Graphics Display Devices

CAD System uses various display devices and these display devices are the primary output devices. these
devices are used to display graphical output on the screen to have a better visualization in real time.
These devices not only display the image but is also used to interact with the image by adding deleting
and modifying graphical entities on the screen. Thus due to interaction the graphics system are different
from the passive graphic system, as in case of television. 

The Graphics System are classified into the following types

1. Cathode Ray  Tube(CRT)

  Raster Scan 

 Random Scan

2. Solid State Monitors( Flat Panel Display)

 Emissive Display 

 Plasma Display 

 Thin Film Electroluminescent Display 

 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) 

 Non-Emissive Display 

 LED(Light Emitting Diode)

Random Scan and Raster Scan Display:

Random Scan System uses an electron beam which operates like a pencil to create a line image on the
CRT screen. The picture is constructed out of a sequence of straight-line segments. Each line segment is
drawn on the screen by directing the beam to move from one point on the screen to the next, where its
x & y coordinates define each point. After drawing the picture. The system cycles back to the first line
and design all the lines of the image 30 to 60 time each second. The process is shown in fig:
Random-scan monitors are also known as vector displays or stroke-writing displays or calligraphic
displays.

Advantages:

1. A CRT has the electron beam directed only to the parts of the screen where an image is to be
drawn.

2. Produce smooth line drawings.

3. High Resolution

Disadvantages:

1. Random-Scan monitors cannot display realistic shades scenes.

Raster Scan Display:

A Raster Scan Display is based on intensity control of pixels in the form of a rectangular box called Raster
on the screen. Information of on and off pixels is stored in refresh buffer or Frame buffer. Televisions in
our house are based on Raster Scan Method. The raster scan system can store information of each pixel
position, so it is suitable for realistic display of objects. Raster Scan provides a refresh rate of 60 to 80
frames per second.

Frame Buffer is also known as Raster or bit map. In Frame Buffer the positions are called picture
elements or pixels. Beam refreshing is of two types. First is horizontal retracing and second is vertical
retracing. When the beam starts from the top left corner and reaches the bottom right scale, it will again
return to the top left side called at vertical retrace. Then it will again more horizontally from top to
bottom call as horizontal retracing shown in fig:
  

Types of Scanning or travelling of beam in Raster Scan

1. Interlaced Scanning

2. Non-Interlaced Scanning

In Interlaced scanning, each horizontal line of the screen is traced from top to bottom. Due to which
fading of display of object may occur. This problem can be solved by Non-Interlaced scanning. In this
first of all odd numbered lines are traced or visited by an electron beam, then in the next circle, even
number of lines are located.

For non-interlaced display refresh rate of 30 frames per second used. But it gives flickers. For interlaced
display refresh rate of 60 frames per second is used.

Advantages:

1. Realistic image

2. Million Different colors to be generated

3. Shadow Scenes are possible.

Disadvantages:

1. Low Resolution

2. Expensive

Differentiate between Random and Raster Scan Display:

Random Scan Raster Scan

1. It has high Resolution 1. Its resolution is low.

3. Any modification if needed is easy 3.Modification is tough

4. Solid pattern is tough to fill 4.Solid pattern is easy to fill

5. Refresh rate depends or resolution 5. Refresh rate does not depend on the picture

6. Only screen with view on an area is displayed. 6. Whole screen is scanned.

7. Beam Penetration technology come under it. 7. Shadow mark technology came under this.

8. It does not use interlacing method. 8. It uses interlacing

9. It is restricted to line drawing applications 9. It is suitable for realistic display.

Flat-panel displays 
Flat-panel displays are electronic viewing technologies used to enable people to see content
(still images, moving images, text, or other visual material) in a range of entertainment, consumer
electronics, personal computer, and mobile devices, and many types of medical, transportation
and industrial equipment. They are far lighter and thinner than traditional cathode ray
tube (CRT) television sets and video displays and are usually less than 10 centimetres (3.9 in) thick. Flat-
panel displays can be divided into two display devicecategories: volatile and static. Volatile displays
require that pixels be periodically electronically refreshed to retain their state (e.g., liquid-crystal
displays (LCD)). A volatile display only shows an image when it has battery or AC mains power. Static flat-
panel displays rely on materials whose color states are bistable (e.g., e-book reader tablets from Sony),
and as such, flat-panel displays retain the text or images on the screen even when the power is off. As of
2016, flat-panel displays have almost completely replaced old CRT displays. In many 2010-era
applications, specifically small portable devices such as laptops, mobile phones, smartphones, digital
cameras, camcorders, point-and-shoot cameras, and pocket video cameras, any display disadvantages of
flat-panels (as compared with CRTs) are made up for by portability advantages (thinness and
lightweightness).

Most 2010s-era flat-panel displays use LCD and/or LED technologies. Most LCD screens are back-lit as
color filters are used to display colors. Flat-panel displays are thin and lightweight and provide better
linearity and they are capable of higher resolution than typical consumer-grade TVs from earlier eras.
The highest resolution for consumer-grade CRT TVs was 1080i; in contrast, many flat-panels can
display 1080p or even 4K resolution. As of 2016, some devices that use flat-panels, such as tablet
computers, smartphones and, less commonly, laptops, use touchscreens, a feature that enables users to
select onscreen icons or trigger actions (e.g., playing a digital video) by touching the screen. Many
touchscreen-enabled devices can display a virtual QWERTY or numeric keyboard on the screen, to
enable the user to type words or numbers.

A multifunctional monitor (MFM) is a flat-panel display that has additional video inputs (more than a
typical LCD monitor) and is designed to be used with a variety of external video sources, such
as VGA input, HDMI input from a VHS VCR or video game console and, in some cases, a USB input
or card reader for viewing digital photos). In many instances, an MFM also includes a TV tuner, making it
similar to a LCD TV that offers computer connectivity.

History

The first engineering proposal for a flat-panel TV was by General Electric as a result of its work on radar
monitors.[when?] Their publication of their findings gave all the basics of future flat-panel TVs and
monitors. But GE did not continue with the R&D required and never built a working flat panel at that
time.[1] The first production flat-panel display was the Aiken tube, developed in the early 1950s and
produced in limited numbers in 1958. This saw some use in military systems as a heads up display, but
conventional technologies overtook its development. Attempts to commercialize the system for home
television use ran into continued problems and the system was never released commercially.
[2]
 The Philco Predictafeatured a relatively flat (for its day) cathode ray tube setup and would be the first
commercially released "flat panel" upon its launch in 1958; the Predicta was a commercial failure.
The plasma display panel was invented in 1964 at the University of Illinois, according to The History of
Plasma Display Panels.[3] The first active-matrix addressed display was made by T Peter Brody's Thin-Film
Devices department at Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1968.[4] In 1977, James P Mitchell
prototyped and later demonstrated what was perhaps the earliest monochromatic flat panel LED
television display LED Display. As of 2012, 50% of global market share in flat-panel display (FPD)
production is by Taiwanese manufacturers such as AU Optronics and Chimei Innolux Corporation.

Common types[edit]

Liquid crystal displays

An LCD screen used as a notification panel for travellers

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are lightweight, compact, portable, cheap, more reliable, and easier on the
eyes than cathode ray tube screens. LCD screens use a thin layer of liquid crystal, a liquid that exhibits
crystalline properties. It is sandwiched between two electrically conducting plates. The top plate has
transparent electrodes deposited on it, and the back plate is illuminated so that the viewer can see the
images on the screen. By applying controlled electrical signals across the plates, various segments of the
liquid crystal can be activated, causing changes in their light diffusing or polarizing properties. These
segments can either transmit or block light. An image is produced by passing light through selected
segments of the liquid crystal to the viewer. They are used in various electronics like watches,
calculators, and notebook computers.

Liquid crystal displays with light-emitting diode (LED) backlighting

Some LCD screens are backlit with a number of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). LEDs are two-lead
semiconductor light sources. This form of LCD is the most prevalent in the 2010s. The image is still
generated by the LCD.

Plasma panels

A plasma display consists of two glass plates separated by a thin gap filled with a gas such as neon. Each
of these plates has several parallel electrodes running across it. The electrodes on the two plates are at
right angles to each other. A voltage applied between the two electrodes one on each plate causes a
small segment of gas at the two electrodes to glow. The glow of gas segments is maintained by a lower
voltage that is continuously applied to all electrodes. By 2010, consumer plasma displays had been
discontinued by numerous manufacturers.

Electroluminescent panels

In an electroluminescent display (ELD), the image is created by applying electrical signals to the plates
which makes the phosphor glow.

Organic light-emitting diode

An OLED (organic light-emitting diode) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive

Quantum dot light emitting diode

QLED- QLED or Quantum Dot LED is a flat panel display technology introduced by Samsung under this
trademark. Other television set manufacturers such as Sony have used the same technology to enhance
the backlighting of LCD Television already in 2013.[5][6] Quantum dots create their own unique light when
illuminated by a light source of shorter wavelength such as blue LEDs. This type of LED TV introduced by
Samsung enhances the color gamut of LCD panels, where the image is still generated by the LCD. In the
view of Samsung, quantum dot displays for large-screen TVs are expected to become more popular than
the OLED displays in the coming years; they are so far rare, but seem potentially on the cusp of more
widespread consumer take-up, with firms like Nanoco and Nanosys competing to provide the QD
materials. In the meantime Samsung Galaxy devices such as smartphones are still equipped with OLED
displays manufactured by Samsung as well. Samsung explain on their website that the QLED TV they
produce can determine what part of the display needs more or less contrast. Samsung also announced a
partnership with Microsoft that will promote the new Samsung QLED TV.

Volatile

A large LED display at the Taipei Arena displays commercials and movie trailers.

Volatile displays require that pixels be periodically refreshed to retain their state, even for a static
image. As such, a volatile screen needs electrical power, either from mains electricity (being plugged
into a wall socket) or a battery to maintain an image on the display or change the image. This refresh
typically occurs many times a second. If this is not done, for example, if there is a power outage, the
pixels will gradually lose their coherent state, and the image will "fade" from the screen.

Examples

Further information:  Comparison CRT, LCD, Plasma

The following flat-display technologies have been commercialized in 1990s to 2010s:

 Plasma display panel (PDP)

 Active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AMLCD)

 Rear projection: Digital Light Processing (DLP), LCD, LCOS

 Electronic paper: E Ink, Gyricon

 Light-emitting diode display (LED)

 Active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED)

 Quantum dot display (QLED)

Technologies that were extensively researched, but their commercialization was limited or has been
ultimately abandoned:

 Active-matrix Electroluminescent display (ELD)

 Interferometric modulator display (IMOD)

 Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED, SED-TV)

Static

Amazon's Kindle Keyboard e-reader displaying a page of an e-book. The Kindle's image of the book's text
will remain onscreen even if the battery runs out, as it is a static screen technology. Without power,
however, the user cannot change to a new page.

Static flat-panel displays rely on materials whose color states are bistable. This means that the image
they hold requires no energy to maintain, but instead requires energy to change. This results in a much
more energy-efficient display, but with a tendency towards slow refresh rates which are undesirable in
an interactive display. Bistable flat-panel displays are beginning deployment in limited applications
(Cholesteric liquid crystal displays, manufactured by Magink, in outdoor advertising; electrophoretic
displays in e-book reader devices from Sony and iRex; anlabels; interferometric modulator displays in a
smartwatch).