90% of Mauritius agricultural land is with sugarcane and its 98% export is
based on sugarcane. Seychelles is one of the great producers of Vanilla and its 60% of
GDP comes from tourism industry.
Namibia has diamonds under the sand of Namib Desert. South Africa has richest gold
mining areas. Swaziland is one of the chief exporters of iron ore. Madagascar is the
largest producer of graphite. Northern African countries are famous for petroleum
products. Congo is the world’s largest producer of industrial diamonds. Botswana is
famous for Safari- tourist industry. Animal rearing is done extensively in Savanna and
Veld region.

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Unit : 6 Lesson: 11 Africa, America and Nepal

1. More than 75% of Africans are engaged in agriculture but only 3% of the Canadians.
Nepal and Africa have similar situation. Find the reasons.
 Most of the African countries and Nepal have similarities in agriculture practices. The
climate of Nepal and Africa fall in to the Tropical types of Climate. Most people are
engaged in agriculture but it is of primitive type and subsistence. Lack of irrigation
facilities, lack of improved seeds and fertilizers, lack of tools and techniques, lack of
market extension, illiterate and poor farmers etc. are the common problems seen in Africa
and Nepal. Whereas only 3% people are engaged in agriculture in Canada but high
technology and modern methods of agriculture is practiced there. The government of
Canada has given more subsidiaries in the agricultural sector and encourages farmers to
sue modern methods of agriculture. The people of Canada are highly educated. Thus,
they use improved seeds and fertilizers.
2. What are the similarities and difference between the people of Nepal, Americas and Africa?
Write in points.

America Africa Nepal
Tall and white physical Black and middle size Average height and weight,
structure physical structure yellow color
High per capita income Very low per capita income Low per capita income
High life span with non Very short life span with Short life span with lack of
communicable diseases various epidemic diseases medical facilities
Highly educated and skilled Mostly illiterate and Mostly semi skilled and
people unskilled people about 65 % are literate
Well developed in Rich in infrastructure but Rich in natural resources
infrastructure and well not well utilized and poor like forest and water but
utilization of natural infrastructure development failed to utilize it and poor
resources infrastructure
3. Write any two similarities and two differences between North America and Nepal.
 Two Similarities between North America and Nepal are:
 North America is divided in to three physical divisions: western mountain
system, central lowland and Eastern highland. Nepal is also divided into three
physical divisions: Terai, Hilly and Himalayan region.
 North America experiences varieties of Climatic conditions from tropical in the
south to the tundra in the north. Similarly, Nepal also experiences climatic
conditions from tropical in the south to the Alpine in the north.
Two Differences between North America and Nepal are:
 Nepal is a small landlocked country. North America is a bigger landmass with
water locked.
 Nepal is the least developed country in the world with huge trade deficit and low
per capita income but North America is the developed continent with maximum
trade surplus and high per capita income.

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4. Present in a table the geographical Similarities between Nepal, North America and South
America.
Facts Nepal North America South America Africa
Mountain Himalayas Rocky Andes Atlas
Range
Mountain Everest McKinley(6194) Aconcagua(7021) Kilimanjaro(5895)
Peak (8848)
Grasslands Kharka Prairies Campos/Pampas Veld and Savanna
and Llanos
Rivers Koshi, Mississippi, St. Amazon, Nile, Congo,Niger
Gandaki Lawrence, Paraguay,
and Colorado, Uruguay
Karnali
Climate Mostly Climatic Climatic Mostly hot deserts
tropical diversity desert diversity die from and equatorial
Monsoon to tundra due to desert to Tundra climate
huge latitude to huge latitude
5. How have the USA and Canada helping Nepal? What kind of relationship of Nepal exists
with them?
 Nepal has good diplomatic relations with USA and Canada. Both the countries have been
providing various aids. They have been supporting Nepal in agriculture, health, family
planning, environment protection, good governance etc. America has a policy to help
Nepal in building a peaceful, prosperous and democratic nation. It has also helped to
settle Bhutanese refugees. Both Canada and USA provide numerous scholarships to
Nepalese students. Nepal has been receiving both economical and technical assistance
from these countries for a long time. The USA is one of the first countries to extend
development assistance to Nepal when it supported Nepal with its four point program in
1951. USAID /Nepal is the development assistance arm of USA in Nepal .Both USA and
Canada are the important trading partners of Nepal. US Peace Corps volunteers have
been working in remote areas of Nepal for quite some time now.
6. How have the fatal diseases like Aids affected Nepal, the countries of Africa, North America
and South America?
 HIV AIDS is one of the most destructive health crises of modern times. It has heavily
affected North America, South America and Nepal. High rates of HIV-related sickness
and premature adult deaths compromise household stability and investment in children;
stress extended family and broader social networks; and diminish labor supply and
productivity. USA currently has 1.2 million people living with AIDS. Stigma and
discrimination are the major factors hampering people’s access to HIV prevention, testing
and treatment services. Similarly, an estimated 2 million people are living with HIV in
South America. Likewise, Africa is the most affected continent by HIV AIDS. Africa
alone accounts for an estimated more than 65% of all people living with HIV and 70
percent of all die from AIDS. Besides the human cost, HIV/AIDS is having profound
effects on Africa's economic development and hence its ability to cope with the
pandemic. Finally, Nepal is also the victim of AIDS. Foreign employment is the main
reason for AIDS in Nepal. They are considered as Taboos in Nepal because of lack of
education. The AIDS pandemic is much more than a medical problem, and thus requires
more than medical interventions in these continents.
7. Name the animals that help in trade of the desert region of Africa, Andes of South America
and the Himalayas of Nepal.

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
Region Himalayan Desert Andes
Animal used Yak Camel Llama

Unit : 6 Geography Lesson: 12 Natural disaster, Earthquake and Tsunami

1. Make a list of the places where earthquake occurs frequently in the world.
 The quake happened in one of the world’s most active seismic zones, the great trans
global Himalayan belt that stretches from the Pyrenees in the far west through the Alps,
Caucasus and Himalaya ranges to the forested hill of south- east Asia. The major areas
include:
Places around the pacific ocean The Andes mountain
The Alps of Europe Hindukus Mountain
Himalayan region of Asia The Rockies mountain range
2. What is an earth quake? How does it occur?
 The violent shaking or vibration of the earth’s surface due to the movement of earth’s
tectonic plates is called earthquake. Earthquakes are usually caused when plates
underground suddenly breaks along a fault. Earthquakes occur when tension is released
from inside the crust. Plates do not always move smoothly alongside each other and
sometimes get stuck. When this happens pressure builds up. When this pressure is
eventually released, an earthquake tends to occur. The spot underground where the rock
breaks is called the focus of the earthquake. The place right above the focus (on top of
the ground) is called the epicenter of the earthquake. Earthquake energy is released in
seismic waves. These waves spread out from the focus. They are recorded on instruments
called seismographs. The waves are felt most strongly at the epicenter, becoming less
strong as they travel further away. The most severe damage caused by an earthquake will
happen close to the epicenter.
There are two types of quakes. The up and down movement is called the Vertical quake
and the forward and backward movement is called the horizontal quake.
3. Differentiate between epicenter and hypocenter.

Epicenter Hypocenter
Located on earth’s surface above the Located where the fault rupture starts
point of origin inside the earth’s crust
It allows placement on a surface map to It can’t be traced in surface map
show the affected areas
Its where the effect is felt Its where the effect starts
Hypocenter- Depth= Epicenter Epicenter + depth= Hypocenter
Good indicator of where the worst Not a good indicator of where the worst
damage will be damage will be

4. What is the difference between the earthquake and Tsunami?


Earthquake Tsunami
Caused by movements of tectonic places Caused by some movement under the
water
Tsunami doesn’t cause earthquake Earthquake may cause Tsunami
May happen both on land and under Only happened at sea and affects coastal

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water as well people only

Shaking of the earth takes place Giant wave is formed

5. What are the effects of the earthquake? Make a list.

 Earthquake is the worst natural disaster that causes catastrophe. The effect of earthquake
is terrible and devastating. Some of them are given below:
 Natural calamities like landslides, tsunamis, ground failure, and flow failure,
surface faulting and ground shacking will occur as the consequences
 Loss of life and damage of properties including the infrastructure
 Diseases and famine may start. People may die from hunger and starvation
 Psychological impact on humans who are affected by it.
6. What are the precautions needed during, after and before the earthquake?
Write any four points for each.
Before an earthquake During/ after an earthquake
Place beds away from windows, mirrors Never panic and run: stay calm
or any heavy items
Construct earthquake proof houses Sit below tables, or door frames or beds
Have first aid kit and fire extinguisher Go out of the house after the quake if
ready required
Have flashlight and portable torch ready Help neighbors and victims
Store heavy items or glassware in lower Call the government organization for
cabinets. rescue operation
Strap down boiler Turn off gas, electricity or water if
damage is suspected
Store a few gallons of water per family Be prepared for aftershocks which might
member be dangerous than initial shock

7. What safety measures can be adopted to minimize the loss against Tsunami?
 Natural disasters are inevitable. We must be aware of its causes and consequences.
People living in tsunami prone area should adopt a high level of alertness and appropriate
safety measures. Some of them are:
 Preparation and precaution should be adopted before the disaster occurs
 There should be easy access of information and communication
 Essential materials should be kept in ready stage
 Physical structures should be made with disaster resistant technology
 Never stay near the shore to watch tsunami and do not return to the affected
coastal area until authorities permit.
8. Define the following terms:
After shocks: Smaller earthquakes that occur after the main earthquake in the same
place as the main shock which can continue for many weeks and months.
Earthquake faults: Are fractures where displacement is on either side relative to one
another and parallel to the fracture
Fault: A crack in the earth’s crust along which the rocks slide
Focus: The point inside the earth where the rocks breaks off and pressure is released
Seismicity: The intensity, frequency and distribution of earthquakes in a specific area
Seismic waves: Elastic energy that travels as waves through which the earth’s crust
at speed of several miles per second and is propagated outward from the hypocenter.

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Seismograph: A very sensitive instrument that can detect, measure and record
ground vibrations and their intensities during the quake
Seismograms: plot of time versus frequency of motion.

Unit: 6 Geography Lesson: 13 Map Work

1. What do you mean by Global Positioning system and Geographical
information system? What are the three main reasons to use Geographical
information system and Global Positioning system for modern mapping?
 The Global positioning system (GPS) is a satellite based navigation system consisting
of a network of 24 orbiting satellites. It is used to find the exact location of the things. It
is a receiver that collects signals from the satellite.
GPS has many uses. Some of them are:
 Tracking a vehicle preventing automobile theft, person or aircraft
 Disaster relief and emergency services. It enables fault motion measurement in
earthquakes
 Surveyors use absolute locations to make maps and determine property
boundaries
 Establishing and monitoring routes and vehicles, Criminal mapping etc.
 Applying location coordinates to digital objects such as photographs and other
documents for purpose such as creating map overlays

Geographical information system (GIS) is a computer program that is designed

to capture, analyze, interpret and store date that has been transmitted from
navigation systems such as GPS and make the information available for use.
The following are the reasons to use GIS:
 Modern maps are created using special software that combines lots of different
sorts of information. This system of modern mapping is called GIS. It gives
people data that allows them to analyze situations, write reports, track changes,
make decisions and Plan for the future.
 GIS is used to provide visual representations of data. Almost 80 percent of the
data received has some spatial element in it and GIS helps to visualize the data in
order to make some sense out of it.
 GIS is used to show the relationship between two different locations and the
proximity of two locations on a map.
2. Differentiate between GIS and GPS.

GPS GIS
Uses satellite that orbits earth to send Is a software program that helps people
information to GPS receivers that are use the information collected by GPS
on the ground
Renowned for offering location Renowned for data mapping providing
information anywhere in the world visual representations of data
It can send data to GPS receivers. It It uses layering techniques to combine
doesn’t need data to operate various types of data. It needs data to
operate.
It doesn’t contain own map but gives Images can be uploaded in GIS

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basic signals, information

3. What are the essentials of a map?

 The essentials of map are:
Direction reference Date
Scale Legend
Title Sauces

4. Why is the skill of making of map of one’s country important? What are the
three types of map?
 Map making of one’s country is important because it gives our identity and creates
patriotism in us. It let us know about our country’s geo political structure. Three types of
map are as follows:
 Physical map- Map which shows the landforms like deserts, mountains, plains
etc.
 Political map- It is the map that has to do with government. It shows where the
boundaries and locations of countries, states and cities are. It is usually
determined by people rather than by nature.
 Climate map- it is a depiction of prevailing weather patterns in a given area. It is
overlaid with colors showing different climatic zones.
5. Define the following terms:
Thematic map: A univariate map that displays the spatial distribution of an
attribute that relates to a single topic, theme or subject. It displays a single
attribute. E g. Soil type, vegetation, geology.
Map Scale: It refers to the relationship (ratio) between distance on a map and the
corresponding distance on the ground. For Eg. On a 1: 100000 scale map, 1 cm
on the map equals 1 km on the ground.
6. What is map? What are the methods of drawing maps? Which one is more
reliable among them in your views?
 Map is a representation usually on a flat surface, as of the features of an area of the earth
or a position of the heavens, showing them in their respective forms, sizes, and
relationships according to some conversion of representation.
Different methods used to draw map are:
Free hand method Stencil method
Carbon paper method Square method
Tracing method Geographical information system method
Photocopy method Template method
Over head projector method
The square method is best in drawing the map of Nepal. In this method, we have to draw
some squares on a plain paper and remember which square holds which kind of outline of
the map. We can take help of the map of the thing that is to be drawn on the plain paper.
A t the end we will get a map of the real image in our hand.
7. Why do we practice tracing method and stencil method less?
 We practice them less as they are not creative and needs better skill to draw them. They
need certain things to apply these methods. In tracing method, we need tube light inside
in a glass frame and draw the map with the help of a light. In stencil method we have to
use a litho for making maps. To produce maps of anything in large quantity, these
methods of drawing maps are applied.
8. Describe Google Earth. What are its advantages?

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 Google Earth is a geo browser that accesses satellite and aerial imagery, ocean
bathymetry, and other geographic data over the internet to represent the Earth as the three
dimensional globe. It is known as virtual globes or Earth browsers. Its advantages are:
 Available on a wide array of devices
 Up-to date maps and data
 3D capabilities
 Extremely detailed
 Additional layers available Historical view
Other Important questions from Geography

1. Nature of vegetation varies according to the climate. Explain the statement with
reference to Nepal.
 Climate has direct effect on vegetation. The growth and development of vegetation
depends upon climatic features like rainfall, temperature, moisture etc.
Terai region of Nepal receives plenty of rainfall with abundant sun shine. So, tall and
straight hardwood evergreen trees like Sal, Sishau, Khayar grow due to hot and wet
climate.
The rainfall and the temperature decrease as we move towards hilly region. So, deciduous
trees like Haroo, Chilaune, Barro grows there.
The rainfall is scanty in the Himalayan region with the surface covered with snow. So,
cone shaped and needle leaved coniferous trees grows here to withstand the snow. Eg.
Pine,fir etc.
Upper Himalayan region receives no rainfall and is covered with snow all the year round.
So, only lichens and mosses grow here.
2. The features of vegetation also changes according to the change of climate. How do
plants adopt themselves according to the climate?
 The features of vegetation change according to the change in nature of climate. They
must adopt themselves according to the existing climate in order to survive. The tropical
equatorial region receives abundant rainfall throughout the year as it lies in the equatorial
region. So, the trees here are hardwood, dense and tall. Eg. Mahogany.
To resist the strong wind and fire in tropical grassland, the tress in this region are
umbrella shaped. Because of low rainfall, the huge tropical grassland called Savanna lies
here. Most desert plants have thorns or thick waxy leaves which help to store water and
prevent the loss of water. These plants have long roots which may go down to find water
as there is no rainfall in desert. Eg. Cacti.
The Mediterranean vegetation has hard, small, oily and glossy leaves to avoid excessive
transpiration during summer. Only lichens and mosses grow in frigid zone as its covered
with snow all the year round and there is no sun shine for the growth of plants.
3. Present the name of four types of vegetation found in the world according to the
climatic nature and their characteristics in a table.

Types of plant Characteristics
Tropical Equatorial forest Dense, board leaves, tall, hard steam and
evergreen
Deciduous forest Shades leaves in winter, semi-hard stem,
medium size leaves
Coniferous forest Cone shaped trees, needle shaped leaves
Xerophytes Thick waxy, fleshy stem and thorny leaves

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Alpine forest Small trees and scanty grassland

4. Climate affects the life style. Justify it with examples.

 The people who live in cold climate and hilly area are comparatively energetic, hard
working, courageous and daring because of the difficult geographical and natural
challenges.
The people living in the temperate region are engaged in animal husbandry as the scanty
rainfall there helps the growth of pastoral grassland suitable for cattle.
The people of desert wear loose and light clothes to save body from extreme hot sun rays.
People in the tropical monsoon people are engaged in agriculture because of the presence
of monsoon rainfall. The people of St.Lawrence region live a healthy, diligent life
because of the suitable climate there. They are engaged in industry and trade because of
the presence of great sea shores and abundant minerals.
5. What is meant by Alpine climate? Describe it in terms of climatic region, climatic
characteristics, natural vegetation and lifestyle.
 The climate found in the high mountains is called the Alpine climate or high mountain
climate. The growth of trees is unfavorable here because of scanty rainfall and snow fall.
Some natural vegetation like wild potato, moss Campion are only found here. The
climate is very cold and dry throughout the year. The climate is not appropriate for
agricultural production. Few places can grow Barley and Millet. The population is less
dense because of the harsh climate and least development of infrastructure.

SEE QUESTIONS

SEE 2075

1. The agriculture is commercialized in USA and Canada. What should we learn from them to make
our agriculture commercialized?
2. Write any four economic activities of Temperate climatic zone.
3. Analyze the economic activities of Africa in four points
4. Make a list of factors affecting the climate and describe any one of them
5. Tropical and sub tropical climate are appropriate for agriculture and human settlement. Prepare a
model of questions and answer on the basis of the statement.
6. What are the major economical activities of the tropical region?
7. The mountains and deserts of South America are the means of development rather than barrier.
Justify
8. Present two features each of the climate and vegetation found in the Equatorial region with
reasons.
9. What sorts of climate, natural vegetation and life style did you experience while you were in a
tour from Terai to the mountain region of Nepal?
10. How does distance from the Sea affect the climate of Nepal?
11. What sort of geographical structure and climate would you experience while you have been to
Caribbean Sea, northern part of South America to Cape Horn, the Southern part of it?
12. Write the social and economic activities of Africa in four points.
13. Write the role of state regarding natural disaster reduction, precaution and awareness in four
points.
14. Why is Africa Continent called the backward continent?

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15. What types of vegetation would you observe if you got opportunity to travel from equatorial
region to polar region? Write the name of the vegetation with regions.

SEE 2074

1. Write any four points that affect the human life by climate and topographical diversity.
2. North American countries like USA and Canada have done better but other countries of the
same region are still backward in development. What might be the reasons?
3. Write any four causes for being high density of population in the Tropical Monsoon region.
4. Introduce natural disaster. Differentiate between earthquake and flood & landslide in three
points.
5. What are the main economic activities of people of cold zone? Mention any four activities of
them
6. If you reach The Savanna Grassland of Africa, write any four things you can enjoy and four
problems you may face there.
7. What is Global Positioning system? What are the three reasons to use GIS and GPS for
modern mapping
8. Mediterranean region is called the Garden of the World. Why?
9. How does distance from the sea affects the climate?

Some other Questions

1. Mention each of two features each of climate and vegetation found in the equatorial region
2. Give an introduction to Tsunami and mention any three safety measures from it.
3. New Found land of Canada has developed fisheries industries. What kind of business can be
developed in the Himalayan region of our country?

4. Complete the given table

Geographical Region Major economic activities Geographical Reason
South east plateaus of Brazil

Patagonia region of
Argentina
New Found Land in Canada

Veld in South Africa

5. The Eastern part of North America is more developed. Prepare any four questions to ask the
people of North America about causes of such development.
6. Some of the African Nations and Nepal are economically and socially backward. Write four
reasons behind their backwardness.
7. Complete the following table:
Facts Location Characteristics

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Andes
Taiga
Downs
Llamas
8. The map making and reading has been easier with GPS, GIS and GE. Justify.
9. Write a letter to the editor of any daily news paper describing about safety measures which
should be followed after the earthquake.
10. In what activities do the people of Tropical zone involve? Write any four activities.
11. Prepare a model of dialogue including the factors determining climate in your locality and its
impacts in local vegetation
12. Differentiate between Deciduous and coniferous forest with examples.
13. All the three major types of vegetations are found in Nepal. Clarify the reasons for this
variation in four points
14. Acquire some information about the Camel from somebody who has come back from
Arabian Country.
15. Some fertile areas of Nepal are not cultivated well due to lack of irrigation. Write a letter to
Nepalese farmers advising them to use some modern technologies of irrigation giving
evidences of agricultural technologies developed in Tropical Deserts of North America,
Arabia and Australia
16. The temperate zone of the world in famous for silk farming. Justify
17. In the interior (continental area) of the world, life is difficult, development is slow and
population density is low. Discuss the factors responsible for it.
18. In which climate of the temperate zone would you like to settle, if had an opportunity?
19. Give reasons:
 About 85% Australians live in the southeast of the continent
 Out of every four people of the world one lives in East Asia
 More than 75% American live in cities
 China produces most rice in the world
 The animals found in polar zone need to be preserved.
20. How are the snow capped regions of the Himalayan ranges different and similar to the frigid
zone?
21. Why do you think the Penguin is found in Antarctica alone?
22. Describe the feature of penguin, polar bear and Weddell seal , which enable them to survive
the bitter cold.
23. Write any four economic activities of Temperate Climatic Zone
24. What sort of geographical structure and climate would you experience while you have been
to Caribbean Sea, northern part of South America to Cape Horn, the Southern part of it?
25. Write the role of state regarding natural disaster reduction, precaution and awareness in four
points.
26. What types of vegetation would you observe if you got opportunity to travel from equatorial
region to polar region? Write the name of the vegetation with regions.
27. Present in brief the role of scale and index in map making and its study.
28. Show the name and height of the tallest mountain of North America, South America, Africa
and Nepal in a table.
29. The Equatorial and the Mediterranean regions are different to each other in many aspects.
Write any four differences based on socio-economic causes, location, climate, and vegetation.
30. Analyze the reasons behind long gap between day and night in the polar region.
31. Write any four impacts of Tropical climate in the economic and social life of Human.

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32. Though Nepal lies in the Tropical zone but all types of climate are experienced in Nepal.
What might be the reasons?
33. Climatic and economic activities do have interrelationship. Justify the statement on the basis
of economic activities of Mediterranean region and Equatorial Climate regions.
Give reasons.
34. Compare the agriculture of Tropical Monsoon region with that of Temperate Grassland
region.
35. Compare Pygmies with Red Indians in terms of their settlement and life styles
36. People of cold and temperate zones have made greater achievements of development. Explain
How?
37. Write about the types of forest in your locality and status of its current use
38. Write a paragraph describing the social life of North America
39. The Amazon Basin receives everyday rain while parts of Atacama have no record of rainfall.
Explain why rainfall distribution is so uneven in South America.
40. Which parts of South America are thickly populated and which are thinly populated?
41. There is climatic extremity in Africa due to its geographical location and landform
conditions. Justify.
42. To understand Africa, one should understand about the geography, ethnicity and culture of
the Continent. Justify the statement with some examples.
43. Make a list of the races and the people who have settled in Africa. Where do they live?
44. What changes does earthquake bring about on the surface of the Earth?
45. Overhead projector method and stencils methods are not much used now. Discuss
46. How does Google Earth help find locations on the earth?
47. The internet has revolutionized and simplified the process of mapping. Justify.
48. Why is North West Brazil so thinly populated?
49. Shifting cultivation is a traditional, sustainable method of agriculture which has been
practiced by the tribes for centuries. Discuss
50. Why is Japan more developed in Asia?

Checklist to ensure that you have completed the lesson

 Define climate and write about its impact on living beings

 Examine the effects of altitude on climate especially with reference to Nepal
 Identify different types of climates
 Examine the factors affecting climate
 Give a brief description of tropical, temperate and polar climate
 Explain the life and development in tropical, temperate and polar climate
 Describe the location, climate, vegetation and life, development of tropical, temperate and polar
climate
 Draw a map of Nepal and insert major rivers, mountains, lakes, conservation areas, towns and
agricultural production
 Communicate through map
 Recognize the maps with their types
 Reduce and enlarge maps
 Describe North America, South America and Africa on the basis of physical features, natural
resources, population and economic activities
 Locate main physical features, rivers, lakes, towns, mining areas, agricultural products in three
continents

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 Compare the physical environment ad economic activities of people of North America, South
America and Nepal
 Highlight the relation of Nepal with North and South Americas and Africa
 Learn the modern techniques of map making

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