COBOL

Programming
with VSCode
A beginner’s guide to COBOL using modern tooling
Preface
Abstract
One computer programming language was designed specifically for business,
Common Business-Oriented Language, COBOL. Today COBOL remains as
relevant as ever, handling $3 trillion in commerce every day.

This publication is aimed at beginners looking to build a working understanding

of COBOL programming. It describes how to work with COBOL using modern
tools including Visual Studio Code with Zowe and Z Open Editor extensions. It
describes how to write, test, execute, and debug COBOL programs.
The publication is structured as follows:

Part 1 - Getting started

Chapter 1. Why COBOL?
Chapter 2. VSCode with Z Open Editor and ZOWE extensions
Chapter 3. Installation of VSCode and extensions

Part 2 - Learning COBOL

Chapter 4. Basic COBOL
Chapter 5. Data division
Chapter 6. File handling
Chapter 7. Program structure
Chapter 8. File output
Chapter 9. Conditional expressions
Chapter 10. Arithmetic expressions
Chapter 11. Data types
Chapter 12. Intrinsic functions

Part 3 - VSCode alternatives and testing

Chapter 13. Installing IBM Developer for Z
Chapter 14. Enabling IBM Developer for Z to work with COBOL
Chapter 15. Using ISPF to work with COBOL
Chapter 16. Testing
Authors
Makenzie Manna is an IBM Redbooks Project Leader in the United States. She
has 3 years of experience in the Computer Science Software Development field.
She holds a Master's degree in Computer Science Software Development from
Marist College. Her areas of expertise include mathematics, IBM Z and cloud
computing.

Paul Newton is a Consulting IT Specialist in the United States. He has 40 years

of experience in the Information Technology field. He holds a degree in
Information Systems from the University of Arizona. His areas of expertise
include IBM Z, z/OS, and LinuxONE. He has written extensively on
implementation of z/OS based technology.

Jonathan Sayles is a technical educator at IBM, where he conducts presentations,

seminars and training courses, as well as producing educational materials. His
more than 40 years in the IT education and computer industries encompass work
within both academic and corporate development organizations. He has also been
engaged as a software developer/designer/consultant, educator, and author, with a
focus on relational database, IDE, and object technologies. In addition to
authoring/publishing 16 books, Jon has written and published more than 150
articles in technical journals, and served as technical editor for several IT
magazines. He is also co-author of IBM Redbook publications Transitioning:
Informix 4GL to Enterprise Generation Language (EGL), SG24-6673 and z/OS
Traditional Application Maintenance and Support, SG24-7868.

William Yates is a Software engineer working for IBM UK. For the majority of
his career he has working on the CICS TS product mainly as a software tester and
now as Test Architect. He has delivered technical content for many Redbooks,
video courses and at conferences around the world. He is also one of the leaders
of the Galasa project, building an open source integration test framework for
hybrid cloud applications available at https://galasa.dev

Acknowledgements
Special thanks to the following people for participating in the residency to shape
the content in this publication.
➢ Dr. Tak Auyeung, Professor, American River College
➢ Jeffrey Bisti, Z Ecosystem Architect, IBM
➢ Ilicena Elliott, IT Specialist II, Employment Development Department
➢ Martin Keen, Technical Content Services, IBM
➢ Sudharsana Srinivasan, z Influencer Ecosystem Program Coordinator, IBM
➢ Suzy Wong, Information Technology Specialist, DMV
Left-to-right: Ilicena, Suzy, Makenzie, Martin, Paul, and Tak
Part 1 - Getting started
Chapter 1. Why COBOL?

Chapter 2. VSCode with Z Open Editor and ZOWE extensions

Chapter 3. Installation of VSCode and extensions

1. Why COBOL?
This chapter introduces COBOL, specifically with reference to its use in
enterprise systems.

➢ 1.1 What is COBOL?

➢ 1.2 How is COBOL being used today?

➢ 1.3 Why should I care about COBOL?

1.1 What is COBOL?
One computer programming language was designed specifically for business,
Common Business-Oriented Language, COBOL. COBOL has been transforming
and supporting business globally since its invention in 1959. COBOL is
responsible for the efficient, reliable, secure and unseen day-to-day operation of
the world's economy. The day-to-day logic used to process our most critical data
is frequently done using COBOL.

Many COBOL programs have decades of improvements which includes business

logic, performance, programming paradigm, and application program interfaces to
transaction processors, data sources, and the Internet.
Many hundreds of programming languages were developed during the past 60
years with expectations to transform the information technology landscape. Some
of these languages, such as C, C++, Java, and JavaScript, have indeed
transformed the ever-expanding information technology landscape. However,
COBOL continues to distinguish itself from other programming languages due to
its inherent ability to handle vast amounts of critical data stored in the largest
servers such as the IBM Z mainframe.

Continuously updated to incorporate modernized and proven programming

paradigms and best practices, COBOL will remain a critical programming
language into the foreseeable future. Learning COBOL enables you to read and
understand the day-to-day operation of critical systems. COBOL knowledge and
proficiency is a required skill to be a "full stack developer" in large enterprises.

1.2 How is COBOL being used today?

COBOL is everywhere. You have probably used an application written in
COBOL today. For example, consider the following statistics1:
➢ About 95% of ATM swipes use COBOL code.
➢ COBOL powers 80% of in-person transactions.
➢ Every day, COBOL systems handle $3 trillion in commerce.

How pervasive is COBOL? Consider these mind-boggling facts2:

➢ Every day there are 200 times more COBOL transactions executed than there
are Google searches.
➢ There are over 220 billion lines of COBOL programs running today, which
equates to around 80% of the world's actively used code.
➢ 1,500,000,000 lines of new COBOL code is written each year.

1 https://thenewstack.io/cobol-everywhere-will-maintain/
2 https://freedomafterthesharks.com/2016/06/27/exactly-what-is-cobol-and-why-is-cobol-still-a-widely-used-language-in-it/
1.3 Why should I care about COBOL?
The COBOL programming language, COBOL compiler optimization, and
COBOL run time performance have over 50 years of technology advancements
that contribute to the foundation of world's economy. The core business logic of
many large enterprises has decades of business improvement and tuning
embedded in COBOL programs.

The point is - whatever you read or hear about COBOL, be very skeptical. If you
have the opportunity to work directly with someone involved in writing or
maintaining critical business logic using COBOL, you will learn about the
operation of the core business. Business managers, business analysts, and decision
makers come and go. The sum of all good business decisions can frequently be
found in the decades of changes implemented in COBOL programs. The answer
to "How does this business actually work?" can be found in COBOL programs.
Add the following to your awareness of COBOL. It is an absolute myth that you
must be at least 50 years old to be good with COBOL. COBOL is incredibly easy
to learn and understand. One of the many reasons financial institutions like
COBOL, is the fact that it is not necessary to be a programmer to read and
understand the logic. This is important because critical business logic code is
subject to audit. Auditors are not programmers. However, auditors are
responsible for ensuring the business financial statements are presented fairly. It
is COBOL processing that frequently result in the business ledger updates and
subsequent financial statements.

Now for a real-world lesson. A comment recently made in a well-known business

journal by someone with a suspect agenda was quoted as saying, "COBOL is a
computing language used in business and finance. It was first designed in 1959
and is pretty old and slow." A highly experienced business technology person
knows the only true part of that last sentence was that COBOL was first designed
in 1959.

It's no secret that lots of banks still run millions of lines of COBOL on
mainframes. They probably want to replace that at some point. So why haven't
they? Most banks have been around long enough to still feel the pain from the
~1960's software crisis. After spending enormous amounts of money, and time,
on developing their computer systems, they finally ended up with a fully
functional, well-tested, stable COBOL core system.

Speaking with people that have worked on such systems, nowadays they have
Java front ends and wrappers which add functionality or more modern interfaces,
they run the application on virtualized replicated servers, but in the end,
everything runs through that single core logic. And that core logic is rarely
touched or changed, unless necessary.

From a software engineering perspective, that even makes sense. Rewrites are
always more expensive than planned, and always take longer than planned (OK,
probably not always. But often.). Never change a running system etc., unless very
good technical and business reasons exist.
2. VSCode with Z Open Editor and ZOWE
extensions
In this chapter we will explain how to use the IBM Z Open Editor extension for
VSCode and how using it can help you develop COBOL source code in a feature
rich environment.

➢ 2.1 Introduction to the IBM Z Open Editor

▪ What is the IBM Z Open Editor?
▪ The role of the Language Server Protocol
▪ Installing the IBM Z Open Editor for VS Code

➢ 2.2 Basic editing

▪ Known file extensions
▪ Margins
▪ Variable expansion
▪ Syntax highlighting

➢ 2.3 Navigation of code

▪ Outline view
▪ Breadcrumb view
▪ Jump to declaration / reference

➢ 2.4 Code-completion
▪ COBOL reserved word completion
▪ Variable completion
▪ CICS, MQ, DB2 API completion

➢ 2.5 Refactoring code

▪ Renaming variables
▪ Handling errors

➢ 2.6 Summary
2.1 Introduction to the IBM Z Open Editor
This section introduces the IBM Z Open Editor.

2.1.1 What is the IBM Z Open Editor?

The IBM Z Open Editor is a free extension for Visual Studio Code (VSCode) that
provides language support for COBOL, PL/I and JCL languages. Along with this
language support it also provides content assistance for applications that call
CICS, MQ, IMS and DB2 APIs. The source code doesn't even need to reside on
z/OS, it could be in a source code repository, locally in a file or on z/OS.
Although this course focuses on COBOL as a source language, a lot of the
functions we will discuss will also apply to PL/I and JCL.

2.1.2 The role of the Language Server Protocol

Integrated development environments always want to provide a rich platform for
all supported programming languages, however, the proliferation of programming
languages and the speed at which new editors reach the market makes keeping
pace difficult. Each editor would need to provide an editor specific plugin for
each language they wished to support, thus support for a certain language would
differ between different editors.

Microsoft designed the Language Server Protocol (LSP) to act as a common

description of how features like auto-complete should be implemented for a
specific language. Languages which have an implemented LSP server can
therefore be used within any editor that supports LSP. Many companies and the
open source community have collaborated to provide LSP servers for an array of
different languages.

The language server protocol defines six broad capabilities that should be
implemented for a language server to be LSP compliant. These capabilities
include code completion, hover, jump to definition, workspace symbols, find
references and diagnostics. The IBM Z Open Editor provides compliant language
servers for both the Enterprise Cobol and Enterprise PL/I for z/OS languages. In
addition to being compliant, they also provide additional capabilities that we will
discuss further on.

Note: More information on Language Server Protocol implementations can be found at:
https://langserver.org

2.1.3 Installing the IBM Z Open Editor for VS Code

The IBM Z Open Editor can be installed into VS code by searching the
Extensions Marketplace inside VSCode for "IBM Z Open Editor" and selecting
install. Once installed, the default editor will be enabled to provide a rich editing
experience for COBOL, PL/I and JCL. There is no need to use a specific editor
 for these languages. To see a more detailed instruction on installing this
extension, visit Chapter 5 "Install VSCode and Extensions".

2.2 Basic editing

For the rest of this chapter we will use the CBL001.cobol sample program to
demonstrate how rich of an experience editing COBOL in VSCode can be. So,
let's fire up VSCode, install IBM Z Open Editor (if it's not already) open up
CBL001.cobol and get started.

2.2.1 Known file extensions

For VSCode to use the capabilities of the IBM Z Open Editor, it needs to know
the that file we are editing is in fact COBOL type. VSCode accomplishes this by
comparing the location and name of the file being opened against a list of known
extensions to map the file to a known language. For COBOL the following
associations are used:
➢ *.COBOL*
➢ *.COB*
➢ *.COBCOPY*
➢ *.COPYBOOK*
➢ *.COPY*
These are applied to both local files and files held in a Partitioned Data Set or
PDS on the mainframe, which for simplicity you can think of as a folder. Thus, a
PDS called:
Z99994.COBOL
Or a file on the local file system called:
PROGA1.COBOL
Will be assumed to be COBOL code. This information is stored in the global
VSCode settings.json file that can be accessed through VSCode preferences. This
allows for a user to tailor VSCode’s known extensions to a particular site naming
convention.

2.2.2 Margins
The first thing you will notice when editing COBOL source code is that VSCode
will have inserted five vertical lines down the file. These lines segment each line
of code into the areas reserved for sequence numbers, comment / continuation
characters, area A and area B. When coding without this basic aid I cannot
recount the number of times I have made a compilation error because I started
coding in the wrong column. This alone is a very useful aid to a new COBOL
programmer. Move information about COBOL syntax and in particular the
columns will be discussed later
2.2.3 Variable expansion
As you browse through CBL001.COBOL type CTRL + G to jump to a specific
line of code. A small dialog will open asking you for the line you wish to jump
to, type 68 and press the enter key. VSCode will highlight that line of code and
navigate you directly to it, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Navigating to a specific line of code

If you hover your mouse over the 'ACCT-NO-O' field a pop up will appear
displaying the declaration of that variable, shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. View declaration of variable

Since this field is a 05-level variable nested within a 01-level variable, the pop up
shows the declaration of the field as an eight-byte picture variable, the name of
the parent structure and the file definition that it is within. If you hold the
CMD/Ctrl key while hovering over the field, then the pop up will additionally
contain the line of code where the variable is defined as well as the following
 three lines of code. These features can be extremely helpful when analyzing
existing code.

2.2.4 Syntax highlighting

The COBOL code that you are editing will also be highlighted to help you
understand the different elements of the COBOL language. Depending on the
color theme that you have selected in VSCode, comments, COBOL reserved
words, literal values and variables will be colored differently allowing you to spot
obvious syntax issues early on before even submitting the code to a build.

2.3 Navigation of code

Although the code examples we are using in this section are fairly small, the code
that you could be writing could have hundreds or thousands of lines. Being able
to understand the general structure of the source code and being able to find your
way around it without getting lost is a big advantage when editing COBOL.
Fortunately, there are some great features to help you out, which we will discuss
next.

2.3.1 Outline view

Within the explorer side bar of VSCode, there is an outline view that will be
populated whenever you are editing a COBOL file. This view contains a
collapsible look at each division, data structure and paragraph within your code.
This allows you to easily view the structure of the source code. Clicking on a
particular paragraph, division or data element will simultaneously move the editor
to show that section of the code and highlight it, depicted in Figure 3. This
makes jumping to a specific part of the code very easy.

Figure 3. Outline view in VSCode

2.3.2 Breadcrumb view
Similarly, the breadcrumb view across the top of the editor can show where the
current line of code exists within the structure of the COBOL source code. As
you navigate the source code in the editor, the breadcrumb trail will automatically
update to reflect where you are in the structure of the program and provides you a
mechanism to move to a different element of the code. Again, if you open
CBL0001 in VSCode and jump to line 36, this line is a declaration of the field
USA-STATE within the structure ACCT-FIELDS, in the FILE-SECTION of the
DATA-DIVISION. Across the top of the editor the breadcrumb trail will show
the information displayed in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Breadcrumb trail in VSCode

Clicking on any of the items in the breadcrumb trail will highlight that element of
the code in the editor, quickly showing you the location of that element within the
code. It will also show a view of the code in a pop-up window, shown in Figure
5. , similar to the outline view previously discussed.
 Figure 5. Pop-up view of code via breadcrumb selection

2.3.3 Jump to declaration / reference

As you browse through code you will come across COBOL PERFORM
statements or variable references. Often you will need to navigate to the
definition of that paragraph or variable to follow the execution of the code. At
line 50 of CBL0001 we see a set of perform statements. Place the cursor within
the name, READ-RECORD, on line 51, right click and select Go to Definition.
The editor then navigates to the READ-RECORD paragraph on line 62. Instead
of the right click, the same function can be reached by using the F12 key.
"Go to References" does the reverse of this operation and allows you to navigate
from the definition of a paragraph or variable to all the places within the
application that reference that paragraph or variable. To demonstrate this,
navigate to line 62 of CBL0001, which again is the declaration of the READ-
RECORD paragraph. To see all of the places where this paragraph is called, right
click and select Go to References, or hit the key combination SHIFT+F12. This
will summon a new pop up dialog which shows all the references to this
paragraph in the code, shown in Figure 6.

Note: If SHIFT+F12 does not work for your machine, you may need to use the
key combination, Fn+F12 instead.
 Figure 6. Finding paragraph/variable references in VSCode

2.4 Code-completion
Code completion isn't exactly a new concept in most IDEs. For example, the
Eclipse editor has provided auto-completion for Java APIs for a long time. The
same key combination, CTRL+SPACE, triggers this auto-completion function
while you are coding and can be used to help guide you through COBOL syntax
and CICS, IMS API calls.

2.4.1 COBOL reserved word completion

As you are typing a COBOL reserved word, you can type CTRL+SPACE and the
IBM Z Open Editor will present, in a pop-up, a list of possible COBOL reserved
words that you might be trying to use. Using the cursor keys or the mouse allows
you to select the correct recommended keyword and press enter to select it and the
rest of the reserved word will be entered for you, aka auto-completed!

2.4.2 Variable completion

The same technique can be applied to variable completion. This can be
particularly useful when you are referencing a variable that exists multiple times
within different structures. In these cases, auto-completion can help you identify
the variable you want to use. As an example, create a new line within the
WRITE-RECORD paragraph. On the new line, enter the code MOVE ACCT-BA
and then press CTRL+SPACE to invoke code auto-completion. You should see
a pop up similar to the one shown in Figure 7. below.
 Figure 7. Auto-completion in VSCode

You can see that not only is the variable ACCT-BALANCE prompted as a
potential candidate, but it also presents ACCT_BALANCE IN ACCT-FIELDS.

2.4.3 CICS, MQ, DB2 API completion

The auto-completion of variables also extends to the CICS and DB2 APIs, known
as EXEC CICS and EXEC SQL statements. Although COBOL programming for
DB2 and CICS is not a primary focus here, note that if you find yourself
programming for either of these APIs that the capability is available.

2.5 Refactoring code

Working with source code is seldom just about the initial creation, during a
programs life cycle it will be changed and re-worked we often call this work
refactoring. This section explores renaming variables and handling errors.
2.5.1 Renaming variables
During maintenance of existing code, you might need to refactor variable names
or paragraph names. Doing this manually can be a painful process, as you
probably need to update both the original declaration and all the references within
the source code. Fortunately, there is a function for that, let's work through an
example. Back in CBL0001 hit CTRL+G to bring up the go to line function and
go to line 29. This is the declaration of the variable ACCT-NO. Right click on
the variable and select "Find All References". From this we can see that apart
from the declaration, the variable is also referenced on line 68. So, if we rename
the variable, we probably need to update this reference as well. To perform the
rename, ensure that the cursor is on the variable and then press SHIFT/Fn+F2.
This will bring up a small pop-up asking you to provide a new variable name, as
shown in Figure 8. Enter ACCT-NO-TEST and press enter.

Figure 8. Renaming variables

You will note that both the declaration of the variable and the reference on line 68
have been updated to the new value. As stated previously, the same process also
works for paragraph names. For example, go ahead and refactor the name of the
paragraph READ-RECORD to be READ-NEW-RECORD.

2.5.2 Handling errors

The IBM Z Open Editor plugin also provides a level of syntax checking for local
source code. Although not as thorough as the compiler, it is a method of quickly
identifying basic errors in your code before submitting it for compilation. To
demonstrate, let's create an error and then see how the editor shows it to us. First,
open the problems view by selecting View and then Problems from the editor
menu. The problems view should open at the bottom of the window, as depicted
in Figure 9.
Figure 9. Problems view

Now we need to introduce an error into the code. After line 68, add the line:
MOVE ACCT-NO TO ACCT-N-0.

Note that this line incorrectly identifies the second variable, which doesn't exist.
Once entering that line, you will notice that the invalid variable has been
underlined in red to highlight it as an error. Also, the problems view has a new
error. Clicking on the error will highlight the line of code at fault in the editor,
shown in Figure 10. , allowing you to view the error directly.

Figure 10. Highlighting error in source code

Now that you see where the error is located, it can now be corrected. As soon as
the error has been rectified, the problem disappears from the problem view.
2.6 Summary
In this chapter you have been able to go through some of the editing features of
the Z Open Editor for VSCode. These capabilities make editing COBOL, PL/Iand
JCL a lot friendlier and easier than some of the other editors in the market.
3. Installation of VSCode and extensions
This chapter covers all aspects of download and installation of Visual Studio (VS)
Code and any prerequisites that are needed. It includes:

➢ 3.1 Install prerequisites

▪ Install node.js
▪ Install Java SDK

➢ 3.2 Install VSCode

➢ 3.3 Install VSCode extensions

▪ Zowe Explorer
▪ IBM Z Open Editor

➢ 3.4 Summary
3.1 Install prerequisites
This section will cover the necessary steps and information to download and
install the prerequisites needed for the subsequent labs within this book. This
software is needed for one of more of the applications we will be utilizing in our
labs throughout the book. The prerequisites include:
➢ 3.1.1 - Install node.js
➢ 3.1.2 - Install Java SDK

3.1.1 Install node.js

1. Check for node.js installation and verify that the version number is v8 or
higher.
Open your workstation's version of the command prompt (called Terminal on
Mac OS X). Once the command prompt is open, use the command in Example 1.
to check if your workstation currently has a version of node.js installed.

Example 1. Node.js version

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
C:\Users\User> node -v
V12.16.1

If you do not see a version number after you submit the command, you do not
have node.js installed, or if it shows a version less than v8, you should continue
following these instructions. If you do see a version number and it is v8 or
higher, you can move on to section 3.1.2, Install Java SDK.

2. If node.js version is less than v8, or node isn't installed at all.

Updating node.js to the appropriate version number is a relatively simple process
because the installer takes care of most of the "heavy lifting". All you will need
to do is visit the Node.js download site, provided below and follow the download
and installation instructions for your specific workstation platform. Do this same
process if you do not already have node.js installed.

https://nodejs.org/en/download/

This process will install the latest versions of Node.js and the node package
manager (npm) and overwrite any older version files in your system. This
removes the step of needing to manually uninstall the previous versions
beforehand.

3. Once completed, verify the installation and proper version number, as shown
previously in Example 1.
 Note: The version numbers in our examples are provided purely for reference and
may not reflect the latest versions of the software.

3.1.2 Install Java SDK

1. Check for Java installation and verify that the version number is v8 or higher.
Open your workstation's version of the command prompt, if not already open.
Once the command prompt is open, use the command in Example 2. to check if
your workstation currently has a version of Java installed. Java SDK 8 is the
preferred version for these labs, however, any versions higher than that will
suffice.

Example 2. Java version

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
C:\Users\User> java -version
java version "1.8.0_241"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_241-b07)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.241-b07,
mixed mode)

If you do not see a version number after you submit the command, you do not
have Java installed or if it shows a version less than v8, you should continue
following these instructions. The display format of the version number for Java is
slightly different than what is displayed for node.js. With Java, the second value
in the displayed version number, i.e. the "8" in Example 2. , is the version
number. So, our example is showing Java SDK version 8. If you do see a version
number and it is v8 or higher, you can move on to section 3.2, Install VSCode.

2. If your version of Java displayed is less than v8, you need to uninstall the
current version on your workstation and reinstall the correct version. Follow
the link below to uninstall instructions that represent your workstation
operating system (OS).
o Linux:
https://www.java.com/en/download/help/linux_uni
nstall.xml
o Mac:
https://www.java.com/en/download/help/mac_unins
tall_java.xml
o Windows:
https://www.java.com/en/download/help/uninstall
_java.xml
 3. Once Java is uninstalled from your workstation, you can click the Java JDK 8
download link below and follow the installation instructions for your specific
OS.
https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase-
jdk8-downloads.html

4. Verify the installation and proper version number as shown in Example 2.

Note: You will be prompted to register a new Oracle account in order to download
the installation file, please do so. If you have an existing account, you may use
that to log in and continue.

3.2 Install VSCode

If you do not already have VSCode installed on your workstation, please do so
now by following the download and installation instructions at the link below:

https://code.visualstudio.com/download

Figure 1. VSCode download site

Note: Be sure to select the correct installation file for your workstations respective OS,
shown in Figure 1.

3.3 Install VSCode extensions

This section introduces two VSCode extensions, Zowe Explorer and IBM Z Open
Editor listed in Figure 2. , and instructions on how to install them.
 Figure 2. VSCode required extensions

3.3.1 Zowe Explorer

Zowe is a new, and the first open source framework for z/OS and provides
solutions for development and operations teams to securely manage, control,
script and develop on the mainframe like any other cloud platform. Out of the
box, the Zowe Explorer provides a lot of functionality allowing z/OS developers
access to jobs, datasets and (USS) files on a z/OS server. Backed by the Zowe
CLI and z/OSMF, developers now have powerful features that makes it easy to
work with z/OS within the familiar VSCode environment. This extension can be
used to edit COBOL and PL/I files opened on z/OS MVS™ and USS using the
Zowe extension's Data Sets and USS views. It can even run JCL and lets you
browse job spool files. For more information on Zowe Explorer and its
interaction with z/OS please visit:

https://ibm.github.io/zopeneditor-
about/Docs/zowe_interactwithzos.html.

Install Zowe Explorer

Open VSCode and in the left side tool menu select Extensions. From there, in
the "Search Extensions in Marketplace" search field, type Zowe Explorer.
Search results will begin populating, select "Zowe Explorer" and click install,
depicted in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Install Zowe Explorer in VSCode

 3.3.2 IBM Z Open Editor
IBM Z Open Editor brings COBOL and PL/I language support to Microsoft
VSCode. It is one of the several next generation capabilities for an open
development experience for z/OS®. It also works in association with the Zowe
Explorer plugin. For more information on IBM Z Open Editor, please visit:

https://ibm.github.io/zopeneditor-
about/Docs/introduction.html#key-capabilities.

Install IBM Z Open Editor

Open VSCode and in the left side tool menu select Extensions. From there, in
the "Search Extensions in Marketplace" search field, type IBM Z Open
Editor. Search results will begin populating, select " IBM Z Open Editor "
and click install, depicted in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Install IBM Z Open Editor in VSCode

Note: There may be some limitations with IBM Z Open Editor if running a 32-
bit Java version on Windows.

3.4 Summary
In this chapter you have been introduced to VSCode and some of the extension
tools available to it. We have walked through the process of installing the pre-
requisite software, Node.js and Java SDK, as well as VSCode, Zowe Explorer and
IBM Z Open Editor. You have also been briefly introduced to the utility of these
extensions in VSCode. In the subsequent chapters we will delve deeper into how
and when to use them and get some practice through lab assignments.
Part 2 - Learning COBOL
Chapter 4. Basic COBOL

Chapter 5. Data division

Chapter 6. File handling

Chapter 7. Program structure

Chapter 8. File output

Chapter 9. Conditional expressions

Chapter 10. Arithmetic expressions

Chapter 11. Data types

Chapter 12. Intrinsic functions

4. Basic COBOL
This chapter introduces the basics of COBOL syntax. It then demonstrates how to
view and run a basic COBOL program in VSCode.

➢ 4.1 COBOL characteristics

▪ Enterprise COBOL
▪ Chapter objectives

➢ 4.2 What must a novice COBOL programmer know to be an experienced

COBOL programmer?
▪ What are the coding rules and the reference format?
▪ What is the structure of COBOL?
▪ What are COBOL reserved words?
▪ What is a COBOL statement?
▪ What is the meaning of a scope terminator?
▪ What is a COBOL sentence?
▪ What is a COBOL paragraph?
▪ What is a COBOL section?

➢ 4.3 COBOL Divisions

▪ COBOL Divisions structure
▪ What are the four Divisions of COBOL?

➢ 4.4 PROCEDURE DIVISION explained

➢ 4.5 Additional information

▪ Professional manuals
▪ Learn more about recent COBOL advancements

➢ 4.6 Lab 1
4.1 COBOL characteristics
COBOL is an English-like computer language enabling COBOL source code to
be easier to read, understand, and maintain. Learning to program in COBOL
includes knowledge of COBOL source code rules, COBOL reserved words,
COBOL structure, and the ability to locate and interpret professional COBOL
documentation. These COBOL characteristics must be understood, to be
proficient in reading, writing, and maintaining COBOL programs.

4.1.1 Enterprise COBOL

COBOL is a standard and not owned by any company or organization.
"Enterprise COBOL" is the name for the COBOL programming language
compiled and executed in the IBM Z Operating System, z/OS. COBOL details
and explanations in the following chapters apply to Enterprise COBOL.
Enterprise COBOL has decades of advancements, including new functions,
feature extensions, improved performance, application programming interfaces
(APIs), etc. It works with modern infrastructure technologies with native support
for JSON, XML, and Java®.

4.1.2 Chapter objectives

The object of the chapter is to expose the reader to COBOL terminology, coding
rules, and syntax while the remaining chapters include greater detail with labs for
practicing what is introduced in this chapter.

4.2 What must a novice COBOL programmer know to be an

experienced COBOL programmer?
This section will provide the reader with the information needed to more
thoroughly understand the questions and answers being asked in each subsequent
heading.

4.2.1 What are the coding rules and the reference format?
COBOL source code is column dependent, meaning column rules are strictly
enforced. Each COBOL source code line has five areas, where each of these
areas has a beginning and ending column.

COBOL source text must be written in COBOL reference format. Reference

format consists of the areas depicted in Figure 1. in a 72-character line.
Figure 1. COBOL reference format

The COBOL reference format is formatted as follows:

Sequence Number Area (columns 1 - 6)

➢ Blank or reserved for line sequence numbers.

Indicator Area (column 7)

➢ A multi-purpose area:
o Comment line (generally an asterisk symbol)
o Continuation line (generally a hyphen symbol)
o Debugging line (D or d)
o Source listing formatting (a slash symbol)

Area A (columns 8 - 11)

➢ Certain items must begin in Area A, they are:
o Level indicators
o Declarative
o Division, Section, Paragraph headers
o Paragraph names
➢ Column 8 is referred to as the A Margin

Area B (columns 12 - 72)

➢ Certain items must begin in Area B, they are:
o Entries, sentences, statements, and clauses
o Continuation lines
➢ Column 12 is referred to as the B Margin

Identification Area (columns 73 - 80)

➢ Ignored by the compiler.
➢ Can be blank or optionally used by programmer for any purpose.
4.2.2 What is the structure of COBOL?
COBOL is a hierarchy structure consisting and in the top-down order of:
➢ Divisions
➢ Sections
➢ Paragraphs
➢ Sentences
➢ Statements

4.2.3 What are COBOL reserved words?

COBOL programming language has many words with specific meaning to the
COBOL compiler, referred to as reserved words. These reserved words cannot be
used as programmer chosen variable names or programmer chosen data type
names.

A few COBOL reserved words pertinent to this book are: PERFORM, MOVE,
COMPUTE, IF, THEN, ELSE, EVALUATE, PICTURE, etc.. You can find a
table of all COBOL reserved words is located at:

https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/zh/SSZJPZ_
9.1.0/com.ibm.swg.im.iis.ds.mfjob.dev.doc/topics/r_dmn
jbref_COBOL_Reserved_Words.html

4.2.4 What is a COBOL statement?

Specific COBOL reserved words are used to change the execution flow based
upon current conditions. “Statements” only exist within the Procedure Division,
the program processing logic. Examples of COBOL reserved words used to
change the execution flow are:
➢ IF
➢ Evaluate
➢ Perform

4.2.5 What is the meaning of a scope terminator?

A scope terminator can be explicit or implicit. An explicit scope terminator
marks the end of certain PROCEDURE DIVISION statements with the “END-”
COBOL reserved word. Any COBOL verb that is either, always conditional (IF,
EVALUATE), or has a conditional clause (COMPUTE, PERFORM, READ) will
have a matching scope terminator. An implicit scope terminator is a period (.)
that ends the scope of all previous statements that have not yet been ended.
 4.2.6 What is a COBOL sentence?
A COBOL “Sentence” is one or more “Statements” followed by a period (.),
where the period serves as a scope terminator.

4.2.7 What is a COBOL paragraph?

A COBOL “Paragraph” is a user-defined or predefined name followed by a
period. A “Paragraph” consists of zero or more sentences and are the subdivision
of a “Section” or “Division”, see Example 1. below.

Example 1. Division -> paragraph -> sentences

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
*------------------
PROCEDURE DIVISION. Division/Section
*------------------
OPEN-FILES. Paragraph
OPEN INPUT ACCT-REC.
OPEN OUTPUT PRINT-LINE.
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

4.2.8 What is a COBOL section?

A “Section” is either a user-defined or a predefined name followed by a period
and consists of zero or more sentences. A “Section” is a collection of paragraphs.

4.3 COBOL Divisions

This section introduces the four COBOL Divisions and briefly describes their
purpose and characteristics.

4.3.1 COBOL Divisions structure

Divisions are subdivided into Sections.
Sections are subdivided into Paragraphs.
Paragraphs are subdivided into Sentences.
Sentences consists of Statements.
Statements begin with COBOL reserved words and can be subdivided into
“Phrases”

4.3.2 What are the four Divisions of COBOL?

1. IDENTIFICATION DIVISION
The IDENTIFICATION DIVISION identifies the program with a name and,
optionally, gives other identifying information, such as the Author name, program
compiled date (last modified), etc.
 2. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
The ENVIRONMENT DIVISION describes the aspects of your program that
depend on the computing environment, such as the computer configuration and
the computer inputs and outputs.

3. DATA DIVISION
The DATA DIVISION is where characteristics of data are defined in one of the
following sections:
➢ FILE SECTION:
Defines data used in input-output operations.
➢ LINKAGE SECTION:
Describe data from another program.

When defining data developed for internal processing:

➢ WORKING-STORAGE SECTION:
Storage allocated and remaining for the life of the program.
➢ LOCAL-STORAGE SECTION:
Storage allocated each time a program is called and de-allocated when the
program ends.
➢ LINKAGE SECTION:
Describes data from another program.

4. PROCEDURE DIVISION
The PROCEDURE DIVISION contains instructions related to the manipulation
of data and interfaces with other procedures are specified.

4.4 PROCEDURE DIVISION explained

The PROCEDURE DIVISION is where the work gets done in the program.
Statements are in the PROCEDURE DIVISION where they are actions to be
taken by the program. The PROCEDURE DIVISION is required for data to be
processed by the program. PROCEDURE DIVISION of a program is divided
into sections and paragraphs, which contain sentences and statements, as
described here:
➢ Section - A logical subdivision of your processing logic. A section has a
header and is optionally followed by one or more paragraphs. A section can be
the subject of a PERFORM statement. One type of section is for declaratives.
Declaratives are a set of one or more special purpose sections. Special purpose
sections are exactly what they sound like, sections written for special purposes
and may contain things like description of inputs and outputs. They are
written at the beginning of the PROCEDURE DIVISION, the first of which is
preceded by the key word DECLARATIVES and the last of which is followed
by the key word END DECLARATIVES.
 ➢ Paragraph - A subdivision of a section, procedure, or program. A paragraph
can be the subject of a statement.
➢ Sentence - A series of one or more COBOL statements ending with a period.
➢ Statement - An action to be taken by the program, such as adding two
numbers.
➢ Phrase - A small part of a statement (i.e. subdivision), analogous to an
English adjective or preposition

4.5 Additional information

This section provides useful resources in the form of manuals and videos to assist
in learning more about the basics of COBOL.

4.5.1 Professional manuals

As Enterprise COBOL experience advances, the need for the professional
documentation is greater. An internet search for Enterprise COBOL manuals
includes: “Enterprise COBOL for z/OS documentation library – IBM”, link
provided below. The site content has tabs for each COBOL release level. As of
April 2020, the current release of Enterprise COBOL is V6.3. Highlight V6.3 tab,
then select product documentation.

https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/enterprise-cobol-
zos-documentation-library

Three ‘Enterprise COBOL for z/OS” manuals are referenced throughout the
chapters as sources of additional information, for reference and to advance the
level of knowledge. They are:
1. Language Reference - Describes the COBOL language such as program
structure, reserved words, etc.
http://publibfp.boulder.ibm.com/epubs/pdf/igy6lr3
0.pdf

2. Programming Guide - Describes advanced topics such as COBOL compiler

options, program performance optimization, handling errors, etc.
http://publibfp.boulder.ibm.com/epubs/pdf/igy6pg3
0.pdf
3. Messages and Codes - To better understand certain COBOL compiler
messages and return codes to diagnose problems.
http://publibfp.boulder.ibm.com/epubs/pdf/c274648
1.pdf
 4.5.2 Learn more about recent COBOL advancements
➢ What’s New in Enterprise COBOL for z/OS V6.1:
https://youtu.be/N_Zsd1W8hWc
➢ What’s New in Enterprise COBOL for z/OS V6.2:
https://youtu.be/H0iweEbVNFs
➢ What’s New in Enterprise COBOL for z/OS V6.3:
https://youtu.be/bRLKGeB6W2A

4.6 Lab 1
In this lab exercise you will connect to an IBM Z system, view a simple COBOL
hello world program in VSCode, submit JCL to compile the COBOL program,
and view the output. Refer to Chapter 3, “ Installation of VSCode and
extensions”, to configure VSCode with the Zowe Explorer and Z Open Editor
extensions if you have not already done so.

1. The lab assumes installation of VSCode with Z Open Editor and Zowe
Explorer extensions as shown in Figure 2.

Click Extensions icon

List should include:
1. IBM Z Open Editor
2. Zowe Explorer

Figure 2. VSCode extensions

2. Click the Zowe Explorer icon as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Zowe Explorer icon

3. Zowe Explorer can list Data Sets, Unix System Services (USS) files, and Jobs
output as shown in Figure 4. + will appear when hovering to the far right on
the DATA SETS line. Click the + to define a VSCode profile.

Figure 4. Zowe Explorer

4. A box appears to define a new profile. Click + to the left of Create a New
Connection to z/OS as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Create a new connection to z/OS

5. Select a name to enter, then enter. Figure 6. used LearnCOBOL as the

selected connection name.

Figure 6. Set connection name

6. VSCode prompts for z/OSMF URL and port as shown in Figure 7. The
z/OSMF URL and port will normally be provided by z/OS System
Administrator.

Figure 7. z/OSMF URL

7. A sample z/OSMF URL and port is entered as shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8. Specified z/OSMF URL

8. The connection prompts for Username as shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9. User name prompt

9. A sample username, Z99998, is entered as shown in Figure 10. The ID is

assigned by the System Administrator.

Figure 10. Specified user name

10. The connection prompts for the Username Password as shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11. Password prompt

11. Enter the Username Password as shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12. Specified password

12. Select False – Accept connections with self-signed certificates to authorize

workstation connection as shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13. Accept connections with self-signed certifications

13. Result is Favorites in the Data Sets, Unix System Services, and Jobs sections
as shown in Figure 14.

Figure 14. Favorites

14. Again, click on the + to the far right on the Data Sets selection. Result is
another prompt to Create a New Connection to z/OS. LearnCOBOL is in the
connection list. Select LearnCOBOL for the Data Sets available to the
previously defined LearnCOBOL connection to z/OS as shown in Figure 15.

Figure 15. LearnCOBOL connection

15. Expansion of LearnCOBOL reads “Use the search button to display datasets”.
Click the search button as shown in Figure 16.
Figure 16. Search button

16. A prompt to “Select a filter” appears for ID Z99998. Select the + to ‘Create a
new filter” as shown in Figure 17.

Figure 17. Select a filter

17. A prompt appears to enter the filter name to be searched as shown in Figure
18.

Figure 18. Filter name to be searched

18. ID Z99998 has lab data set names that begin the Z99998. Therefore, Z99998
is entered as the filter to searched for ID Z99998 as shown in Figure 19.

Figure 19. Entered filter name

19. A list of data set names beginning with Z99998 for ID Z99998 from z/OS
Connection LearnCOBOL appears as shown in Figure 20.
Figure 20. Filtered data set names

20. Expand Z99998.CBL to view COBOL source members, then select member
HELLO to see a simple COBOL ‘Hello World!’ program as shown in Figure
21.

Figure 21. Z9998.CBL

21. Expand Z99998.JCL to view JCL and select member HELLO which is the
JCL to compile and execute simple ‘Hello World!’ COBOL source code as
shown in Figure 22.

Figure 22. Z99998.JCL

22. Right click on JCL member HELLO. A section box appears. Select Submit
Job for system to process HELLO JCL as shown in Figure 23. The
submitted JCL job compiles the COBOL HELLO source code, then executes
the COBOL HELLO program.

Figure 23. Submit Job

23. Observe the ‘Jobs’ section in Zowe Explorer as shown in Figure 24.

Figure 24. JOBS section

24. Again, click on the + to the far right on the Jobs selection. Result is another
prompt to ‘Create new’. Select LearnCOBOL from the list as shown in
Figure 25.

Figure 25. Select LearnCOBOL connection

25. As a result, the JCL jobs owned by ID Z99998 appears. HELLOCBL is the
JCL job name previously submitted. Expand HELLOCBL output to view
sections of the output as shown in Figure 26.
Figure 26. HELLOCBL output

26. Select COBRUN:SYSPRINT(101) to view the COBOL compiler output.

Scroll forward in the COBOL compile to locate the COBOL source code
compiled into an executable module as shown in Figure 27. Observe the
Indicator Area in column 7, A Area beginning in column 8, and B Area
beginning in column 12. Also, observe the period (.) scope terminators in the
COBOL source.

Figure 27. COBOL compiler output

27. View the COBOL program execution by selecting COBRUN:SYSOUT(105)

from the LearnCOBOL in the Jobs section of Zowe Explorer as shown in
Figure 28.
Figure 28. COBOL program execution

28. The following URL is another excellent document describing the above
VSCode and Zowe Explore details with examples:

https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=
Zowe.vscode-extension-for-zowe
5. Data division
Understanding COBOL variables and program processing of variables are
essential to effectively learning the COBOL language. An experienced COBOL
programmer must master characteristics of COBOL variables and the program
processing using the variables introduced in this chapter. The objective is to
introduce the reader to the basics of COBOL variables while exposing the reader
to the many advanced COBOL variable options.

Following this chapter is a lab available to compile and execute the COBOL
source code provided later in the chapter. Following the successful compile and
execution of one provided program, a second provided COBOL program with a
minor change is available to compile. The second program has an embedded
error and on compile will fail. The failed compilation is an opportunity to
identify the error associated with the significance of PICTURE clause data types
associated with the operation of the COMPUTE statement (discussed in this
chapter) and how to solve the error.

➢ 5.1 Variables / Data-items

▪ Variable / Data-item name restrictions and data types

➢ 5.2 PICTURE clause

▪ PIC clause symbols and data types
▪ Coding COBOL variable / data-item names
▪ PICTURE clause character-string representation

➢ 5.3 Literals
▪ Figurative constants
▪ Data relationships
▪ Levels of data

➢ 5.4 MOVE and COMPUTE

➢ 5.5 Lab 2
5.1 Variables / Data-items
A COBOL variable, also known as a data-item, is a name and is chosen by the
COBOL programmer. The named variable is coded to hold data where the data
value can vary, hence the generic term 'variable'. A COBOL variable name is also
known as 'Data Name'. A COBOL variable name has restrictions.

5.1.1 Variable / Data-item name restrictions and data types

A list of COBOL variable name restrictions or rules are:
➢ Must not be a COBOL reserved word.
➢ Must not contain a space as a part of the name.
➢ Name contains letters (A-Z), digits (0-9), minus sign and hyphens (-).
➢ Maximum length of 30 characters.
➢ A hyphen cannot appear as the first or last character.
➢ An underscore cannot appear as the first character.

Note: A full list of COBOL reserved words can be found in the Enterprise COBOL
Language Reference, Appendix E.

When COBOL source code is compiled into an executable program, the COBOL
compiler is expecting a named COBOL variable to possess attributes such as a
length and data type. During program execution, the variable represents a defined
area of processing memory where the memory location has a maximum length
and designated data type.
A list of the most common COBOL data types are:
➢ Numeric (0-9)
➢ Alphabetic (A-Z), (a-z), or a space
➢ Alphanumeric Numeric and Alphabetic Combination

5.2 PICTURE clause

The COBOL reserved word, PICTURE (PIC), determines the length and data type
of a programmer selected variable name. Data types described by PIC are
commonly referred to as a picture clause or pic clause. Some simple pic clauses
are:
➢ PIC 9 - single numeric value where length is one
➢ PIC 9(4) - four numeric values where length is four
➢ PIC X - single alphanumeric (character) value where length is one
➢ PIC X(4) - four alphanumeric values where length is four
 5.2.1 PIC clause symbols and data types
The maximum length of a picture clause is dependent upon the data type and
compiler options. The PIC reserved word has many more data types beyond
numeric (PIC 9) and alphanumeric (PIC X). As an example, an alphabetic only
data type is defined as PIC A. Other PIC clause symbols are:
B E G N P S U V Z 0 / + - , . * CR DB cs
Where cs is any valid currency symbols such as the dollar sign ($).
All PIC clause symbols are described in the Enterprise COBOL for z/OS
Language Reference manual.

5.2.2 Coding COBOL variable / data-item names

A PIC clause describes the data type of a variable/data-item name. Coding a
variable/data-item is done in the DATA DIVISION. The COBOL code
describing a variable/data-item name is accomplished using a level number and a
picture clause.
➢ Level number - A hierarchy of fields in a record.
➢ Variable name / Data-item name - Assigns a name to each field to be
referenced in the program and must be unique within the program.
➢ Picture clause - For data type checking.
Figure 1. below is an example of COBOL level numbers with respective
variable/data-item names and picture clause.

5.2.3 PICTURE clause character-string representation

Some PIC clause symbols can appear only once in a PIC clause character-string,
while other can appear more than once. For example:
➢ PIC clause to hold value 1123.45 is coded as follows, where the V represents
the decimal position.
PIC 9(4)V99
➢ PIC clause for a value such as $1,123.45 is coded as follows:
PIC $9,999V99

5.3 Literals
A COBOL literal is constant data value, meaning the value will not change like a
variable can. The COBOL statement, DISPLAY "HELLO WORLD!", is a
COBOL reserved word, DISPLAY, followed by a literal, HELLO WORLD!

5.3.1 Figurative constants

Figurative constants are reserved words that name and refer to specific constant
values. Examples of figurative constants are:
➢ ZERO, ZEROS, ZEROES
 ➢ SPACE, SPACES
➢ HIGH-VALUE, HIGH-VALUES
➢ LOW-VALUE, LOW-VALUES
➢ QUOTE, QUOTES
➢ NULL, NULLS

5.3.2 Data relationships

The relationships among all data to be used in a program is defined in the DATA
DIVISION, through a system of level indicators and level-numbers. A level
indicator, with its descriptive entry, identifies each file in a program. Level
indicators represent the highest level of any data hierarchy with which they are
associated. A level-number, with its descriptive entry, indicates the properties of
specific data. Level-numbers can be used to describe a data hierarchy; they can
indicate that this data has a special purpose.

Level numbers
A structured level number hierarchic relationship is available to all DATA
DIVISION sections. Figure 1. shows the level number hierarchic relationship
with programmer chosen level numbers, variable names and PIC clauses in the
File Section where “01 PRINT-REC” references the following “05”-level group
of variables and the “01 ACCT-FIELDS” references the following “05"-level
group of variables. Observe 05-level CLIENT-ADDR is further subdivided into
several 10-level names. COBOL code referencing the name CLIENT-ADDR
includes the 10-level names.

Figure 1. Level number hierarchic relationship

 5.3.3 Levels of data
After a record is defined, it can be subdivided to provide more detailed data
references as seen in Figure 1. A level number is a one-digit or two-digit integer
between 01 and 49, or one of three special level numbers: 66, 77, or 88 where the
variable names are assigned attributes different from the 01-49-level numbers.
The relationship between level numbers within a group item defines the hierarchy
of data within that group. A group item includes all group and elementary items
that follow it until a level number less than or equal to the level number of that
group is encountered.

5.4 MOVE and COMPUTE

MOVE and COMPUTE reserved word statements alter the value of variable
names. Each MOVE shown in Figure 2. results in a literal stored in a 77-level
variable name. The COMPUTE statement, also shown in Figure 2. , stores the
value of HOURS * RATE in GROSS-PAY. All three variable names are
assigned a numeric value data type using PIC 9, which is necessary for the
operation of the COMPUTE statement.

Figure 2. MOVE and COMPUTE example

5.5 Lab 2
Note: It may take a few seconds to load in all segments of this lab. If files are not
loading, hit the refresh button on the list that appears when hovering over the section
bar.

1. View the PAYROL00 COBOL source code member in the 'id'.CBL data set.

2. Submit the JCL member, PAYROL00, from the id.JCL, where id is your
id,dropdown. This is where id.JCL(PAYROL00) compiles and successfully
executes the PAYROL00. program.

Figure 3. Submit PAYROL00 job

Note: If you receive this error message after submitting the job:

That is because you submitted the job from the .CBL data set and not the .JCL data set.

3. View both compile and execution of PAYROL00 job output, referenced in Figure
4.
 Compile

Execution

Figure 4. PAYROL00 output

4. Next, view PAYROL0X COBOL source code member in id.CBL data set.

5. View and submit the JCL member, PAYROL0X, from the id.JCL dropdown. This
is where id.JCL(PAYROL0X) compiles and executes the PAYROL0X program.

6. View the compile of PAYROLL0X job output, notice there is no execution

output.

Do you notice a difference between this compile and the previous job compile
shown in Figure 5. ?

Figure 5. Compare job compiles

The difference is the return/completion code associated with each job output,
located both next to the job output name within the JOBS section as shown above,
or at the end of the compile output as, 0Return code ##. A return code of 12
means there was an error, but how do we know what that error was? Continue to
find out!

7. Observe the text associated with IGYPA3146-S on line 137 within the job output
(compile), illustrated in Figure 6.

Figure 6. IGYPA3146-S message

 Notice that this line tells you to focus on the GROSS-PAY picture clause in order
to identify the problem. Use this information, modify the PAYROL0X COBOL
source code to fix the error. Be sure you are editing the correct code.

8. After modifying, re-submit the PAYROL0X JCL to verify the problem has been
identified and corrected, resulting in a successful compile and execution with a
return code of zero, shown in Figure 7.

First Submit
Second Submit

Figure 7. Compare return codes

6. File handling
The previous chapter and lab focused on variables and moving literals into
variables, then writing variable content using the COBOL DISPLAY statement.
Chapter 8 introduces reading records from files into variables, moving the
variables to output variables, and writing the output variables to a different file. A
simple COBOL program to read each record from a file and write each record to a
different file is used to illustrate COBOL code necessary to read records from an
input external data source and write records to an output external data source.
An experienced COBOL programmer can answer the question, "How does an
Enterprise COBOL program read data from an input external data source and
write data to an output external data source?" The objective of this chapter is to
provide enough comprehensive information for the reader to be able to answer
that question.

➢ 6.1 COBOL code used for sequential file handling

▪ COBOL inputs and outputs
▪ FILE-CONTROL paragraph
▪ COBOL external data source
▪ Data sets, records, and fields
▪ Blocks
▪ ASSIGN clause

➢ 6.2 PROCEDURE DIVISION sequential file handling

▪ Open input and output for read and write
▪ Close input and output

➢ 6.3 COBOL programming techniques to read and write records

sequentially
▪ READ-NEXT-RECORD paragraph execution
▪ READ-RECORD paragraph
▪ WRITE-RECORD paragraph
▪ Iterative processing of READ-NEXT-RECORD paragraph

➢ 6.4 Lab 3
6.1 COBOL code used for sequential file handling
COBOL code used for sequential file handling involves:
➢ ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
o SELECT clauses
o ASSIGN clauses
➢ DATA DIVISION.
o FD statements
➢ PROCEDURE DIVISION.
o OPEN statements
o CLOSE statements
o READ INTO statement
o WRITE FROM statement

6.1.1 COBOL inputs and outputs

The ENVIRONMENT DIVISION and DATA DIVISION describes the inputs
and outputs used in the PROCEDURE DIVISION program logic. Previous
chapters introduced variable descriptions in the DATA DIVISION and literals
were moved into the defined variables. The role of the ENVIRONMENT
DIVISION and more specifically, the INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION, FILE-
CONTROL paragraph introduces accessing external data sources where the data
from external sources are moved into defined variables.

6.1.2 FILE-CONTROL paragraph

The FILE-CONTROL paragraph associates each COBOL internal file name with
an external dataset name. Within the FILE-CONTROL paragraph, the SELECT
clause creates an internal file name and the ASSIGN clause creates an external
dataset name. Figure 1. shows the PRINT-LINE internal file name associated
with the PRTLINE external dataset name and the ACCT-REC internal file name
associated with the ACCTREC external dataset name. Section 6.1.6 further
explains the SELECT ASSIGN TO relationship.

Figure 1. FILE-CONTROL

While SELECT gives a name to an internal file and ASSIGN gives a name to the
external dataset name, a COBOL program needs more information about both.
The COBOL compiler is given more information about both in the DATA
DIVISION, FILE SECTION.
 The COBOL reserved word 'FD' is used to give the COBOL compiler more
information about internal file names in the FILE-SECTION. The code below the
FD statement is the record layout. The record layout consists of level numbers,
variable names, data types, and lengths as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. FILE-SECTION

6.1.3 COBOL external data source

Enterprise COBOL source code compiles and executes on IBM Z Mainframe
hardware where z/OS is the operating system software. z/OS stores data in both
data sets and Unix files. z/OS includes many data storage methods. This chapter
will focus on the z/OS sequential data storage method. A sequential dataset is a
collection of records.

6.1.4 Data sets, records, and fields

A dataset has many records. A record is a single line in the dataset and has a
defined length. Each record can be subdivided into fields where each field has a
defined length. Therefore, the sum of all field lengths would equal the length of
the record. Observe Figure 3.

6.1.5 Blocks
Each record read by the program can result in disk storage access. A program
typically reads 1 record at a time in sequential order until all records are read.
When a record is read, the record retrieved from disk is stored in memory for
program access. When each next record read requires the need to retrieve the
record from disk, system performance is impacted negatively. Records can be
blocked where a block is a group of records. The result is when the first record is
read, then an entire block of records is read into memory assuming the program
 will be reading the second, third, etc. records avoiding unnecessary disk retrievals
and negative system performance. The memory holding a record or block of
records to be read by the program is known as a buffer. COBOL BLOCK
CONTAINS clause is available to specify the size of the block in the buffer.
Observe Figure 3.

Figure 3. Records, fields, and blocks

6.1.6 ASSIGN clause

While the SELECT clause name is an internal file name, the ASSIGN clause
name is describing a data source external to the program. z/OS uses Job Control
Language, JCL, operations to tell the system what program to load and execute
followed by input and output names needed by the program. The JCL input and
output names are call DDNAMEs. The JCL DDNAME statement includes a JCL
DD operation where DD is an abbreviation for Data Definition. On the same
DDNAME statement is the system-controlled data set name.

COBOL code “SELECT ACCT-REC ASSIGN TO ACCTREC” requires a JCL

DDNAME ACCTREC with a DD redirecting ACCTREC to a z/OS controlled
dataset name, MY.DATA. The COBOL program is shown in Example 1.

The purpose of the redirection of ACCT-REC, via ASSIGN TO, to JCL

DDNAME, ACCTREC is flexibility. ACCT-REC is used in the program itself,
ACCTREC is a bridge to JCL, shown in Example 1. , and a DD JCL statement
links ACCTREC to an actual dataset, shown in Example 2. This flexibility allows
the same COBOL program to access a different data source with a simple JCL
modification avoiding requirement to change the source code to reference the
alternate data source.

Example 1. COBOL program

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
SELECT ACCT-REC ASSIGN TO ACCTREC

The JCL statement required by the compiled COBOL program during execution
to redirect ACCTREC to the MY.DATA z/OS controlled dataset is shown in
Example 2.
 Example 2. JCL statement
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
//ACCTREC DD DSN=MY.DATA,DISP=SHR

In summary, ACCT-REC is the internal file name. ACCTREC is the external

name where a JCL DDNAME must match the COBOL ASSIGN TO ACCTREC
name. At program execution the JCL ACCTREC DDNAME statement is
redirected to the dataset name identified immediately after the JCL DD operation.

ACCT-REC >>> ACCTREC >>> //ACCTREC >>> DD >>> MY.DATA

As a result, the COBOL internal ACCT-REC file name reads data records from
sequential dataset named MY.DATA.

JCL is a separate z/OS technical skill. The introduction to COBOL explains just
enough about JCL to understand how the COBOL internal file name locates the
external sequential dataset name. To read more on JCL, visit the IBM Knowledge
Center:

https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/zosbasics/
com.ibm.zos.zjcl/zjclc_basicjclconcepts.htm

6.2 PROCEDURE DIVISION sequential file handling

During COBOL program runtime, SELECT ASSIGN TO a JCL DDNAME is
mandatory. If the ASSIGN TO name fails to associate with a JCL DDNAME of
the same spelling, at runtime, then a program runtime error occurs when the
OPEN operation is attempted. A message appears in the runtime output
indicating the DDNAME was not found. READ and WRITE are dependent upon
successful completion of the OPEN operation. The compiler cannot detect the
runtime error because the compiler is unaware of the actual runtime JCL
DDNAME dataset name subject to OPEN, READ, or WRITE. The FD, File
Descriptor, mapping of the data record fields requires a successful OPEN to be
populated by subsequent READ or WRITE operations.

6.2.1 Open input and output for read and write

COBOL inputs and outputs must be opened to connect the selected internal name
to the assigned external name. Figure 4. opens the file name ACCT-REC as
program input and file name PRINT-LINE as program output.

Figure 4. OPEN-FILES
 6.2.2 Close input and output
COBOL inputs and outputs should be closed at program completion or better yet
when the program is done reading from or writing to the internal file name.
Figure 5. closes the internal file name ACCT-REC and internal file name PRINT-
LINE, then stops processing, STOP RUN.

Figure 5. CLOSE-STOP

6.3 COBOL programming techniques to read and write records

sequentially
When reading records, the program needs to first check for no records to be read
or check for no more records to be read. If a record exists, then the fields in the
read record populate variable names defined by the FD clause. COBOL uses a
PERFORM statement for iteration. In computer programming, iterative is used to
describe a situation in which a sequence of instructions or statements can be
executed multiple times. One pass through the sequence is called an iteration.
Iterative execution is also called a loop. In other programming languages, ‘DO’
or ‘FOR’ statements are used for iterative execution. COBOL uses a PERFORM
statement for iterative execution. Figure 6. shows four programmer chosen
paragraph names in the PROCEDURE DIVISION.

➢ READ-NEXT-RECORD
➢ CLOSE-STOP
➢ READ-RECORD
➢ WRITE-RECORD

READ-NEXT-RECORD repeatedly executes READ-RECORD and WRITE-

RECORD until a last record is encountered. When the last record is encountered,
then CLOSE-STOP is executed stopping the program.
 Figure 6. Reading and writing records

Note: COBOL is English-like and COBOL reserved words are English-like. The
programmer is free to use English-like variable names to help remember the purpose of the
variable names. The PROCEDURE DIVISION structure is English-like. A paragraph
contains one or more sentences. A sentence contains one or more statements. The implicit
scope terminator, a period (.), terminates a sentence or terminates several consecutive
statements which would be analogous to a compounded sentence where ‘and’ joins
potentially independent sentences together.

6.3.1 READ-NEXT-RECORD paragraph execution

The READ-NEXT-RECORD paragraph is a COBOL programming technique
used to read all records from a sequential file UNTIL the last record is read. The
paragraph contains a compounded sentence terminated by an implicit scope
terminator, (.) period, on a separate line following the END-PERFORM
statement. The PERFORM UNTIL through END-PERFORM, explicit scope
terminator, is repeatedly executed until LASTREC variable contains Y. The first
PERFORM READ-RECORD results in a branch to the READ-RECORD
paragraph. Observe #1 in Figure 7.

6.3.2 READ-RECORD paragraph

The READ-RECORD paragraph executes the COBOL READ statement resulting
in the external sequential file populating the variables associated with ACCT-
REC internal file name. If ‘AT END’ of records read, then Y is moved into the
LASTREC variable. The READ statement is terminated by an explicit scope
terminator, END-READ. The paragraph is terminated by an implicit scope
terminator, (.) period. Control is returned to READ-NEXT-RECORD paragraph
to execute the next statement, PERFORM WRITE-RECORD.
 6.3.3 WRITE-RECORD paragraph
The WRITE-RECORD paragraph contains several sentences terminated by an
implicit scope terminator, (.) period. The MOVE statements result in each input
file variable name moved to an output file variable name. The last sentence in the
paragraph writes the collection of output file variable names, PRINT-REC.
PRINT-REC is assigned to PRTREC. JCL is used to execute the COBOL
program. An associated JCL PRTREC DDNAME redirects the written output to
a z/OS controlled data set name, etc. using JCL DD operation on the JCL
DDNAME statement. Observe #2 in Figure 7.

6.3.4 Iterative processing of READ-NEXT-RECORD paragraph

Once all statements in the WRITE-RECORD paragraph are executed, then control
is returned to the READ-NEXT-RECORD paragraph where the next sentence to
be executed is the second PERFORM READ-RECORD statement.
Again, the READ-RECORD paragraph executes the COBOL READ statement,
resulting in the external sequential file populating the variables associated with
ACCT-REC internal file name. If ‘AT END’ of records read, Y is moved into the
LASTREC variable, then returns control to READ-NEXT-RECORD paragraph.
The READ-NEXT-RECORD paragraph would continue the iterative process
UNTIL Y is found in the LASTREC variable. Observe #3 in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Iterative processing

6.4 Lab 3
The lab associated with this chapter demonstrates the ‘end-of-file’ COBOL
coding technique for reading all data records from a sequential file. If a step has
an asterisk (*) next to it, it will have a hint associated at the end of the lab content.
1. If not already, open VSCode and select Zowe Explorer from the left sidebar.

Note: If you are opening a new instance of VSCode (i.e. you closed out of it after the previous
usage), you may need to 'Select a filter' again. You can do so by selecting the search icon ( )
next to your named connection in the DATA SETS section and then reselecting the filter
previously used. It should be in the listed filters after you have selected the search symbol.

2. View these COBOL source code members listed in the id.CBL data set:
➢ CBL0001
➢ CBL0002

3. View these three JCL members in the id.JCL data set:

➢ CBL0001J
➢ CBL0002J
➢ CBL0003J

Figure 8. Id.JCL(CBL0001J).jcl

4. Submit job, JCL(CBL0001J), within the DATA SET section.

5. View that job output using the JOBS section.

➢ COBRUN:SYSPRINT(101) - COBOL program compiler output
➢ RUN:PRTLINE(103) - COBOL program execution output, shown in Figure
9.
 Figure 9. RUN:PRTLINE(103) for JCL(CBL0001J)

6. Submit job, JCL(CBL0002J), within the DATA SET section.

7. View that job output using the JOBS section.

➢ COBRUN:SYSPRINT(101) - COBOL program compiler output

Locate COBOL compiler severe message IGYPS2121-S within the output file
referred to in step 7, shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10. IGYPS2121-S message

8. Edit CBL(CBL0002):
➢ Determine appropriate spelling of PRINT-REX, correct it within the source
code and save the updated source code.

9. Re-submit job, JCL(CBL0002J), using the DATA SET section and view the
output in the JOBS section.
➢ COBRUN:SYSPRINT(101) COBOL program compiler output
➢ RUN:PRTLINE(103) is the COBOL program execution output (if correction
is successful)

10. Submit job, JCL(CBL0003J), using the DATA SET section.

11. View CBL0003J ABENDU4038 output, using the JOBS section:
➢ View the IGZ00355 abend message in RUN:SYSOUT(104) from the COBOL
program execution output.
➢ IGZ00355 reads, program is unable to open or close ACCTREC file name,
shown in Figure 11. guiding you to the root of the error.

Figure 11. RUN:SYSOUT(104) message

12. Fix this error by editing JCL(CBL0003J):

➢ Determine the DDNAME needed, but missing or misspelled. *
➢ Correct it within the code and save

13. Re-submit job, JCL(CBL0003J), using the DATA SET section.

14. View CBL0003J output using the JOBS section, your output should look like
Figure 12.
➢ RUN:PRTLINE - COBOL program execution output (if correction is
successful)

Figure 12. RUN:PRTLINE(103) for JCL(CBL0003J)

Lab hints
13. The error is located on line 11, adjust 'ACCTREX' accordingly.

Figure 13. Error in id.JCL(CBL0003J).jcl

7. Program structure
In this chapter we discuss the concept of structured programming and how it
relates to COBOL. We highlight the key techniques within the COBOL language
that allow you to write good well-structured programs.

➢ 7.1 Styles of programming

▪ What is structured programming
▪ What is Object Orientated Programming
▪ COBOL programming style

➢ 7.2 Structure of the Procedure Division

▪ Program control and flow through a basic program
▪ Inline and out of line perform statements
▪ Using performs to code a loop
▪ Learning bad behavior using the GO TO keyword

➢ 7.3 Paragraphs as blocks of code

▪ Designing the content of a paragraph
▪ Order and naming of paragraphs

➢ 7.4 Program control with paragraphs

▪ PERFORM TIMES
▪ PERFORM THROUGH
▪ PERFORM UNTIL
▪ PERFORM VARYING

➢ 7.5 Using subprograms

▪ Specifying the target program
▪ Specifying program variables
▪ Specifying the return value

➢ 7.6 Summary
7.1 Styles of programming
Before we discuss in more detail how to structure a program written in COBOL,
it's important to understand the type of language COBOL is and how it's both
different from other languages and how it affects the way you might structure
your programs.

7.1.1 What is structured programming

Structured programming is the name given to a set of programming styles that
could include functional, procedural amongst others. Structured programming
technique results in program logic being easier to understand and maintain.
Examples of structured programming languages are C, PL/I, Python and of
course, COBOL. These languages, given specific control flow structures such as
loops, functions and methods, allow a programmer to organize their code in a
meaningful way.

Unstructured programming constructs, also known as spaghetti code, are concepts

such as GOTO or JUMP which allow the flow of execution to branch wildly
around the source code. Such code like this is hard to analyze and read.
Although COBOL does contain these structures, it is important to use them
sparingly and not as the backbone of well-structured code.

Well-structured code is both easy to understand and to maintain. It is highly

likely that at some point in your career you will be required to read and work from
someone else's code, often a decade after it was originally written. It would be
extremely helpful to you if the original author structured their code well and
likewise if it is your code someone else is reading.

7.1.2 What is Object Orientated Programming

Object Orientated programming, or OO programming, differs from structured
programming, although it borrows a lot of the same concepts. In OO
programming, code is split up into multiple classes, each representing an actor
within the system. Each class is made up of variables and a sequence of methods.
Instantiations of a class or objects can execute methods of another object. Each
class within an OO program can be considered a structured program, as it will still
contain methods and iteration constructs. However, it is the composition of the
program from a set of individual classes that makes OO programming different.
It is possible to write Object Orientated COBOL; however, it is not supported by
some of the middleware products that provide COBOL APIs. It is not generally
used within the market and so it is not covered in this course.

7.1.3 COBOL programming style

COBOL doesn't directly have some of the components of a structured
programming language as you may know them if you have studied a language
like C or Java. COBOL doesn't contain for or while loops, nor does it contain
 defined functions or methods. Because COBOL is meant to be a language that is
easy to read these concepts are embodied through the use of the PERFORM
keyword and the concept of paragraphs. This allows the programmer to still
create these structures, but in a way that is easy to read and follow.

7.2 Structure of the Procedure Division

As you already know, a COBOL program is split into several divisions, including
identification, environment and data. However, this chapter concerns itself with
how you structure the content of the procedure division to be easy to read,
understandable and maintainable in the future.

7.2.1 Program control and flow through a basic program

Typically, execution in a COBOL program begins at the first statement within the
procedure division and progresses sequentially through each line until it reaches
the end of the source code. For example, take a look at Example 1. Snippet from
TOTEN1. This is a simple program that displays a simple message counting to
ten.

Example 1. Snippet from TOTEN1

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
OPEN OUTPUT PRINT-LINE.

MOVE 'THE NUMBER IS: ' TO MSG-HEADER OF PRINT-REC.

ADD 1 TO COUNTER GIVING COUNTER.

MOVE COUNTER TO MSG-TO-WRITE.
WRITE PRINT-REC.

ADD 1 TO COUNTER GIVING COUNTER.

MOVE COUNTER TO MSG-TO-WRITE.
WRITE PRINT-REC.

...

CLOSE PRINT-LINE.
STOP RUN.

Although this code is very simple to read, it's not very elegant, there is a lot of
code repetition as the number is increased. Obviously, we want to provide some
structure to the program. There are three keywords that we can use to transfer
 control to a different section of the source code and provide the structure we need.
These keywords are PERFORM, GO TO and CALL.

7.2.2 Inline and out of line perform statements

The PERFORM keyword is a very flexible element of the COBOL language, as it
allows functions and loops to be entered. At the most basic level, a PERFORM
allows control to be transferred to another section of the code. Once this section
has executed, control returns to the following line of code. Take the following
example:

Example 2. Snippet from TOTEN2

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
OPEN OUTPUT PRINT-LINE.

MOVE 'THE NUMBER IS: ' TO MSG-HEADER OF PRINT-REC.

PERFORM WRITE-NEW-RECORD.
PERFORM WRITE-NEW-RECORD.
PERFORM WRITE-NEW-RECORD.
PERFORM WRITE-NEW-RECORD.
PERFORM WRITE-NEW-RECORD.
PERFORM WRITE-NEW-RECORD.
PERFORM WRITE-NEW-RECORD.
PERFORM WRITE-NEW-RECORD.
PERFORM WRITE-NEW-RECORD.
PERFORM WRITE-NEW-RECORD.

CLOSE PRINT-LINE.
STOP RUN.

WRITE-NEW-RECORD.
ADD 1 TO COUNTER GIVING COUNTER
MOVE COUNTER TO MSG-TO-WRITE
WRITE PRINT-REC.

In this example, the three lines of code that constructed a new line of output and
printed it has been extracted into a new paragraph called WRITE-NEW-
RECORD. This paragraph is then performed ten times by use of the PERFORM
keyword. Each time the PERFORM keyword is used, execution jumps to the
paragraph WRITE-NEW-RECORD, executes the three lines contained within that
 paragraph before returning to the line following the PERFORM statement. The
concept of a paragraph will be covered later in this chapter in more depth.

7.2.3 Using performs to code a loop

The code we have built so far is still not optimal, the repetition of the perform
statement ten times is inelegant and can be optimized. Observe the following
snippet of code:

Example 3. Snippet from TOTEN2

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
MOVE 'THE NUMBER IS: ' TO MSG-HEADER OF PRINT-REC.

PERFORM VARYING COUNTER FROM 01 BY 1 UNTIL COUNTER

EQUAL 11
MOVE COUNTER TO MSG-TO-WRITE
WRITE PRINT-REC
END-PERFORM.

CLOSE PRINT-LINE.
STOP RUN.

In this example, we are using the PERFORM keyword in a way that is similar to a
for loop in other languages. The loop runs from the PERFORM keyword to the
END-PERFORM keyword. Each time execution iterates over the loop, the value
of COUNTER is incremented and tested by one. For comparison, the same loop
would be written in Java like so:

Example 4. Java example

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
for(int counter =0; counter<11; counter++){
//move counter to msg-to-write
//write print-rec
}

Although the COBOL version is perhaps more verbose than a for loop in other
languages, it is easier to read, and remember you always have autocomplete (if
you are using a good editor) to help you with the typing.

7.2.4 Learning bad behavior using the GO TO keyword

Programmers tend to have strong beliefs about choice of editor, tabs or spaces and
many heated discussions have been had on such subjects. However, if there is
one thing that we can agree on, it is that use of GO TO is usually a bad idea. To
demonstrate why GO TO can be a poor idea, we will take a look at TOTEN2
again, and replace the second instance of the PERFORM keyword with a GO TO,
shown in Example 5.

Example 5. GO TO example
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
PERFORM WRITE-NEW-RECORD.
GO TO WRITE-NEW-RECORD.
PERFORM WRITE-NEW-RECORD.

If we were to compile and run the program, you would see that although the job
ABENDS (abnormally ends) with a 4038-abend code, it did execute some of the
code and wrote the first two lines of the output. If you were to look at the output
in more detail, you would see a message like the following:

Example 6. Abend from GO TO example

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
IGZ0037S The flow of control in program TOTEN1
proceeded beyond the last line of the program.

So, what went so terribly wrong when we used the GO TO command? To answer
this, we need to understand the key difference between GO TO and PERFORM.
On the first line we used the PERFORM keyword, that transferred control to the
WRITE-NEW-RECORD paragraph. Once the execution reached the end of that
paragraph, execution returned to the line following the PERFORM statement.
The next line used the GOTO keyword to again transfer control to the WRITE-
NEW-RECORD paragraph, which prints the second line of output. However,
when that paragraph completed, execution continued to the next line following the
WRITE-NEW-RECORD paragraph. Since there are no lines of code following
that paragraph the processor tried to execute code beyond the program, z/OS
caught this as a problem and abended the program.

As we can see, the use of GO TO causes a branch of execution that doesn't return
to the line of code that issued it. Let's demonstrate how messy this code can get:

Example 7. Messy code using GO TO

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
0 01 FLAG PIC 9(1) VALUE 1.
1 OPEN OUTPUT PRINT-LINE.
2 GO TO SAY-HELLO-WORLD DEPENDING ON FLAG.
3
4 PRINT-NEW-MESSAGE.
 5 MOVE 2 TO FLAG
6 GO TO SAY-HELLO-COBOL DEPENDING ON FLAG
7 GO TO END-RUN.
8
9 SAY-HELLO-WORLD.
10 MOVE "Hello World" TO MSG-TO-WRITE
11 WRITE PRINT-REC
12 GO TO PRINT-NEW-MESSAGE.
13
14 SAY-HELLO-COBOL.
15 MOVE "Hello COBOL" TO MSG-TO-WRITE
16 WRITE PRINT-REC
17 GO TO END-RUN.
18
19 END-RUN.
20 CLOSE PRINT-LINE
21 STOP RUN.

This example is using a mix of conditional and non-conditional GO TO

statements, and there are included line numbers to make following the code
easier. Line 2 executes and will branch to SAY-HELLO-WORLD on line 9, if
the flag variable is set to 1. In this case, it is, so we progress through lines 9-12
and branch to lines 4-6 where the value of the flag is updated and tested again to
see if we should jump to SAY-HELLO-COBOL. Since the value of flag is no
longer 1, execution just continues to line 7 before jumping to line 19 and finishing
the run. Take this program and comment out line 5 and run the program again.
Track the execution of the program. Messy right?

Note: Both the TO and ON parts of the conditional GO TO statement can be omitted,
giving a statement that looks like GO SAY-HELLO-WORLD DEPENDING FLAG.
Which although is less verbose, is no less easy to understand.

So why teach you something that we have said is messy and not advised? Well,
by giving you some understanding of its behavior, you will be better equipped
when looking through existing code and maintaining it.

7.3 Paragraphs as blocks of code

So far in this section we have used a few examples of paragraphs without really
explaining what they are, how they work and what they can be used for. This
section addresses that.
 The most analogous way to think about a paragraph in COBOL is to think of a
function or method in another language that accepts no parameters, returns no
response and alters global variables. It is basically a block of code that performs a
sequence of actions that could be used multiple times within the same program.
A paragraph is defined within the procedure division and starts at column eight
and can have any name that the user likes, apart from a COBOL keyword, and the
declaration of the paragraph is completed with a period (.). A paragraph can
contain one to many COBOL sentences and is terminated either by the start of
another paragraph or the physical end of the program.

Note: A paragraph can also be ended by END-PROGRAM, END-METHOD, END

FACTORY OR END-OBJECT. Most of these are used within Object Orientated COBOL
which is not discussed here.

Considering that a program can be made up of multiple paragraphs and that the
PERFORM keyword can be used to call the paragraph, either conditionally or as
part of a loop, it is easy to see that good paragraph design really helps makes your
COBOL more structured and readable.

7.3.1 Designing the content of a paragraph

There are no restrictions as to what content can go inside a paragraph, however,
there are two main reasons why you might want to refactor code to be inside a
paragraph:

1. To group a sequence of COBOL sentences together that achieve a particular

function or task, such as, open all the files that an application is using,
calculate a particular function or perform some data validation. Grouping
such sentences into a paragraph allows you to give them a name that explains
the purpose of the lines of code.
2. The sequence of sentences will be used within a loop. Extracting these lines
into a paragraph and then using the PERFORM keyword to create a loop can
make for very comprehensible code.

Remember that you can also perform other paragraphs within existing paragraphs.
This nested calling of paragraphs can again, help to structure your code. (maybe
an example here)

7.3.2 Order and naming of paragraphs

There is no requirement about the order that paragraphs should appear within a
COBOL program. A paragraph can be called from a point either before or after
where it is declared. Although there are no restrictions enforced by the language,
there are some techniques that you can follow that will make larger programs
easier to follow and understand. Some of these techniques and best practices are:
➢ Name each paragraph to correspond with its function or behavior. A
paragraph named OPEN-INPUT-FILES. is a lot more understandable than one
named DO-FILE-STUFF.
➢ Order the paragraphs in the general order in which they will be executed at
runtime. Doing this has two main advantages. Using the outline view in a
modern IDE will allow you to 'read' the name of each paragraph from top to
bottom, in doing so you will be able to establish the general structure of the
program and its behavior.
➢ Some COBOL programmers prefix the name of paragraphs with a number
that increases throughout the source code as per Example 8.

Because the paragraphs are numbered and appear in the source code in that
order, when a sentence references a paragraph it is easier to know where in the
program that paragraph might appear. When initially structuring a program in
this way, the numbers used would only increment the highest significant
figure, allowing for new paragraphs to be inserted in between if needed.
Although the rise of modern editors, which allow outlining and instant
jumping to a reference or declaration, makes this technique of less necessity, it
is still useful to understand.

Example 8. Numbered paragraphs

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
PERFORM 1000-OPEN-FILES.
PERFORM 2000-READ-NEXT-RECORD.
GO TO 3000-CLOSE-STOP.

1000-OPEN-FILES.
OPEN INPUT ACCT-REC.
OPEN OUTPUT PRINT-LINE.
*
2000-READ-NEXT-RECORD.
PERFORM 4000-READ-RECORD
PERFORM UNTIL LASTREC = 'Y'
PERFORM 5000-WRITE-RECORD
PERFORM 4000-READ-RECORD
END-PERFORM.
*
3000-CLOSE-STOP.
CLOSE ACCT-REC.
CLOSE PRINT-LINE.
STOP RUN.
*
4000-READ-RECORD.
READ ACCT-REC
AT END MOVE 'Y' TO LASTREC
END-READ.
*
5000-WRITE-RECORD.
MOVE ACCT-NO TO ACCT-NO-O.
MOVE ACCT-LIMIT TO ACCT-LIMIT-O.
MOVE ACCT-BALANCE TO ACCT-BALANCE-O.
MOVE LAST-NAME TO LAST-NAME-O.
MOVE FIRST-NAME TO FIRST-NAME-O.
MOVE COMMENTS TO COMMENTS-O.
WRITE PRINT-REC.
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

Lastly, it is common to explicitly end a paragraph by coding an empty

paragraph following each paragraph, see Example 9. This empty paragraph
does not contain any code, has the same name as the paragraph it is closing,
suffixed with -END and is in turn closed by the starting of a following
paragraph. But it can be used as a visual delimiter and is useful when using
the PERFORM THRU keyword, which is discussed further on in this chapter.
Some Java programmers who have learned COBOL have commented that it is
equivalent to the closing brace ("}") at the end of a block of code.

Example 9. Explicitly closed paragraphs

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
1000-OPEN-FILES.
OPEN INPUT ACCT-REC.
OPEN OUTPUT PRINT-LINE.
1000-OPEN-FILES-END.
*
2000-READ-NEXT-RECORD.
PERFORM 4000-READ-RECORD
PERFORM UNTIL LASTREC = 'Y'
PERFORM 5000-WRITE-RECORD
PERFORM 4000-READ-RECORD
END-PERFORM.
2000-READ-NEXT-RECORD-END.
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
7.4 Program control with paragraphs
So far in this chapter we have discussed the importance of using paragraphs to
structure your code. In doing this, we have used the PERFORM keyword a few
times to execute the paragraphs we had created. Specifically, we used the
keyword by itself and used it with the VARYING keyword to construct a loop. In
this section, we will discuss in more detail how the PERFORM keyword can be
used.

7.4.1 PERFORM TIMES

Perhaps the simplest way of repeating a perform statement is to use the TIMES
keyword to perform a paragraph or sections of code a static number of times,
shown in Example 10.

Example 10. TIMES

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
PERFORM 10 TIMES
MOVE FIELD-A TO FIELD-B
WRITE RECORD
END-PERFORM.
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

The required number of times that the code should be executed can either be a
literal, as above, or the value of a numeric variable as shown in Example 11.
where the PERFORM keyword is being used to execute a paragraph.

Example 11. TIMES 2

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
PERFORM MY-NEW-PARAGRAPH COUNTER TIMES.
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

7.4.2 PERFORM THROUGH

You may require a sequential list of paragraphs to be executed in turn, instead of
performing them individually. The THROUGH or THRU keyword can be used
to list the start and end paragraphs of the list. Execution will progress through
each of the paragraphs as they appear in the source code, from beginning to end,
before returning to the line following the initial perform statement, observe
Example 12.
 Example 12. PEFORM THRU
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
1000-PARAGRAPH-A.
PERFORM 2000-PARAGRAPH-B THRU
3000-PARAGRAPH-C.
*
2000-PARAGRAPH-B.
...
*
3000-PARAGRAPH-C.
...
*
4000-PARAGRAPH-D.
...
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

Note: The use of the THRU keyword can also be used alongside the TIMES, UNTIL
and VARYING keywords, to allow the list of paragraphs to be executed rather than just
a single paragraph or blocks of code.

7.4.3 PERFORM UNTIL

Adding the UNTIL keyword to a perform sentence allows you to iterate over a
group of sentences until the Boolean condition is met. Effectively allowing you
to program while loops in COBOL, take this basic example:

Example 13. PERFORM UNTIL

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
MOVE 0 TO COUNTER.
PERFORM UNTIL COUNTER = 10
ADD 1 TO COUNTER GIVING COUNTER
MOVE COUNTER TO MSG-TO-WRITE
WRITE PRINT-REC
END-PERFORM.
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
 This would be equivalent to the Java code:

Example 14. Java while loop

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
while(counter != 10){
//counter++
//move counter to msg-to-write
//write print-rec
}
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

In this case, the Boolean condition is evaluated before the loop is executed.
However, if you wish for the loop to be executed at least once before the
condition is evaluated, you can alter the sentence to read:

Example 15. PERFORM UNTIL WITH TEST AFTER

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
PERFORM UNTIL COUNTER = 10 WITH TEST AFTER
ADD 1 TO COUNTER GIVING COUNTER
MOVE COUNTER TO MSG-TO-WRITE
WRITE PRINT-REC
END-PERFORM.
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

This would be similar to a "do while" loop in Java:

Example 16. Java while loop

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
do{
//counter++
//move counter to msg-to-write
//write print-rec
}
While(counter != 10);
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

7.4.4 PERFORM VARYING

We've already used the VARYING keyword earlier in Section 7.2.3 to code a
loop, recall:
Example 17. Basic loop
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
PERFORM VARYING COUNTER FROM 01 BY 1 UNTIL COUNTER
EQUAL 11
...
END-PERFORM.
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

In this example, the variable counter is tested to see if it equals 11, as long as it
doesn't then it is incremented, and the sentences nested within the perform
statement are executed. This construct can be extended, exemplified in Example
18.

Example 18. Extended loop

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
PERFORM VARYING COUNTER FROM 01 BY 1 UNTIL COUNTER
EQUAL 11
AFTER COUNTER-2 FROM 01 BY 1 UNTIL COUNTER-2
EQUAL 5
...
END-PERFORM.
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

This may seem complex, but compare it to this Java pseudo-code:

Example 19. Java extended loop

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
for(int counter = 0; counter < 11; counter++){
for(int counter-2 = 0; counter < 5; counter++{
//move counter to msg-to-write
//write print-rec
}
}

This is really, just two for loops nested within each other. This construct is very
useful when iterating over tables or nested record structures. As for each loop of
the outer varying loop, the inner loop will be executed five times. As mentioned
previously, the test of the condition will be assumed by COBOL to be at the
beginning of the loop, however, it can be specified to be evaluated at the end of
the loop by adding the phrase WITH TEST AFTER to the initial perform
sentence.
7.5 Using subprograms
So far, we have only examined the internal structure of a single COBOL program.
As programs increase in function and number, it is common that a programmer
might want certain aspects of a programs function to be made available to other
programs within the system. Abstracting generic functions into their own
program and allowing them to be called from other programs can reduce the
amount of code duplication within a system and therefore decrease the cost of
maintenance, as fixes to shared modules only need to be made once.

Note: Although here we will describe the COBOL native way of calling another program,
note that some middleware products will provide APIs that might do this in an enhanced
way.

When calling another program, we need to consider three main concerns: how we
will reference the program we wish to call, the parameters we want to send to the
target program and the parameter that we wish the target program to return.

7.5.1 Specifying the target program

To call a target program we will use the keyword CALL followed by a reference
to the target program we wish to call. The two main ways to do this are by a
literal value or by referencing a variable, shown in Example 20.

Example 20. Basic CALL

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
CALL 'PROGA1' ...
...
MOVE 'PROGA2' TO PROGRAM-NAME.
CALL PROGRAM-NAME ...
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

It is also possible to reference the target platform by passing a pointer reference to

the target program. If you thought that passing a pointer reference to a function
was only something that ultra-modern languages had, nope COBOL got there
first!

7.5.2 Specifying program variables

Now that we have identified the name of the program we wish to call; we must
identify the variables that the calling program might want to send. These are
individually specified by the USING keyword. COBOL provides support to both
pass by reference and pass by copy, as well as a pass by value concept. Each of
the supported passing techniques can be applied to all the data-items being passed
or used selectively against different items.
 By default, COBOL will pass data items by reference. This means that both the
calling and target program will be able to read and write to the same area of
memory that is represented by the variable. This means that if the target program
updates the content of the variable, that change will be visible to the calling
program once execution has returned.

The BY CONTENT phrase allows a copy of the passed variable to be passed to

the target program. Although the target program can update the variable, those
updates will not be visible to the calling program.

Note: When passing variables either BY REFERENCE or BY CONTENT, note you can
send data items of any level. Which means you can pass entire data structures, handy for
dealing with common records.

You might also see the phrase, BY VALUE, being used in a CALL sentence. BY
VALUE is similar to BY CONTENT, as a copy of the content of the variable is
passed. The difference is that only a subset of COBOL datatypes are supported
and you can only specify elementary data-items. This is because BY VALUE is
primarily used when COBOL is calling a program of another language (such as
C).

7.5.3 Specifying the return value

Finally, the RETURNING phrase is used to specify the variable that should be
used to store the return value. This can be any elementary data-item declared
within the data-division. Note that this is optional. Some programs might not
return anything, or you might have passed values BY REFERENCE to the target
program in which case updates to those variables will be visible once the target
program returns.

7.6 Summary
In summary, this chapter should provide the necessary foundation to understand
structured programming and how it relates to COBOL and its importance to
understanding and maintaining code. Many examples of how, when and why to
implement key techniques have been provided and explained for further
understanding. You should be able to identify the basic differences between
structured programming (COBOL) and OO programming (Java). You should
also understand the general concept of the best practices in the structure of the
Procedure Division with reference to the design and content of paragraphs,
program control options and ways to call other programs within the same system.
8. File output
Designing a structured layout that is easy to read and understand is required to
format output. Designing a structured layout involves column headings and
variable alignment using spaces, numeric format, currency format, etc. This
chapter aims to explain this concept utilizing example COBOL code to design
column headings and align data names under the such headings. At the end of the
chapter you are asked to complete a lab that practices implementation of the
components covered.

A capability of COBOL data output formatting that is worth noting but not
covered in this chapter is that COBOL is a web enabled computer language.
COBOL includes easy and quick transformation of existing COBOL code to write
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) where the output is sub-sequentially formatted
for a browser, a smartphone, etc. Frequently, the critical data accessed by a smart
phone, such as a bank balance, is stored and controlled by z/OS where a COBOL
program is responsible for retrieving and returning the bank balance to the smart
phone.

➢ 8.1 Review of COBOL write output process

▪ ENVIRONMENT DIVISION

➢ 8.2 FILE DESCRIPTOR

FILLER

➢ 8.3 Report and column headers

HEADER-2

➢ 8.4 PROCEDURE DIVISION

▪ MOVE sentence
▪ PRINT-REC FROM sentences

➢ 8.5 Lab 4
8.1 Review of COBOL write output process
This section briefly reviews certain aspects of the ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
for the purpose of understanding how it ties together with the content of this
chapter.

8.1.1 ENVIRONMENT DIVISION

Chapter 7 covered the SELECT and respective ASSIGN programmer chosen
names, whereas this chapter focuses on output. Figure 1. shows a coding
example using PRINT-LINE as the programmer chosen COBOL internal file
name for output.

Figure 1. SELECT and ASSIGN

8.2 FILE DESCRIPTOR

The File Description (FD), previously described in Chapter 8 under the FILE-
CONTROL paragraph, entry represents the highest level of organization in the
FILE SECTION. The FD entry describes the layout of the file defined by a
previous FILE-CONTROL SELECT statement. Therefore, the FD entry connects
the SELECT file name with a defined layout of the file name. An example file
descriptor, FD, for PRINT-LINE is shown in Figure 2. What follows the file
descriptor is a defined layout of PRINT-LINE.

8.2.1 FILLER
Observe the data name FILLER. While most data fields have unique names,
FILLER is a COBOL reserved word data name, that is useful for output
formatting. This is in part because FILLER allocates memory space without the
need for a name. Also, FILLER allocated memory has a defined length in the
output line and may contain spaces or any literal. Figure 2. shows multiple
VALUE SPACES for FILLER. SPACES create white space between data-items
in the output which is valuable in keeping the code readable. More specifically in
Figure 2. FILLER PIC X(02) VALUE SPACES, represents the output line
containing two spaces.
 Figure 2. FILLER

8.3 Report and column headers

Writing report or column headers requires a structured output layout designed by
the programmer. Figure 3. illustrates such a structure. The designed output
structure layout is implemented within the DATA DIVISION and includes the
headers listed and defined below.
➢ HEADER-1:
o Writes a literal
o Example: ‘Financial Report for’

➢ HEADER-2:
o Writes literals
o Examples:
▪ ‘Year’ followed by a variable name
▪ ‘Month’ followed by a variable name
▪ ‘Day’ followed by a variable name

➢ HEADER-3:
o Writes literals
o Examples:
▪ ‘Account’ followed by FILLER spacing
▪ ‘Last Name’ followed by FILLER spacing
▪ ‘Limit’ followed by FILLER spacing
▪ ‘Balance; followed by FILLER spacing

➢ HEADER-4:
o Writes dashes followed by FILLER spacing
 Figure 3. Designed output structure layout

8.3.1 HEADER-2
HEADER-2 includes the year, month, day of the report together with FILLER
area, creating blank spaces between the year, month, and day, as you can see in
Figure 3. Figure 4. is an example of the data name layout used to store the
values of CURRENT-DATE. The information COBOL provides in CURRENT-
DATE is used to populate the output file in HEADER-2.

.
Figure 4. CURRENT-DATE intrinsic function

8.4 PROCEDURE DIVISION

Figures 1 through 4 are a designed data layout that includes a data line and report
headers. Using the storage mapped by the data line and report headers, COBOL
processing logic can write the headers followed by each data line. Figure 5. is an
example of an execution logic resulting used to write the header layout structure
in a COBOL program.
 Figure 5. Execution logic to write header layout structure

8.4.1 MOVE sentences

The COBOL MOVE sentence, on line 1, in the WRITE-HEADERS paragraph is
collecting the current date information from the system and storing that
information in a defined data name layout, WS-CURRENT-DATE-DATA. The
use of the reserved word FUNCTION means whatever follows is a COBOL
intrinsic function. The sentences on lines 2, 3, and 4 are storing the date
information, year, month and day, in HEADER-2 defined data name areas, HDR-
YR, HDR-MO and HDR-DAY. The sentence on line 11, the final sentence in the
paragraph, writes spaces into the PRINT-REC area to clear out the line storage in
preparation for writing the data lines.

8.4.2 PRINT-REC FROM sentences

PRINT-REC is opened for output resulting in PRINT-REC FROM following
through with a write PRINT-REC FROM a different header or defined data name
layout. The sentences on lines 5 and 6 write the PRINT-REC FROM defined
header data names, HEADER-1 and HEADER-2, from Figure 3. The PRINT-
REC file descriptor data names in Figure 2. are effectively replaced with the
content of the header data names in Figure 3. written to output. The sentences on
lines 7 and 8 result in a blank line written between headers. The sentences on
lines 9 and 10 write the PRINT-REC FROM defined HEADER-3 and HEADER-
4 data names from Figure 3. The PRINT-REC file descriptor data names in
Figure 2. are effectively replaced with the content of the header data names in
Figure 3.
8.5 Lab 4
This lab utilizes two COBOL programs, CBL0004 and CBL0005, located within
your id.CBL data set, as well as two JCL jobs, CBL0004J and CBL0005J, located
within your id.JCL data set. The JCL jobs are used to compile and execute the
COBOL programs, as discussed in previous chapters.

Using VSCode and Zowe Explorer

1. Submit job: CBL0004J

2. Observe the report written with headers like Figure 6. below.

Figure 6. Report with headers

3. Submit job: CBL0005J

4. Observe the report data lines are written without dollar currency symbol,
illustrated in Figure 7.

Figure 7. No currency symbol in output

5. Modify id.CBL(CBL0005) to include the dollar currency symbol in the report.

*Hint: Compare with CBL0004 line 25

6. Re-submit job: CBL0005J

7. Observe the report data lines should now include the dollar currency symbol.

Figure 8. Currency symbol added to output

9. Conditional expressions
This chapter dives into how programs make decisions based upon the programmer
written logic. Specifically, programs make these decisions within the
PROCEDURE DIVISION of the source code. We will expand on several topics
regarding conditional expressions written in COBOL through useful explanations,
examples and eventually practicing implementation through a lab.

➢ 9.1 Boolean logic, operators, operands, and identifiers

▪ COBOL conditional expressions and operators
▪ Examples of conditional expressions using Boolean operators

➢ 9.2 Conditional expression reserved words and terminology

▪ IF, EVALUATE, PERFORM and SEARCH
▪ Conditional states
▪ Conditional names

➢ 9.3 Conditional operators

➢ 9.4 Conditional expressions

▪ IF ELSE (THEN) statements
▪ EVALUATE statements
▪ PERFORM statements
▪ SEARCH statements

➢ 9.5 Conditions
▪ Relation conditions
▪ Class conditions
▪ Sign conditions

➢ 9.6 Lab 5
9.1 Boolean logic, operators, operands, and identifiers
Programs make decisions based upon the programmer written logic. Program
decisions are made using Boolean logic where a conditional expression is either
true or false, yes or no. A simple example would be a variable named
'LANGUAGE'. Many programming languages exist; therefore, the value of
variable LANGUAGE could be Java, COBOL, etc... Assume the value of
LANGUAGE is COBOL. Boolean logic is, IF LANGUAGE = COBOL, THEN
DISPLAY COBOL, ELSE DISPLAY NOT COBOL. IF triggers the Boolean
logic to determine the condition of true/false, yes/no, applied to LANGUAGE =
COBOL which is the conditional expression. The result of IF condition executes
what follows THEN when the condition is true and executes what follows ELSE
when the condition is false.

The Boolean IF verb operates on two operands or identifiers. In the example

above, LANGUAGE is an operand and COBOL is an operand. A Boolean
relational operator compares the values of each operand.

9.1.1 COBOL conditional expressions and operators

Three of the most common type of COBOL conditional expressions are:
1. General relation condition
2. Class condition
3. Sign condition

A list of COBOL Boolean relational operators for each of the common type of
COBOL conditional expressions are represented in Figures 1, 2 and 3 below.

Figure 1. General relation condition operators

 Figure 2. Class condition operators

Figure 3. Sign condition operators

9.1.2 Examples of conditional expressions using Boolean operators

A simple conditional expression can be written as:
IF 5 > 1 THEN DISPLAY '5 is greater than 1' ELSE
DISPLAY '1 is greater than 5'.

Compounded conditional expressions are enclosed in parenthesis and their

Boolean operators are:
AND
OR

The code snippet below demonstrates a compounded conditional expression using

the AND Boolean operator.
IF (5 > 1 AND 1 > 2) THEN .... ELSE ....
This conditional expression evaluates to false because while 5 > 1 is true, 1 > 2 is
false. The AND operation requires both expressions to be true to return true for
the compounded condition expression. Let's show another implementation, this
time using the OR Boolean operator.
IF (5 > 1 OR 1 > 2) THEN .... ELSE ....
This conditional expression evaluates to true because while 1 > 2 is false, 5 > 1 is
true. The OR operation requires only one of the expressions to be true to return
true for the entire compounded condition expression. More conditional operators
used for relation, class, and sign conditions are discussed further on in the chapter.

9.2 Conditional expression reserved words and terminology

Thus far in this book, we have touched upon the necessity and use of COBOL
reserved words. This section aims to expand on the topic of reserved words,
specifically ones that are used when processing conditional expressions.
9.2.1 IF, EVALUATE, PERFORM and SEARCH
These are COBOL reserved words available for the processing of conditional
expressions, where a condition is a state that can be set or changed.

9.2.2 Conditional states

TRUE and FALSE are among the most common conditional states.

9.2.3 Conditional names

A conditional-name is a programmer defined variable name with the TRUE
condition state. Conditional names are declared in the WORKING STORAGE
SECTION with an 88-level number. The purpose of 88-level is to improve
readability by simplifying IF and PERFORM UNTIL statements.
The 88-level conditional data-name is assigned a value. The program can change
the 88-level data-name to a different value. A program expression referencing the
88-level data-name is only true when the current value of the 88-level data-name
is equal to the WORKING-STORAGE 88-level conditional data-name assigned
value.

Observe in Example 1. , only the 88-level data-name, STATE, follows IF where

the 88-level data-name, STATE, is true when the value of STATE is TX.
Example 1. writes, 'The State is not Texas', as a result of the first IF STATE
because the value of STATE is AZ. The second IF STATE writes, 'The State is
Texas', because the value of STATE is equal to the WORKING-STORAGE
assigned 88 level value of TX.

Example 1. Using 88-level conditional name

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
WORKING-STORAGE.
01 USA-STATE PIC X(2) VALUE SPACES.
88 STATE VALUE 'TX'.
....
....
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
....
....
MOVE 'AZ' TO STATE.
....
....
IF STATE DISPLAY 'The State is Texas'
ELSE DISPLAY 'The State is not Texas'
END-IF.
....
....
MOVE 'TX' TO STATE.
....
....
IF STATE DISPLAY 'The State is Texas'
ELSE DISPLAY 'The State is not Texas'
END-IF.
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

Other level number data-names require the condition expression to include a

Boolean operator as shown in Example 2. , where the expression is STATE equals
some value. The 88-level 'Conditional name', STATE, only required STATE as
the expression where 'TX' is the only value that would result in true condition.

Example 2. Without 88-level conditional name

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
WORKING-STORAGE.
01 USA-STATE.
05 STATE PIC X(2) VALUE SPACES.
....
....
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
....
....
MOVE 'AZ' TO STATE.
....
....
IF STATE = 'TX' DISPLAY 'The State is Texas'
ELSE DISPLAY 'The State is not Texas'
END-IF.
....
....
MOVE 'TX' TO STATE.
....
....
IF STATE = 'TX' DISPLAY 'The State is Texas'
ELSE DISPLAY 'The State is not Texas'
END-IF.
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
9.3 Conditional operators
Relational operators compare numeric, character string, or logical data. The result
of the comparison, either true (1) or false (0), can be used to make a decision
regarding program flow. Table 1 displays a list of relational operators, how they
can be written and their meaning.

Table 1. Relational operator

Relational operator Can be written Meaning
IS GREATER THAN IS > Greater than
IS NOT GREATER THAN IS NOT > Not greater than
IS LESS THAN IS < Less than
IS NOT LESS THAN IS NOT < Not less than
IS EQUAL TO IS = Equal to
IS NOT EQUAL TO IS NOT = Not equal to
IS GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO IS >= Is greater than or equal to
IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO IS <= Is less than or equal to

9.4 Conditional expressions

A conditional expression causes the object program to select alternative paths of
control, depending on the truth value of a test. Conditional expressions are
specified in EVALUATE, IF, PERFORM, and SEARCH statements.

9.4.1 IF ELSE (THEN) statements

IF statements are used to implement or evaluate relational operations. IF ELSE is
used to code a choice between two processing actions and inclusion of the word
THEN is optional. When an IF statement is present, the statements following the
IF statement are processed based on the truth of the conditional expression.
Statements are processed until an END-IF or an ELSE statement is encountered.
The ELSE statement can appear on any line before the END-IF. IF statements,
regardless of the number of lines, are explicitly terminated using END-IF.
Consider this, during program processing something occurs to change the value in
the data-name, FACIAL-EXP. Subsequent statements, the conditional
expression, needs to check the value of the data-name to decide on how to
proceed in the program. Exemplified in Example 3. by the THEN DISPLAY and
ELSE DISPLAY statements.
Example 3. IF, THEN, ELSE, END-IF statement
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
IF FACIAL-EXP = 'HAPPY' THEN
DISPLAY 'I am glad you are happy'
ELSE DISPLAY 'What can I do to make you happy'
END-IF.
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
9.4.2 EVALUATE statements
EVALUATE statements are used to code a choice among three or more possible
actions. The explicit terminator for an EVALUATE statement is END-
EVALUATE. The EVALUATE statement is an expanded form of the IF
statement that allows you to avoid nesting IF statements, a common source of
logic errors and debugging issues. EVALUATE operates on both text string
values and numerical variables. Using the FACIAL-EXP conditional-name,
observe the COBOL code implementing an EVALUATE statement, shown in
Example 4.

Example 4. EVALUATE statement

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
EVALUATE FACIAL-EXP
WHEN 'HAPPY'
DISPLAY 'I am glad you are happy'
WHEN 'SAD'
DISPLAY 'What can I do to make you happy'
WHEN 'PERPLEXED'
DISPLAY 'Can you tell me what you are confused
about'
WHEN 'EMOTIONLESS'
DISPLAY 'Do you approve or disapprove'
END-EVALUATE
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

9.4.3 PERFORM statements

A PERFORM with UNTIL phrase is a conditional expression. In the UNTIL
phrase format, the procedures referred to are performed until the condition
specified by the UNTIL phrase evaluates to true. Using the FACIAL-EXP
conditional-name, the SAY-SOMETHING-DIFFERENT paragraph is executed
continuously UNTIL FACIAL-EXP contains 'HAPPY', observe Example 5.

Example 5. PERFORM statement

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
PERFORM SAY-SOMETHING-DIFFERENT BY FACIAL-EXP UNTIL
'HAPPY'
END-PERFORM.
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

9.4.4 SEARCH statements

The SEARCH statement searches a table for an element that satisfies the specified
condition and adjusts the associated index to indicate that element. Tables,
effectively an array of values, are created with an OCCURS clause applied to
WORK-STORAGE data-names. A WHEN clause is utilized in SEARCH
 statements to verify if the element searched for satisfies the specified condition.
Assuming FACIAL-EXP has many possible values, then SEARCH WHEN is an
alternative conditional expression, observe Example 6.

Example 6. SEARCH WHEN statement

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
SEARCH FACIAL-EXP
WHEN 'HAPPY' STOP RUN
END-SEARCH
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

9.5 Conditions
A conditional expression can be specified in either simple conditions or complex
conditions. Both simple and complex conditions can be enclosed within any
number of paired parentheses; the parentheses, however, do not change whether
the condition is simple or complex. This section will cover three of the five
simple conditions:
➢ Relation
➢ Class
➢ Sign

9.5.1 Relation conditions

A relation condition specifies the comparison of two operands. The relational
operator that joins the two operands specifies the type of comparison. The
relation condition is true if the specified relation exists between the two operands;
the relation condition is false if the specified relation does not exist. Provided, is
a list of a few defined comparisons:
➢ Numeric comparisons - Two operands of class numeric
➢ Alphanumeric comparisons - Two operands of class alphanumeric
➢ DBCS (Double Byte Character Set) comparisons - Two operands of class
DBCS
➢ National comparisons - Two operands of class national

9.5.2 Class conditions

The class condition determines whether the content of a data item is alphabetic,
alphabetic-lower, alphabetic-upper, numeric, DBCS, KANJI, or contains only the
characters in the set of characters specified by the CLASS clause, as defined in
the SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph of the environment division. Provided below is
a list of a few valid forms on the class condition for different types of data items.
➢ Numeric
o IS NUMERIC or IS NOT NUMERIC
 ➢ Alphabetic
o IS ALPHABETIC or IS NOT ALPHABETIC
o IS ALPHABETIC-LOWER / ALPHABETIC-UPPER
o IS NOT ALPHABETIC-LOWER / ALPHABETIC-UPPER
➢ DBCS
o IS DBCS or IS NOT DBCS
o IS KANJI or IS NOT KANJI

9.5.3 Sign conditions

The sign condition determines whether the algebraic value of a numeric operand
is greater than, less than, or equal to zero. An unsigned operand is either
POSITIVE or ZERO. When a numeric conditional variable is defined with a
sign, the following are available:
➢ IS POSITIVE
➢ IS NEGATIVE
➢ IS ZERO

Note: To read more information about these conditions please visit the link:
IBM Knowledge Center - Enterprise COBOL for z/OS 4.2.0

9.6 Lab 5
This lab requires two COBOL programs, CBL0006 and CBL0007 and two
respective JCL Jobs, CBL0006J and CBL0007J, to compile and execute the
COBOL programs. All of which are provided to you in your VSCode - Zowe
Explorer.

Using VSCode and Zowe Explorer:

1. Take a moment and look over the source code of the two COBOL programs
provided: CBL0006 and CBL0007.

2. Compare CBL0006 with CBL0005 from the previous lab. Do you notice the
differences?
a. Observe the new CLIENTS-PER-STATE line within the WORKING-
STORAGE > PROCEDURE DIVISION.
b. Observe the new paragraph IS-STATE-VIRGINIA within that same
division.
c. This paragraph checks whether the client is from Virginia. If that
condition is met (true) then the program should add 1 to the clients from
Virginia total.
d. Program writes “Virginia Clients = “, in last line of report.
3. Submit CBL0006J

4. View the job output from the JOBS section and verify the steps mentioned
above were executed.

Figure 4. Id.JCL(CBL0006J) output

5. Submit CBL0007J

6. Find the compile error, IGYPS2113-E, in the job output.

7. Go ahead and modify id.CBL(CBL0007) to correct the syntax error outlined

by the IGYPS2113-E message.*

8. Re-submit CBL0007J

9. Validate that the syntax error was corrected by getting an error free output
file.

Figure 5. Successful compile

Lab Hints
7.
10. Arithmetic expressions
This chapter aims to introduce the concept of implementing arithmetic
expressions in COBOL programs. We will review the basic concept of arithmetic
expressions, operators, statements, limitations, statement operands, as well as
precedence of operation within the expressions. You will be able to follow along
with a comprehensive example exhibiting the usage of arithmetic expressions in a
COBOL program that you have seen in previous chapters and labs. Following the
chapter is a lab to practice the implementation of what you have learned.

➢ 10.1 What is an arithmetic expression?

▪ Arithmetic operators
▪ Arithmetic statements

➢ 10.2 Arithmetic expression precedence rules

▪ Parentheses

➢ 10.3 Arithmetic expression limitations

➢ 10.4 Arithmetic statement operands

▪ Size of operands

➢ 10.5 Examples of COBOL arithmetic statements

➢ 10.6 Lab 6
10.1 What is an arithmetic expression?
Arithmetic expressions are used as operands of certain conditional and arithmetic
statements. An arithmetic expression can consist of any of the following items:

➢ An identifier described as a numeric elementary item (including numeric

functions).
➢ A numeric literal.
➢ The figurative constant ZERO.
➢ Identifiers and literals, as defined in items 1, 2, and 3, separated by arithmetic
operators.
➢ Two arithmetic expressions, as defined in items 1, 2, 3, or 4, separated by an
arithmetic operator.
➢ An arithmetic expression, as defined in items 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, enclosed in
parentheses.
➢ Any arithmetic expression can be preceded by a unary operator.

Identifiers and literals that appear in arithmetic expressions must represent either
numeric elementary items or numeric literals on which arithmetic can be
performed. If the value of an expression to be raised to a power is zero, the
exponent must have a value greater than zero. Otherwise, the size error condition
exists. In any case where no real number exists as the result of an evaluation, the
size error condition exists.

10.1.1 Arithmetic operators

Five binary arithmetic operators and two unary arithmetic operators can be used
in arithmetic expressions. These operators are represented by specific characters
that must be preceded and followed by a space. However, no space is required
between a left parenthesis and unary operator. These binary and unary arithmetic
operators are listed in Table 1.

Table 1. Arithmetic operators

Binary operator Meaning Unary operator Meaning
+ Addition + Multiplication by +1

- Subtraction - Multiplication by -1

* Multiplication
/ Division
** Exponentiation

10.1.2 Arithmetic statements

Arithmetic statements are utilized for computations. Individual operations are
specified by the ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, and DIVIDE statements.
 These individual operations can be combined symbolically in a formula that uses
the COMPUTE statement for ease of programming and performance. The
COMPUTE statement assigns the value of an arithmetic expression to one or
more data items. With the COMPUTE statement, arithmetic operations can be
combined without the restrictions on receiving data items imposed by the rules for
the ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, and DIVIDE statements. When arithmetic
operations are combined, the COMPUTE statement can be more efficient than the
separate arithmetic statements written in a series. For these reasons, it is best
practice to use the COMPUTE statement for most arithmetic evaluations rather
than ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, and DIVIDE statements. Often, you can
code only one COMPUTE statement instead of several individual arithmetic
statements. The COMPUTE statement assigns the result of an arithmetic
expression to one or more data items, for example:
➢ COMPUTE z = a + b / c ** d - e
➢ COMPUTE x y z = a + b / c ** d – e

Some arithmetic calculations might be more intuitive using arithmetic statements

other than COMPUTE. You might also prefer to use the DIVIDE statement (with
its REMAINDER phrase) for division in which you want to process a remainder.
The REM intrinsic function also provides the ability to process a remainder.

10.2 Arithmetic expression precedence rules

Order of operation rules have been hammered into your head throughout the years
of learning mathematics, remember the classic PEMDAS (parentheses, exponents,
multiply, divide, add, subtract)? Arithmetic expressions in COBOL are not
exempt from these rules and often use parentheses to specify the order in which
elements are to be evaluated.

10.2.1 Parentheses
Parentheses are used to denote modifications to normal order of operations
(precedence rules). An arithmetic expression within the parentheses is evaluated
first and result is used in the rest of the expression. When expressions are
contained within nested parentheses, evaluation proceeds from the least inclusive
to the most inclusive set. That means you work from the inner most expression
within parentheses to the outer most. The precedence for how to solve an
arithmetic expression in Enterprise COBOL with parentheses is:
1. Parentheses (simplify the expression inside them)
2. Unary operator
3. Exponents
4. Multiplication and division (from left to right)
5. Addition and subtraction (from left to right)
 Parentheses either eliminate ambiguities in logic where consecutive operations
appear at the same hierarchic level or modify the normal hierarchic sequence of
execution when necessary. When the order of consecutive operations at the same
hierarchic level is not completely specified by parentheses, the order is from left
to right.

An arithmetic expression can begin only with a left parenthesis, a unary operator,
or an operand (that is, an identifier or a literal). It can end only with a right
parenthesis or an operand. An arithmetic expression must contain at least one
reference to an identifier or a literal.

There must be a one-to-one correspondence between left and right parentheses in

an arithmetic expression, with each left parenthesis placed to the left of its
corresponding right parenthesis. If the first operator in an arithmetic expression is
a unary operator, it must be immediately preceded by a left parenthesis if that
arithmetic expression immediately follows an identifier or another arithmetic
expression.

10.3 Arithmetic expression limitations

Exponents in fixed-point exponential expressions cannot contain more than nine
digits. The compiler will truncate any exponent with more than nine digits. In the
case of truncation, the compiler will issue a diagnostic message if the exponent is
a literal or constant; if the exponent is a variable or data-name, a diagnostic
message is issued at run time.

Detailed explanation of fixed-point exponential expressions is an advanced topic

and beyond the scope of the chapter. However, reference is made to fixed-point
exponential expressions for your awareness as you advance your experience level
with COBOL programming and arithmetic applied to internal data
representations.

10.4 Arithmetic statement operands

The data descriptions of operands in an arithmetic statement need not be the same.
Throughout the calculation, the compiler performs any necessary data conversion
and decimal point alignment.

10.4.1 Size of operands

If the ARITH(COMPAT) compiler option is in effect, the maximum size of each
operand is 18 decimal digits. If the ARITH(EXTEND) compiler option is in
effect, the maximum size of each operand is 31 decimal digits.
The composite of operands is a hypothetical data-item resulting from aligning the
operands at the decimal point and then superimposing them on one another. How
to determine the composite of operands for arithmetic statements is shown in
Table 2.
 If the ARITH(COMPAT) compiler option is in effect, the composite of operands
can be a maximum of 30 digits. If the ARITH(EXTEND) compiler option is in
effect, the composite of operands can be a maximum of 31 digits.

Table 2. How the composite of operands is determined

Statement Determination of the composite of operands
SUBTRACT Superimposing all operands in a given statement, except those following the
ADD word GIVING.

MULTIPLY Superimposing all receiving data-items

DIVIDE Superimposing all receiving data items except the REMAINDER data-item

COMPUTE Restriction does not apply

In all arithmetic statements, it is important to define data with enough digits and
decimal places to ensure the required accuracy in the result. Arithmetic precision
details are available in the IBM Enterprise COBOL Programming Guide
Appendix A.

Additionally, in the IBM Enterprise COBOL Language Reference, Chapter 20.

"PROCEDURE DIVISION Statements", includes a detailed explanation of
DIVIDE and COMPUTE statement capabilities applied to ROUNDING and ON
SIZE ERROR handling.

10.5 Examples of COBOL arithmetic statements

In this section, COBOL source code used in previous labs will be modified to
demonstrate arithmetic processing. Figure 1. shows level number data-items in
the WORKING-STORAGE section. The data-items will be used to total client
account limit and client account balance. Observe that the initial value is ZERO.

Figure 1. Number level data-items (1)

Shown in Figure 2. is another example of number level data-items in the

WORKING-STORAGE section. These data-items are report trailer lines that are
used to write a formatted total account limit and total account balance for all
clients in the report. Observe the TLIMIT and TBALANCE data-items with large
currency number picture clauses.
Figure 2. Number level data-items (2)

In Figure 3. the READ-NEXT-RECORD paragraph, located within the

PROCEDURE DIVISION, includes a PERFORM LIMIT-BALANCE-TOTAL
statement. The result of this statement is to transfer control to the LIMIT-
BALANCE-TOTAL paragraph, located within the PROCEDURE DIVISION, to
perform the COMPUTE statements.

Figure 3. READ-NEXT-RECORD.

Figure 4. is an example of two COMPUTE statements in the paragraph, LIMIT-

BALANCE-TOTAL. Notice that the results of the COMPUTE statements are to
add client ACCT-LIMIT to the current TLIMIT and add client ACCT-BALANCE
to TBALANCE totals each time the paragraph is executed, which is one time for
each client record read in our example.

Figure 4. COMPUTE statements

The WRITE-TLIMIT-TBALANCE paragraph shown in Figure 5. is positioned

within the PROCEDURE DIVISION to be executed immediately after all records
are read and before the final paragraph that closes the files and terminates
program execution.

Figure 5. WRITE-TLIMIT-TBALANCE
10.6 Lab 6
This lab requires two COBOL programs, CBL0008 and CBL0009 and two
respective JCL Jobs, CBL0008J and CBL0009J, to compile and execute the
COBOL programs. All of which are provided to you in your VSCode - Zowe
Explorer.

Using VSCode and Zowe Explorer

1. Take a moment and look over the source code of the two COBOL programs
provided: CBL0008 and CBL0009.

2. Submit CBL0008J

3. Observe report written with trailers consisting of limit and balance totals at the
bottom of the output.

Figure 6. Limit and balance totals

4. Submit CBL0009J

5. Was the job successful? If not, find the compile error message to understand
why.

6. Modify id.CBL(CBL0009), correcting the compile error.*

Figure 7. IGYPS2121-S error message

7. Re-submit CBL0009J

8. Validate that the syntax error was corrected by getting an error free output file
like in Figure 8. The correction should report written with trailers consisting
of limit and balance totals, like Figure 6.

Figure 8. Successful compile

Lab Hints
6.
11. Data types
A COBOL programmer must be aware that the computer stored internal data
representation and formatting can differ, where the difference must be defined in
the COBOL source code. Understanding the computer's internal data
representation requires familiarity with binary, hexadecimal, ASCII, and
EBCDIC. Packed-Decimal is needed to explain COBOL Computational and
Display data format. This chapter aims to familiarize the reader with these
different "types" of data representation.

➢ 11.1 Data representation

▪ Numerical value representation
▪ Text representations

➢ 11.2 COBOL DISPLAY vs COMPUTATIONAL

➢ 11.3 Lab 7
11.1 Data representation
Data such as numerical values and text are internally represented by zeros and
ones in most computers, including mainframe computers used by enterprises.
While data representation is a somewhat complex topic in computer science, a
programmer does not always need to fully understand how various alternative
representations work. It is important, however, to understand the differences and
how to specify a specific representation when needed.

11.1.1 Numerical value representation

COBOL has five computational (numerical) value representations. The
awareness of these representations is important due to two main reasons. The first
reason being, when a COBOL program needs to read or write data, it needs to
understand how data is represented in the dataset. The second reason is when
there are specific requirements regarding the precision and range of values being
processed. The following sections describe each computational representation
keyword.

COMP-1
This is also known as a single-precision floating point number representation.
Due to the floating-point nature, a COMP-1 value can be very small and close to
zero, or it can be very large (about 10 to the power of 38). However, a COMP-1
value has limited precision. This means that even though a COMP-1 value can be
up to 10 to the power of 38, it can only maintain about seven significant decimal
digits. Any value that has more than seven significant digits are rounded. This
means that a COMP-1 value cannot exactly represent a bank balance like
$1,234,567.89 because this value has nine significant digits. Instead, the amount
is rounded. The main application of COMP-1 is for scientific numerical value
storage as well as computation.

COMP-2
This is also known as a double-precision floating point number representation.
COMP-2 extends the range of value that can be represented compared to COMP-
1. COMP-2 can represent values up to about 10 to the power of 307. Like
COMP-1, COMP-2 values also have a limited precision. Due to the expanded
format, COMP-2 has more significant digits, approximately 15 decimal digits.
This means that once a value reaches certain quadrillions (with no decimal
places), it can no longer be exactly represented in COMP-2.

COMP-2 supersedes COMP-1 for more precise scientific data storage as well as
computation. Note that COMP-1 and COMP-2 have limited applications in
financial data representation or computation.

COMP-3
This is also known as packed BCD (binary coded decimal) representation. This
is, by far, the most utilized numerical value representation in COBOL programs.
 Packed BCD is also somewhat unique and native to mainframe computers such as
the IBM z architecture.

Unlike COMP-1 or COMP-2, packed BCD has no inherent precision limitation

that is independent to the range of values. This is because COMP-3 is a variable
width format that depends on the actual value format. COMP-3 exactly
represents values with decimal places. A COMP-3 value can have up to 31
decimal digits.

COMP-4
COMP-4 is only capable of representing integers. Compared to COMP-1 and
COMP-2, COMP-4 can store and compute with integer values exactly (unless a
division is involved). Although COMP-3 can also be used to represent integer
values, COMP-4 is more compact.

COMP-5
COMP-5 is based on COMP-4, but with the flexibility of specifying the position
of a decimal point. COMP-5 has the space efficiency of COMP-4, and the
exactness of COMP-3. Unlike COMP-3, however, a COMP-5 value cannot
exceed 18 decimal digits.

11.1.2 Text representations

COBOL programs often need to represent text data such as names and addresses.

EBCDIC
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) is an eight binary
digits character encoding standard, where the eight digital positions are divided
into two pieces. EBCDIC was devised in the early 1960’s for IBM computers.
EBCDIC is used to encode text data so that text can be printed or displayed
correctly on devices that also understand EBCDIC.

ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ASCII, is another binary
digit character encoding standard.

EBCDIC vs ASCII
Why are these two standards when they seemingly perform the same function?
EBCDIC is a standard that traces its root to punch cards designed in 1931.
ASCII, on the other hand, is a standard that was created, unrelated to IBM punch
cards, in 1967. A COBOL program natively understands EBCDIC, and it can
comfortably process data originally captured in punch cards as early as 1931.
ASCII is mostly utilized by non-IBM computers.
COBOL can encode and process text data in EBCDIC or ASCII. This means a
COBOL program can simultaneously process data captured in a census many
decades ago while exporting data to a cloud service utilizing ASCII or Unicode.
 It is important to point out, however, that the programmer must have the
awareness and choose the appropriate encoding.

11.2 COBOL DISPLAY vs COMPUTATIONAL

Enterprise COBOL for z/OS by default utilizes EBCDIC encoding. However, it
is possible to read and write ASCII in z/OS. The EBCDIC format representation
of numbers and alphabetic characters is in a DISPLAY format. Packed decimal
and zoned decimal are NOT in a DISPLAY format. COBOL can describe packed
decimal and zoned decimal fields using COMPUTATIONAL, COMP-1, COMP-
2, COMP-3, COMP-4, and COMP-5 reserved words.

11.3 Lab 7
Many of the previous COBOL lab programs you have worked with thus far are
reading records containing two packed decimal fields, the client account limit and
the client account balance. In lab 6, the total of all client account limits and
balances used a COMPUTE statement, where the COMP-3 fields contained the
packed decimal internal data.

What happens when an internal packed decimal field is not described using COMP-3?
Without using COMP-3 to describe the field, the COBOL program treats the data
as DISPLAY data (EBCDIC format). This lab demonstrates what happens during
program execution without using COMP-3.

Using VSCode and Zowe Explorer

1. Submit the job, id.JCL(CBL0010J)

2. Observe that the compile of the COBOL source was successful, however, also
observe that the execution of the job failed. How can you tell?
There's no CC code next to CBL0010J(JOB#), instead there is an
ABENDU4038 message. U4038 is a common user code error typically
involving a mismatch between the external data and the COBOL
representation of the data.

3. Read the execution SYSOUT message carefully. The SYSOUT message

mistakenly believes the records are 174 characters in length while the program
believes the records are 170 characters in length.

Explanation: Packed decimal (COMP-3) expands into two numbers where

only one number would typically exist. If the program reads a packed decimal
field without describing the field as COMP-3, then program execution
becomes confused about the size of the record because the PIC clause,
S9(7)V99, is expecting to store seven numbers plus a sign digit when only
 three word positions are read. Therefore, execution reports a four-record
length position discrepancy.

4. Edit id.CBL(CBL0010) to identify and correct the source code problem.*

5. Submit id.JCL(CBL0010J) and verify correction is successful with a CC 0000

code.

Lab Hints
4. The ACCT-LIMIT PIC clause in the ACCT-FIELDS paragraph should be the
same as the PIC clause for ACCT-BALANCE.
12. Intrinsic functions
Today’s COBOL is not your parents COBOL. Today’s COBOL includes decades
of feature/function rich advancements and performance improvements. Decades
of industry specifications are applied to COBOL to address the growing needs of
businesses. What Enterprise COBOL for z/OS promised and delivered, is
decades of upward compatibility with new releases of hardware and operating
system software. The original DNA of COBOL evolved into a powerful,
maintainable, trusted, and time-tested computer language with no end in sight.
Among the new COBOL capabilities is JSON GENERATE and JSON PARSE,
providing an easy to use coding mechanism to transform DATA DIVISION
defined data-items into JSON for a browser, a smart phone, or any IoT (Internet
of Things) device to format in addition to transforming JSON received from a
browser, a smart phone, or any IoT device into DATA DIVISION defined data-
items for processing. Frequently, the critical data accessed by a smart phone,
such as a bank balance, is stored and controlled by z/OS where a COBOL
program is responsible for retrieving and returning the bank balance to the smart
phone. COBOL has become a web enabled computer language.
Previous COBOL industry specifications included intrinsic functions, which
remain largely relevant today. An experienced COBOL programmer needs to be
familiar with intrinsic functions and stay aware of any new intrinsic functions
introduced. This chapter aims to cover the foundation of intrinsic functions and
their usage in COBOL.

➢ 12.1 What is an intrinsic function?

▪ Intrinsic function syntax
▪ Categories of intrinsic functions

➢ 12.2 Intrinsic functions in Enterprise COBOL for z/OS V6.3

▪ Mathematical example
▪ Statistical example
▪ Date/time example
▪ Financial example
▪ Character-handling example

➢ 12.3 Use of intrinsic functions with reference modifiers

➢ 12.4 Lab 8
12.1 What is an intrinsic function?
Intrinsic functions are effectively re-usable code with simple syntax
implementation and are another powerful COBOL capability. Intrinsic functions
enable desired logic processing with a single line of code. They also provide
capabilities for manipulating strings and numbers. Because the value of an
intrinsic function is derived automatically at the time of reference, you do not
need to define these functions in the DATA DIVISION.

12.1.1 Intrinsic function syntax

Written as:
➢ FUNCTION function-name (argument)
Where function-name must be one of the intrinsic function names. You can
reference a function by specifying its name, along with any required arguments, in
a PROCEDURE DIVISION statement. Functions are elementary data items, and
return alphanumeric characters, national characters, numeric, or integer values.
Example 1. COBOL FUNCTION reserved word usage
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
01 Item-1 Pic x(30) Value "Hello World!".
01 Item-2 Pic x(30).
. . .
Display Item-1
Display Function Upper-case(Item-1)
Display Function Lower-case(Item-1)
Move Function Upper-case(Item-1) to Item-2
Display Item-2

The code shown in Example 1. above, displays the following messages on the
system logical output device:
Hello World!
HELLO WORLD!
hello world!
HELLO WORLD!

12.1.2 Categories of intrinsic functions

The intrinsic functions can be grouped into six categories, based on the type of
service performed. They are as follows:
1. Mathematical
2. Statistical
3. Date/time
4. Financial
5. Character-handling
6. General
 Intrinsic functions operate against alphanumeric, national, numeric, and integer
data-items.
➢ Alphanumeric functions are of class and category alphanumeric. The value
returned has an implicit usage of DISPLAY. The number of character
positions in the value returned is determined by the function definition.
➢ National functions are of class and category national. The value returned has
an implicit usage of NATIONAL and is represented in national characters
(UTF-16). The number of character positions in the value returned is
determined by the function definition.
➢ Numeric functions are of class and category numeric. The returned value is
always considered to have an operational sign and is a numeric intermediate
result.
➢ Integer functions are of class and category numeric. The returned value is
always considered to have an operational sign and is an integer intermediate
result. The number of digit positions in the value returned is determined by
the function definition.

12.2 Intrinsic functions in Enterprise COBOL for z/OS V6.3

The current release of Enterprise COBOL for z/OS V6.3, includes 70 intrinsic
functions. Each one of these functions falling into one of the aforementioned six
categories. While an entire book could be written on intrinsic functions, a single
example for each of the six categories are provided in this section.

12.2.1 Mathematical example

Example 2. is storing into X the total of A + B + value resulting from C divided
by D. FUNCTION SUM enables the arithmetic operation.

Example 2. Mathematical intrinsic function

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
Compute x = Function Sum(a b (c / d))

12.2.2 Statistical example

Example 3. shows three COBOL functions, MEAN, MEDIAN, and RANGE
where the arithmetic values are stored in Avg-Tax, Median-Tax, and Tax-Range
using the data names with assigned pic clause values.

Example 3. Statistical intrinsic function

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
01 Tax-S Pic 99v999 value .045.
01 Tax-T Pic 99v999 value .02.
01 Tax-W Pic 99v999 value .035.
 01 Tax-B Pic 99v999 value .03.
01 Ave-Tax Pic 99v999.
01 Median-Tax Pic 99v999.
01 Tax-Range Pic 99v999.
. . .
Compute Ave-Tax = Function Mean (Tax-S Tax-
T Tax-W Tax- B)
Compute Median-Tax = Function Median (Tax-S Tax-
T Tax-W Tax-B)
Compute Tax-Range = Function Range (Tax-S Tax-
T Tax-W Tax-B)
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

12.2.3 Date/time example

Example 4. shows usage of three COBOL functions, Current-Date, Integer-of-
Date, and Date-of-Integer applied to MOVE, ADD, and COMPUTE statements.

Example 4. Date/time intrinsic function

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
01 YYYYMMDD Pic 9(8).
01 Integer-Form Pic S9(9).
. . .
Move Function Current-Date(1:8) to YYYYMMDD
Compute Integer-Form = Function Integer-of-
Date(YYYYMMDD)
Add 90 to Integer-Form
Compute YYYYMMDD = Function Date-of-
Integer(Integer-Form)
Display 'Due Date: ' YYYYMMDD
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

12.2.4 Financial example

Example 5. shows application of COBOL function ANNUITY financial
algorithm where values for loan amount, payments, interest, and number of
periods are input to ANNUITY function.

Example 5. Financial intrinsic function

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
01 Loan Pic 9(9)V99.
01 Payment Pic 9(9)V99.
01 Interest Pic 9(9)V99.
01 Number-Periods Pic 99.
. . .
Compute Loan = 15000
 Compute Interest = .12
Compute Number-Periods = 36
Compute Payment =
Loan * Function Annuity((Interest / 12) Number-
Periods)
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

12.2.5 Character-handling example

Example 6. shows used of COBOL function UPPER-CASE where an string or
alphabetic variable processed by UPPER-CASE will translate any lower case
characters to upper case.

Example 6. Character-handling intrinsic function

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
MOVE FUNCTION UPPER-CASE("This is shouting!") TO SOME-
FIELD
DISPLAY SOME-FIELD
Output – THIS IS SHOUTING!
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————

12.3 Use of intrinsic functions with reference modifiers

A reference modification defines a data item by specifying the leftmost character
position and an optional length for the data item, where a colon (:) is used to
distinguish the leftmost character position from the optional length, as shown in
Example 7.

Example 7. Reference modification

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
05 LNAME PIC X(20).

LNAME(1:1)
LNAME(4:2)

Reference modification, LNAME(1:1), would return only the first character of

data item LNAME, while reference modification, LNAME(4:2), would return the
fourth and fifth characters of LNAME as the result of starting in the fourth
character position with a length of two. If LNAME of value SMITH was the data
item being referenced in the intrinsic function, the first reference would output, S.
Considering those same specs, the second reference would output, TH.
12.4 Lab 8
This lab contains data that includes a last name, where last name is all upper-case.
It demonstrates the use of intrinsic functions together with reference modification
to lower-case the last name characters, except the first character of the last name.
This lab requires two COBOL programs, CBL0011 and CBL0012 and two
respective JCL Jobs, CBL0011J and CBL0012J, to compile and execute the
COBOL programs. All of which are provided to you in your VSCode - Zowe
Explorer.

Using VSCode and Zowe Explorer

1. Submit job, CBL0011J.

2. Observe the report output, last name, with first character upper-case and the
remaining characters lower-case.
Figure 1. , below, illustrates the difference in output from lab 6 compared to
this lab. Notice that in the previous lab, the last names were listed in all
capitalized characters, whereas, as previously stated, this lab output has only
the first character of the last name capitalized.

Figure 1. Lab 8 vs. lab 7 output

3. Observe the PROCEDURE DIVISION intrinsic function, lower-case, within

the WRITE-RECORD paragraph. This intrinsic function is paired with a
reference modification resulting in output of last name with upper-case first
character and the remainder in lower-case.

4. Submit CBL0012J

5. Observe the compile error.

Previous lab programs made use of a date/time intrinsic function. The
date/time intrinsic function in this lab has a syntax error that needs to be
identified and corrected.

6. Modify id.CBL(CBL0012) correcting compile error.*

7. Re-submit CBL0012J
8. Corrected CBL0012 source code should compile and execute the program
successfully. A successful compile will result in the same output as
CBL0011J.

Lab Hints
6. Refer to CBL0011 line 120 for the proper formatting of the function-name
causing the compile error.
Part 3 - VSCode alternatives and testing

Chapter 13. Installing IBM Developer for Z

Chapter 14. Enabling IBM Developer for Z to work with COBOL

Chapter 15. Using ISPF to work with COBOL

Chapter 16. Testing

13. Installing IBM Developer for Z
This chapter covers all aspects of download and installation of IBM Developer for
z/OS and any prerequisites that are needed. It includes:

➢ 13.1 Install prerequisites

▪ Hardware prerequisites
▪ Software prerequisites
▪ Download and install IBM's Installation Manager

➢ 13.2 Install product offerings through IM

➢ 13.3 Summary
13.1 Install prerequisites
This section will cover the necessary steps and information to download and
install the prerequisites needed for the installation of IBM Developer for z/OS.
This includes both hardware and software pre-requisites. It is important to verify
your workstation hardware and software meets the prerequisites below before
attempting to install IBM Developer for z/OS (IDz).

13.1.1 Hardware prerequisites

From the link below, you will find the requirements for installing and running IDz
on the different supported OS platforms: Windows, Linux, Mac and z/OS. Select
your proper platform and verify that your system meets the operating systems and
hardware minimum requirements.
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/713257

13.1.2 Software prerequisites

Also found in the link above, are the software requirements for each supported OS
platform. After selecting your platform from the link, the software prerequisites
are listed under the "Prerequisites" tab.
➢ You will use the Installation Manager to automate the process of installing
IBM Developer for z/OS (IDz) by selecting it in the Install Packages window.

13.1.3 Download and install IBM's Installation Manager

Use the following steps to download and install IBM's Installation Manager.
1. Click the following link:
https://developer.ibm.com/mainframe/products/downlo
ads/eclipse-tools/
o This will open a page where you can scroll down to locate IBM Developer
for z/OS

2. Check the box, then scroll to the bottom of the page and click Select

3. Click the Aqua 3.1 Select button

4. Click either the Installation Manager install option or the Eclipse p2 install
option
o Note that Installation Manager is preferred as it automates much of the
install process.

5. Select "Starting from fresh"

 6. Download, unzip and install IBM Installation Manager (IM) and IDz using
one of the following options:
o User install: imLauncherWindowsUser.bat
o Admin install: imLauncherWindows.bat
The process of installing Installation Manager runs unattended. After it's
finished, click Restart Installation Manager to install the product.

13.2 Install product offerings through IM

Use the following steps to install IM packages:

1. Select the product by checking the box next to IBM Developer for z/OS in
Install Packages, shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Install packages

2. Click Next
o Installation Manager will download the software components after
resolving references to your operating system and to the Trial Software
Repository.

3. Read the License Agreement terms - and if you're willing to continue

4. Accept and click Next

5. From Install Packages - click Next to accept the installation defaults

6. From Select Language - English is the default, but you can change the
language from the displayed product options.

7. From Install Packages - click Next

 8. From Configuration:
o Check Configure my z/OS connection now
o Enter the following values from Figure 2. :

Figure 2. Configuration options

9. Click Next and then Finish

Note: The version numbers in our examples are provided purely for reference and
may not reflect the latest versions of the software.

13.3 Summary
In this chapter we have walked through the process of downloading and installing
IBM's Installation Manage. Which was subsequently used to walk through a
series of dialogs to install IDz.
14. Enabling IBM Developer for Z to work
with COBOL
In this chapter we will explain how to use IDz and its COBOL-specific language-
sensitive-editor as an alternative to other editors mentioned in this book. We will
also cover how using the editor can help you develop COBOL source code in a
feature rich environment.

➢ 14.1 Introduction to IDz

▪ What is IDz?
▪ IDz architecture
▪ Installing the IDz client

➢ 14.2 Basic editing in IDz

▪ Launch IDz
▪ Overview of the IDz/Eclipse workspace and tools
▪ Accessing code on the mainframe - open a COBOL program
▪ COBOL program syntax highlighting
▪ Navigating within a COBOL file
▪ Working with COBOL source
▪ Saving your work
▪ Working in Full Screen Mode
▪ Code-completion (Content Assist)
▪ Handling syntax errors - the IDz COBOL Parser

➢ 14.3 Access to batch jobs - launch and view results in JES

➢ 14.4 Summary
14.1 Introduction to IDz
This section introduces IDz - IBM's flagship Integrated Development
Environment for both today's production z/OS application work - tomorrow's
DevOps application work - and future work with modern architectures and
component-based systems.

14.1.1 What is IDz?

IBM Developer for z/OS Enterprise Edition is a comprehensive solution for
creating and maintaining z/OS applications efficiently. The rich set of COBOL,
PL/I, C/C++, High Level Assembler (HLASM), JCL, DB/SQL - including Stored
Procedures and Java development tools and optimized tooling for Batch, CICS,
IMS and DB2 runtimes, provide z/OS application developers a modern
development environment for enhanced productivity.

Typical uses for IDz include but are not limited to:
➢ Access to Multiple Virtual Storage (MVS), z/OS Unix, Job Entry Subsystem
(JES) artifacts from an Eclipse based environment
o Eclipse is a modern GUI framework - widely used throughout the software
development world on new and existing enterprise applications.
➢ Issue z/OS commands directly - from within the Eclipse development
environment.
➢ Create new z/OS Datasets, members, Unix files and folders.
➢ Drag and drop files from one z/OS logical partition (LPAR) to another or
from workstation to z/OS and vice versa.
➢ Intelligent and advanced remote edit / save and compile.

14.1.2 IDz architecture

IDz has two basic components:
a. An IDz Client
b. A server-based "listener" that responds to development requests from the
client
The IDz Client is installed on your machine, by you, while your company's
systems administration staff installs and configures the Server Listener on z/OS.
The relationship between these two components is shown in Figure 1.
 Figure 1. IDz client/server architecture

14.1.3 Installing the IDz client

IBM provides a 60-day free, client trial license for this course. You can start the
installation process from here:

https://developer.ibm.com/mainframe/products/downloads
/eclipse-tools/

To see a more detailed instruction on installing the client, visit Chapter 13,
Installing IBM Developer for Z.

14.2 Basic editing in IDz

For the rest of this chapter, we will use the CBL001.cbl sample program to
demonstrate how rich of an experience editing COBOL in IDz can be. The steps
covered are simply informative, to help the reader better understand through
examples and visuals and are not required for the reader to complete.

14.2.1 Launch IDz

Upon launching IDz from your desktop, IDz will prompt you for a "workspace"
directory, shown in Figure 2.
o For this example, we accept the default workspace and click OK.
 Figure 2. IDz workspace directory selection

Note: a "Workspace" is a collection of folders on your PC that contain and

manage your IDz client development environment, tools, preferences, etc.

14.2.2 Overview of the IDz/Eclipse workspace and tools

When the product loads it will look something like Figure 3. Note that if your
product doesn't load - or if it looks reasonably different from Figure 3, you should
contact your instructor.

Figure 3. IDz workbench - after launch

Here are few terms and vocabulary that will be helpful at this point, illustrated in
Figure 4.
➢ The entire product (IDz client) you're looking at in Figure 4 is called the
Workspace.
o You can think of this Workspace as analogous to a development
workbench - that has several preferences pre-configured.
➢ The Workspace contains several Perspectives and a perspective is a defined
layout for your tools - which are called Views.
➢ A View is a singular tool for working on some aspect of a z/OS application.
There are hundreds of IDz Views, each has a purpose, and in this book, we
will use a subset of these views:
o Editor - a view used to create or modify code
o Remote Systems - a view for accessing code that resides on a mainframe
o Properties - a view that shows you the attributes of something (often a file
characteristics)
o z/OS Projects - a view used to organize specific files for faster access

Figure 4. The Workspace annotated

14.2.3 Accessing code on the mainframe - open a COBOL program
If you're using the IBM mainframe you will have a TSO ID assigned (and
password) along with a group of files called "Libraries" named: <TSOID>.CBL
… <TSOID>.JCL … <TSOID>.LOAD, etc. To access code on the mainframe
you would:
➢ Expand <TSOID>.CBL
➢ Double-click: CBL0001.cbl to load the program into the editor

When the warning message in Figure 5. appears:

➢ Check "Do not show this message window again"
➢ Close the Warning

Figure 5. Warning message

14.2.4 COBOL program syntax highlighting

The first thing you'll notice is that the COBOL source is highlighted in Figure 6. ,
designating:
➢ COBOL Keywords are indicated with blue font.

➢ Variable (field) definitions:

o Variables are defined elements in your COBOL program that hold data
your program will process.
▪ The variable names appear black in the editor.
▪ Definitions of your variables are displayed in red/maroon font.

➢ Remarks:
o COBOL Remarks are used to document your program's behavior, design,
purpose, etc. In CBL0001, Remarks (which start with an asterisk * in
column 7) are used to separate source lines making the program more
legible.
 Figure 6. CBL0001 sample program

14.2.5 Navigating within a COBOL file

The first thing you will want to do with an open COBOL program file is to
navigate within the file. There are several options you can use for this:
➢ The scroll bars on the right-hand side of the view behave just like MS-Word.
➢ Click the up/down arrows in the right-hand side to move down one line at a
time.
➢ PgUp and PgDn navigate through the code, one physical "page" of lines at a
time.
➢ You can click your mouse (set focus) inside the COBOL source and use the
mouse scrolling wheel to move up and down within the file.
➢ Ctrl+home jumps to the top of the source file.
➢ Ctrl+End jumps to the bottom of the file.
➢ The Outline View in Figure 7. is basically a program table-of-contents -
displaying all the elements in your program organized within the COBOL
language structure. Each element in the Outline View hyper-links the
 variables file definition and/or Paragraph in the program source to where the
element is defined.

Figure 7. Outline view hyper-links

14.2.6 Working with COBOL source

The Editor contains several dozen tools for doing efficient/effective development
work with COBOL programs. None of the tools are difficult to use, but in this
book, we concentrate on the tools & techniques needed for introductory COBOL
programming.

Before doing any development, you could press (simultaneously) Ctrl+Shift+M.

This hot-key combination turns on COBOL line-number management - and will
keep the sequence numbers in columns 73➔80 from shifting to the left and
causing syntax errors.
 Basic source editing functionality:
➢ How to change an existing line:
o Select a line with your mouse cursor and type-over the existing statement.
▪ Note that the standard MS-Windows Shift+Home, Shift+End keys
work.
➢ How to delete a line:
o To Delete a line, select the line and delete it with the Delete key on your
PC.
▪ Or select the line and press: Ctrl+X, this will cut the line copying it to
your clipboard.
➢ How to add a line:
o To add a line, click your mouse-cursor at the right-most end of the line
(but to the left of the green COBOL sequence numbers in columns 73➔
80) and press Enter.

14.2.7 Saving your work

There are various ways that you can save your work during your session. From
simply closing the file (Figure 8. ) and selecting Yes, to using a "hot-key"
combination such as:
➢ Ctrl+S - Saves your work (back to the mainframe)
➢ Ctrl+Z - "Undoes" (backs out) previous edits - one at a time
➢ Ctrl+F4 - Displays the same save dialog shown in Figure 8

Figure 8. Close and save a file

 Note: From Figure 8 - Select Yes to close and save your work, No to close the file
without saving and Cancel to return to Edit without having saved.

14.2.8 Working in Full Screen Mode

While the COBOL programs you have learned from and worked with in this
course are not colossal in size, there are times you may have noticed the benefit
from working in Full Screen Mode. Full Screen Mode allows you to see far more
code at-a-glance, making it easier to both understand what a program does and
make changes to the appropriate elements.
➢ To enter Full-Screen Mode you would double-click the tab with the
program name on it - on the top of the Editor View, shown in Figure 9.
➢ To restore the View out of Full-Screen, double-click the tab a second time.

Figure 9. Double-Click the Editor View tab to enter Full-Screen mode

Figure 10. Source code in Full Screen mode

14.2.9 Code-completion (Content Assist)
Code-completion (or in Eclipse terms; "Content Assist") allows you to type
partial text, press Ctrl+Spacebar and choose the completed COBOL keyword,
variable name or COBOL paragraph label from a popup window, see Figure 11.
All variables with names that begin with "ACC" are displayed.

Figure 11. Content Assist

You can also reference COBOL keywords by entering the beginning of the
keyword and pressing Ctrl+Spacebar, displayed in Figure 12.

Figure 12. Pressing Ctrl+Spacebar to view & select COBOL keywords

14.2.10 Handling syntax errors - the IDz COBOL Parser

IDz also provides a level of syntax checking for its supported languages,
including COBOL, JCL, SQL, PL/I, etc. Although not as complete and
authoritative as the mainframe COBOL compiler (which produces executable
machine instructions), it is a method of quickly identifying syntax errors in your
code and is helpful to see before submitting the source file for compilation.
To demonstrate, let's create an error and then see how the editor shows it to us.
From Figure 13. you can see that we've misspelled "LASTREC" (it's been
changed to LASTREC1).
 ➢ Immediately after typing the letter "1" at the end of LASTREC the IDz
COBOL parser:
o Recognized the error and flagged it
o Added a statement tip (recommendation) to change the spelling to
LASTREC

Figure 13. Highlighting errors in source code

We can either choose to select the recommended change or do some more

research on why that statement is considered invalid COBOL syntax.

14.3 Access to batch jobs - launch and view results in JES

After you have edited a program in the labs throughout this book, cleared up any
syntax errors, saved and closed your file, you likely launched a JCL job to
"compile and link" the code. This is often termed a "build operation", as it creates
an executable version of your COBOL program ready to test and/or run and
produce business results.

The action of launching a batch job has been described in greater detail previously
in this book. Below is a simple series of steps to illustrate an example of doing
such in IDz:
1. Obtain a "JCL file" that does the compile/link procedure, in our case this is
HELLO.jcl, displayed in Figure 14.

2. We then modified portions of the file in order to build the program/code,

shown in Figure 14.

3. Submit the JCL to a z/OS subsystem called JES (Job Entry Subsystem) by
right clicking and selecting Submit from the menu that appears, as shown in
Figure 14.
Figure 14. Submitting a JCL file

4. After submitting the JCL, there will be a prompt to locate the job from a job
submission confirmation pop-up, see Figure 15. Here, you would select
Locate Job.

Figure 15. Locate the Job after submission

 5. Then navigate down to the JES elements in the Remote Systems view, open
the job like Figure 16 shows and inspect the job results.

Figure 16. Access to JES and Jobs through Remote Systems

JCL = Job Control Language - A mainframe computing language that controls the running
of "batch" jobs. A JCL File consists of JCL statements.
JES = Job Entry Subsystem - An area in a mainframe that handles the running of "batch
jobs"
Batch Job - Work done on a mainframe in a non-interactive mode - overnight financial
processing, updates to online databases and systems, etc.

14.4 Summary
In this chapter, you have been able to go through some of the key editing features
of the IDz. These capabilities make editing COBOL, PL/I, JCL, Assembler, SQL
and several other z/OS software languages (Java, JavaScript, HTLM, JSON, etc.)
a little easier.

We've covered, in this chapter, less than 5% of what IDz has to offer for the z/OS
professional. To learn more:

➢ IBM instructional videos on IDz:

https://developer.ibm.com/mainframe/videos/

➢ Ongoing IBM (free) Remote Instructor-led training on IDz:

https://developer.ibm.com/mainframe/idzrdz-remote-
training/
15. Using ISPF to work with COBOL
In this chapter we will explain how to use the tools of ISPF to develop COBOL
source code, submit and manage jobs.

➢ 15.1 Introduction to TSO/ISPF

▪ What is TSO/ISPF?
▪ TSO vs. ISPF
▪ TSO/ISPF in the real world
▪ ISPF emulation architecture
▪ Accessing the 3270-Emulator

➢ 15.2 Basic editing

▪ Launch IDz
▪ Access TSO/ISPF from IDz
▪ Log in to ISPF

➢ 15.3 Overview of the ISPF primary option menu

▪ What if my cursor becomes stuck in the user interface?
▪ Edit entry panel
▪ ISPF edit
▪ Navigating within a COBOL file
▪ Working with COBOL source - Prefix Area
▪ Saving your work

➢ 15.4 Access to batch jobs - launch and view results in JES

▪ Steps - using the same basic workflow as edit

➢ 15.5 Summary
15.1 Introduction to TSO/ISPF
This section introduces TSO/ISPF, IBM's central z/OS tooling, used in nearly
100% of the world's mainframe facilities to do application development and
systems administration.

15.1.1 What is TSO/ISPF?

Introduced in 1974, TSO/ISPF is a set of mainframe software components that
built out almost all the mainframe systems and applications present in the
business world yesterday and today. TSO/ISPF tooling is accessed via 3270-data
stream technology ("Emulation") products that are PF-Key (program function
key) tools, living in a character-based (not GUI) user interface.

15.1.2 TSO vs. ISPF

Technically, TSO (Time Sharing Option) is an application that runs directly on
z/OS machines - and ISPF (Interactive Systems Programming Facility) is the
user-interface to TSO tools and functionality. Sometimes you will hear the term
TSO, sometimes ISPF and sometimes TSO/ISPF. From the standpoint of
COBOL programming, you can consider these to be synonymous. In this chapter,
we will use the term ISPF (no one actually ever says "interactive systems
programming facility" anyway).

15.1.3 TSO/ISPF in the real world

Every company's ISPF uses a base set of tools and features, but then customizes
the interface; adding, changing or uninstalling features they feel are necessary for
optimal use in their business/technical environment.
Standard ISPF functionality includes:
➢ Access to MVS files, z/OS Unix and JES artifacts using 3270-data stream
(character-based) emulator.
o Note that there are several ISPF emulation packages available. In this
chapter, we'll be demonstrating and discussing ISPF using IDz's "Host
Connection Emulation", which is a free component of IDz.
o Ultimately, all the host ISPF software functionality is the same, so it won't
matter much which product you use.
➢ Issue z/OS commands directly.
➢ Submit and manage z/OS "batch jobs" - executables that run unattended on
the mainframe.
➢ Create new z/OS Datasets, members, Unix files and folders.
➢ Edit MVS files and Datasets.
o Primary focus of this chapter.
15.1.4 ISPF emulation architecture
There are two basic components:
a. A server-based "listener" that responds to development requests from the
emulation client.
b. Your ISPF Emulation Client, usually termed: 3270-Emulator - or just
"emulator".
You would be responsible for installing the emulator on your machine. Your
company's systems administration staff would be responsible for installing and
configuring the server listener on z/OS. In this book you spent nearly 100% of
your time performing COBOL development activities, primarily; program edit
and compile/link/run coding and testing programs.

The ISPF Emulation architecture is depicted in Figure 1. Note that definitions of

terms like RACF/ACF-2 and Top Secret (along with JES, CICS, REXX, etc.) can
be found on the web.

Figure 1. ISPF Emulation-z/OS architecture

15.1.5 Accessing the 3270-Emulator

Depending on what 3270-emulation product you're using, launching the product
and setting it up will be different, and we can't cover all the alternatives in this
book. However, because we will be documenting the use of TSO/ISPF using IDz,
that is what our examples will be based on utilizing. To see a more detailed
instruction on installing the client visit Chapter 13, Installing IBM Developer for
Z.
15.2 Basic editing
For the rest of this chapter we will use the CBL001.cbl sample program to
demonstrate editing COBOL using ISPF. The steps covered are simply
informative, to help the reader better understand through examples and visuals
and are not required for the reader to complete.

15.2.1 Launch IDz

➢ First, launch IDz from your desktop.
➢ IDz will prompt for a "workspace" directory.
o For the purposes of this book we accept the default workspace and click
OK.
➢ You will also be prompted for your TSO USERID and PASSWORD.

15.2.2 Access TSO/ISPF from IDz

➢ After IDz has launched - from Remote Systems:
o Right-click on MVS Files and select: Host Connection Emulator.
▪ Note that your instructor may have to give specific Connection
information, such as the Emulator port.

Figure 2. Accessing IDz's built-in emulator

15.2.3 Log in to ISPF
After selecting Host Connection Emulator, you should see something like a
mainframe 3270-Emulator screen that lists mainframe applications available on
your system, shown in Figure 3. This screen is site-specific, so what you see may
not look exactly like Figure 3, but you should see something like "TSO" or
"LOGON".

Figure 3. TN3270 z/OS access screen

If you've typed your TSO ID correctly, you will then be prompted for your TSO
password, which you must obtain from your company or from you class
instructor. See Figure 4.

Figure 4. Password login screen

 Following a successfully entered password, you will see several system broadcast
message screens. Each of them followed by three asterisks, shown in Figure 5.
The asterisks are informing you that the system wants you to press Enter.

Figure 5. TSO "waiting for Enter messages or "prompts"

Note: The TSO system messages may contain important information, such as the
disposition of a submitted job.

15.3 Overview of the ISPF primary option menu

After you’ve pressed Enter, you should see something like Figure 6. , the ISPF
Primary Option Menu, or simply the "primary menu".

Figure 6. ISPF primary option dialog

Note that the primary menu in Figure 6 shows 14 options - numbered 0 ➔ 11, SD
and U. There are also some PF Key assignments at the bottom of the screen.
These PF Key assignments are consistent throughout the product and are defined
as:
➢ F1 ➔ Help on the current screen (many ISPF professionals refer to these
screens as "dialogs")
➢ F2 ➔ Split the screen horizontally. This allows you to work in two different
areas simultaneously.
➢ F3 ➔ Exit or return from the prior tool menu.
 ➢ F7 ➔ Page backward
➢ F8 ➔ Page forward
➢ F9 ➔ Swap your cursor focus between split screens.
➢ F10 ➔ Actions bounces your cursor up to the Options at the top of the
screen.
➢ F12 ➔ Cancel returns you to the previous z/OS application. In this case, F12
logs you out of ISPF and puts you in "Native TSO mode", which is similar to
command line Unix and where you can enter commands to z/OS (the
mainframe OS), but you cannot use ISPF to do development work.
➢ SD ➔ SDSF (Systems Display and Search Facility) to view the status of
batch "jobs".
➢ U ➔ Unix access to the Unix subsystem running on z/OS.

Every shop will have some small variation on the ISPF primary menu, but for
now let's type the number two on the Option line and press Enter, as shown in
Figure 7.

Figure 7. Accessing edit - option 2 from the ISPF primary menu

15.3.1 What if my cursor becomes stuck in the user interface?

There are specific areas of 3270 screens designated for input, prefixed with:
Option = = = >

If your cursor focus is not on the option line and you type, you will "freeze" the
screen. To get out of this situation:
➢ Click the tiny square at the bottom left corner of your 3270 screen.
➢ And press the Attn key, this will reset the screen for input allowing you to
continue, shown in Figure 8.
 Figure 8. IDz 3270 control keys

15.3.2 Edit entry panel

Figure 9. is an example of the edit entry panel. This screen allows you to specify
the location of what you wish to edit. Note that you can create new programs and
source files in TSO libraries (often referred to as Partitioned Data Sets (PDS).
That is outside the scope of this chapter.

There are numerous ways to specify a file to edit, but for now we're going to:
1. List all the program files in a library.
2. Select the program to edit from a list.

From Figure 9. :
➢ Type CBL on the Name . . . entry area
➢ Press Enter
This will bring up the PDS member selection screen (Figure 10. ). Note that you
did not have to enter: <TSOID>.CBL. This is because ISPF knows your TSO
logon and automatically prefixes it before file names on the dialog input lines, if
the file name isn't surrounded by apostrophes.

On the selection screen, hit the tab key three times and type an S next to
CBL0001, then press Enter. This will open CBL0001 with the ISPF screen
where we can edit the source, shown in Figure 12.
Figure 9. Edit (option 2) dialog (entry panel) - where you select a file to edit

Figure 10. The PDS member selection screen - where you select (S) the file you want to edit

When the file initially opens you will probably get some warning text, which can
be removed by typing res on the command line and pressing Enter, shown in
Figure 11.

Figure 11. Resetting the warnings on the command line

 Figure 12. ISPF editor

15.3.3 ISPF edit

The layout of the ISPF Editor is shown in Figure 12. The prominent areas
include:
➢ Command line - Where you issue change, find and navigation commands.
➢ Prefix Area - Where you issue line-level source modification commands
(copy/paste/etc.).
➢ Your source file (COBOL Program Source).
➢ PF-Key definitions for editing, for example, PF3 == "save and close my edit
session".

Note that there are dozens of ISPF productivity techniques, but in this chapter, we
explore only a subset of them.

15.3.4 Navigating within a COBOL file

The first thing you will want to do with an open COBOL program file is to
navigate within the file. There are several options you can use for this:
➢ PF-Key command navigation:
o PF8 - Scrolls down in the source one physical page at a time.
o PF7 - Scrolls up in the source one physical page at a time.
➢ Command line command navigation: (see Figure 13. ) - note that the
commands are not case-sensitive:
o Bottom - Scrolls to the bottom of the file
o Top - Scrolls to the top of file
o Locate nn - Scrolls to the exact line number entered
 ▪ Locate can be abbreviated to L

Figure 13. Issuing command line commands

15.3.5 Working with COBOL source - Prefix Area

The ISPF editor contains several dozen tools for doing efficient/effective
development work with COBOL programs. All are easy to learn, but in this
section will concentrate on the tools & editing techniques needed for introductory
COBOL programming.

Basic source editing functionality (see Figure 14. )

➢ Change an existing line:
o Type-over the existing statement(s).
➢ Delete a line:
o Type a D on the line in the Prefix Area.
o Type DD on a line and DD on some line below it to "Block Delete" lines.
➢ Repeat a line:
o Type an R on the line in the Prefix Area.
o Type RR on a line and RR on some line below it - to "Block Repeat" lines.
➢ Insert a line:
o Type an I on one line above where you want the line inserted.
o Type In to insert multiple lines.
➢ Copy a line:
o Type a C on the line in the Prefix Area - and A (above) or B (below) a line
where you want copied line to go.
o Type CC on a line and CC on some line below it "Block Copy" lines.
➢ Move a line:
o Type an M on the line in the Prefix Area - and A (above) or B (below) a
line where you want copied line to go.
o Type MM on a line and MM on some line below it "Block Move" lines.
 Figure 14. Series of Prefix Area commands "stacked" or issued simultaneously

15.3.6 Saving your work

There are various ways that you can save your work:
➢ Typing save on the command line saves your work and leaves you in ISPF
edit.
➢ Pressing PF3 saves your work and exits ISPF edit.
➢ Typing cancel on the command line cancels all changes since the previous
save or the beginning of your ISPF edit session.
➢ Typing =X on the command line exits ISPF edit back to the Primary Option
Menu.
o Note that you will be prompted to save or cancel changes to the file.

15.4 Access to batch jobs - launch and view results in JES

After you have edited a program, cleared up any syntax errors, saved and closed
your file, you will launch a JCL job to "compile and link" the code. This is often
termed a "build operation", as it creates an executable version of your COBOL
program ready to test and/or run and produce business results.
This section demonstrates:
➢ How to obtain a "JCL file" that does the compile/link procedure.
➢ How to modify portions of the file in order to build your program/code.
 ➢ How to "Submit the JCL" to a z/OS subsystem called "JES" (Job Entry
Subsystem), see Figure 15.
➢ After submitting the JCL, how to access the Outlist, see Figure 16.
➢ How to navigate down to the JES elements in the Remote Systems view, open
the job and inspect the job results shown in Figure 16.

JCL = Job Control Language - A mainframe computing language that controls the running of
"batch" jobs. A JCL file consists of JCL statements.
JES = Job Entry Subsystem - An area in a mainframe that handles the running of "batch jobs".
Batch Job - Work done on a mainframe in a non-interactive mode - overnight financial
processing, updates to online databases and systems, etc.

15.4.1 Steps - using the same basic workflow as edit

➢ From Option 2:
o Type JCL on the Other Partitioned files line and press Enter to create a
list of files in this library
o From the list, hit tab three times and select CBL0001J by typing an S next
to the file name and pressing Enter.
o Type sub (or submit) on the ISPF editor command line and press
Enter.
o Jot down - or remember - the JES number assigned to the job, shown in
Figure 15.
o Use the job Outlist tool assigned to you by your shop or instructor to
validate results.
▪ There are several different tools by IBM and third-party vendors that
support the viewing, saving, printing, etc. of job output.
▪ Consult with your instructor or manager to learn the steps in order to
use them.

Figure 15. Submitting a JCL file

 Figure 16. Job number assigned by JES

15.5 Summary
In this chapter we have walked through some of the editing features using
TSO/ISPF and the ISPF editor. These capabilities ease editing COBOL, PL/I,
JCL, Assembler, SQL and several other z/OS software languages (REXX, CLIST,
etc.).

We've covered in this chapter less than 5% of what ISPF offers for the z/OS
professional. To learn more, there are several quality books on the subject and
videos available on YouTube.
➢ A link to an excellent instructional video on ISPF:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOiHiI7b9iY
16. Testing
In this chapter, we focus on the importance of thoroughly testing software to
ensure its quality. No language or program is exempt from the importance of
testing and automated testing, including programs written in COBOL. The
chapter explains how this can only be achieved in an effective and efficient way
by automating the testing as part of a continuous delivery pipeline and introduces
a framework that can enable such automation.

We will look at some of the background to software testing and the different types
of testing, the value to an enterprise of using a continuous integration/continuous
delivery pipeline, why automation is vital in CI/CD pipelines, and the risks of not
adopting automation.

➢ 16.1 Importance of testing

▪ What is testing and why do it?
▪ What is unit testing?
▪ What is function/integration/system testing?
▪ The role of exploratory testing

➢ 16.2 Basics of continuous integration, continuous delivery

▪ Introduction to DevOps and CI/CD pipelines
▪ Focus on efficiency and automation through the pipeline
▪ Tests as the quality gatekeeper through phases of the pipeline
▪ Managing the pipeline when test cases fail

➢ 16.3 Testing on z/OS

▪ Importance of testing on z/OS
▪ Challenges for test automation on z/OS

➢ 16.4 Why does this matter?

▪ Value of automated testing in continuous delivery
▪ Dangers of not automating testing
▪ Risks of not adopting continuous delivery
▪ Use of automated testing for system reliability

➢ 16.5 How can test automation be achieved on z/OS?

16.1 Importance of testing
If software is not tested, how can you or your users have confidence that it will
behave as intended?

16.1.1 What is testing and why do it?

Testing is the process of validating that software carries out the actions and
provides the results that are expected. It can, and should, encompass a number of
different types of testing carried out at a number of different phases during the
development lifecycle of the product, and potentially continue after the software
has been released. This allows errors and omissions in the software to be
uncovered, as well as ensuring that it meets the user requirements.

There are several alarming examples of software defects and problems that could
have been avoided by applying the proper and sufficient testing.

Put simply, software testing can be described as verification of the system or

application under test. Cem Kaner offers this definition:
"Software testing is an empirical technical investigation conducted to provide
stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under
test."

16.1.2 What is unit testing?

Unit testing is the earliest phase of testing and validates that an individual unit or
component of a software solution performs as designed. Unit testing is typically
carried out by the developer who wrote the code within the unit or component
under test, along with other early validation activities such as static analysis and
code review. That is not to say that the unit tests created by the developer might
also be re-run at later stages in the software lifecycle, to validate that the
individual units still behave as intended.

Unit testing is important because the earlier defects can be found (or avoided), the
less resource is required to resolve them. A problem found early might be
corrected by simple editing in minutes, whereas the same problem found later
might require a lot of rewriting and re-testing. Unit testing also often takes
advantage of the developer's knowledge of the internals of the unit or units being
tested.

The unit tests that are created as part of unit testing can also be very important, if
they are designed in such a way that they can be run and re-run later in the
development cycle, to validate that the behavior of the software units is still
correct.
16.1.3 What is function/integration/system testing?
Beyond the realm of unit testing, which is carried out by the developer, are a
range of types of testing that typically fall into the realm of the tester. These
validate that when individual units of code are integrated together, or introduced
into an existing software system, the overall system both continues to work
correctly without any regressions and displays the new functionality that the new
code is intended to enable. There are a multitude of terms used to define these
different types of testing, and in most organizations, there will be a sequence of
test phases through which code will pass, each with their own names.

A useful approach to categorizing types of testing are the Agile Test Quadrants,
introduced by Brian Marick (http://www.exampler.com/old-
blog/2003/08/21.1.html#agile-testing-project-1). This looks
at tests in terms of distinguishing whether they are business facing or technology
facing, as well as whether they are used by or on behalf of programmers to
support programming or are intended to critique the product. This results in four
quadrants (see Figure 1):

➢ Quadrant Q1 looks at unit testing, as well as component and integration

testing, all of which focus on the technology.
➢ Quadrant Q2 looks at more business facing and system level tests, such as
functional tests and story tests.
➢ Quadrant Q3 represents tests that focus on the business-level capability of
the product, and aim to critique or discover any problems with this, such as
exploratory testing, usability and user acceptance testing
➢ Quadrant Q4 is focused on the system as a whole and how it meets business
needs, but from a technology perspective, such as performance, load, stress,
and security testing.

Quadrants Q1 and Q2 often lend themselves to automated testing, while Q3

requires a more exploratory and manual approach, and Q4 might require tools
focused on testing for performance or security, for example.
Figure 1. Agile Testing Quadrants (from http://tryqa.com/what-are-test-pyramid-and-testing-quadrants-in-
agile-testing-methodology/ )

Martin Fowler and Mike Kohn have discussed the concept of a Test Pyramid (see
’The Practical Test Pyramid’:
https://martinfowler.com/articles/practical-test-
pyramid.html), which emphasizes the importance of a wide base of many
small unit tests, then built upon that a set of equally important but less numerous
tests that Mike Cohn called 'Service Tests'. At the top of the pyramid are 'End to
End tests', which include user interface tests, and which test the entire system
from end to end. Service tests covers a similar scope of testing as Integration
Testing but is a term which has not gained much traction, and in our usage
Integration Testing covers all the pyramid above the unit tests.

This chapter is not going to attempt to provide definitive definitions of the various
types of testing but will use 'Integration Testing' as an umbrella term to cover
much of the testing that occurs after development and which lends itself to
automation. This is where individual units of software are tested together, as well
as being tested with other components including external parts of the system.
Such tests are usually run in an environment that matches some aspects of the
ultimate target environment for the software. Included within 'Integration Testing'
are regression testing, functional testing, system testing, U.I. testing, end-to-end
testing, user acceptance testing, performance testing.

A distinction should be made between types of testing and types of tests. Unit
tests for example can, and should, be run during later test phases, especially as
part of regression testing.
 16.1.4 The role of exploratory testing
Exploratory testing was defined by Cem Kaner in 1984 (see
http://www.kaner.com/pdfs/QAIExploring.pdf) as, "a style of
software testing that emphasizes the personal freedom and responsibility of the
individual tester to continually optimize the quality of their work by treating test-
related learning, test design, test execution, and test result interpretation as
mutually supportive activities that run in parallel throughout the project."

Exploratory testing allows a tester to use their skills and experience to discover,
investigate and learn about the behavior of the software under test. In the spirit of
the Agile Manifesto, it emphasizes the "personal freedom and responsibility of
the individual tester" (https://www.guru99.com/exploratory-
testing.html).

In terms of the Agile Testing Quadrants, exploratory testing lies towards the side
that aims to 'critique the product', which is covered nicely in this post:
https://www.testingexcellence.com/exploratory-testing-
important-agile-projects/.

Exploratory testing is often referred to as being a 'thinking' activity. It is also

sometimes referred to as ad-hoc testing, but in reality, it is a much more directed
and organized activity than being purely ad-hoc.

This type of testing makes the best use of the skills of the tester, but clearly by its
very nature does not lend itself to automation. The value of automation of testing
lies in freeing the tester from the need to manually carry out repetitive and un-
thinking testing.

16.2 Basics of continuous integration, continuous delivery

Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) are important practices
within a DevOps approach, which allow software to be evolved and enhanced at a
rate that meets the needs of the business and users, rather than being artificially
delayed by long testing cycles which in turn result in a batching up of the delivery
of software changes.

16.2.1 Introduction to DevOps and CI/CD pipelines

At its heart, DevOps refers to a building a greater collaboration between the
software development and IT operations teams within an organization. By
working together, the systems development lifecycle of building, testing and
releasing software can be shortened, and software changes can be continuously
integrated and continuously delivered to provide value more rapidly and reliably.
A key step in adopting a successful DevOps approach is to set up a CI/CD
pipeline.
Continuous Integration (CI) is a technique first identified by Grady Booch,
involving frequent checking in of small code changes made by a development
team, which are merged together into a 'Master' code stream. CI provides a
consistent way of building and packaging changes and validating that they work
together, encouraging teams to commit changes more frequently. Martin Fowler
summarized the benefits by saying that "Continuous Integration doesn't get rid of
bugs, but it does make them dramatically easier to find and remove".

Continuous Delivery (CD) progresses the code changes further around the
pipeline process, by automating the delivery of the changed software to a series of
environments for testing, and ultimately production. Some people distinguish
between Continuous Delivery, which ensures working and tested releases of
software are ready at any time, to production, but requires a manual decision
process prior to that final deployment, and continuous deployment which also
automates the releasing into production.

All of this requires Continuous Testing to ensure that quality software is being
made available at each stage, and ultimately delivered to production. To take this
further, there is also value in continuous monitoring of the software in production,
continuous feedback from stakeholders and users, and ultimately 'Continuous
Everything'.

Making everything as continuous and as automated as possible is what a DevOps

pipeline aims to achieve. Such pipelines are often represented pictorially as a
funnel, with code units being fed in at one end, passing through various phases of
building and testing within a sequence of environments, and being delivered into
production at the end.

We prefer to represent the pipeline as a cyclical and iterative process, where

developers write, build and unit test their code, repeating steps as needed. Then
those units are fed into further cycles of integration and system styles of testing.
Following release into production, the software system is continually monitored,
and further enhancements are planned, resulting in the cycle being repeated.
Figure 2 shows a schematic that represents this view of the pipeline.
Figure 2. Representation of a DevOps pipeline

In Figure 2, after planning for the next release, based on user input, and
potentially analyzing the code to understand where to introduce the changes, the
coding phase begins. The developer will write, build and unit test the code,
gradually adding in function and ensuring that it works as an individual unit as
intended, using their preferred IDE and preferred tools for source code
management, dependency resolution, etc. When the code is ready, it will be
delivered into the pipeline, which uses an artifact repository to manage the
process. The software now enters the testing phases, where the test environments
are provisioned (or might already exist), the code changes are deployed into the
environment to be tested, and tests are run. The tests might, themselves, drive the
provisioning and deployment, or this might be done separately. This phase of the
pipeline is an iterative process, moving through different levels of testing, often in
different environments. When failures occur, they need to be efficiently
diagnosed, and if needed, the code will be amended, rebuilt, and unit tested again.
Feedback from users will be sought during this phase, to ensure that what is being
delivered meets their needs. When the code change has successfully passed all
the required phases of testing, it will be released to production. The software
changes and the production environment will continue to be monitored and
planning for the next release can begin. Figure 2 illustrates some of the tools and
products that might be used to implement the various stages of the pipeline.
Some of these building blocks are probably in place at many enterprises, but it is
likely that most of the activities are carried out in a manual way and it is the lack
of automation of those steps that slows delivery.

A DevOps pipeline can only be efficient, or indeed practical, if it can be

automated.
16.2.2 Focus on efficiency and automation through the pipeline
The driver for building a CI/CD pipeline is to increase efficiency and speed of
delivery. This means that all the steps in the pipeline need to be both quick and
reliable and the only realistic way of achieving that is through automation.

16.2.3 Tests as the quality gatekeeper through phases of the pipeline

As a software change is delivered through a CI/CD pipeline, it is important to
ensure its quality and readiness to move on to the next phase. Testing is the
gatekeeper that can give confidence that this is the case – and can also flag up
where it is not.

This testing also needs to be carried out continuously, as each change is delivered.
'Continuous testing' has been described as being a process of "testing early,
testing often, testing everywhere, and automate"
(https://www.guru99.com/continuous-testing.html).

A key principle of the move to DevOps and a CI/CD pipeline is that as much of
the testing as possible needs to be automated. Also, it is not just the tests
themselves that need to be automated, but also the checking of whether the tests
have passed.

Some quotes on the importance of test automation:

"To achieve such speed and agility, it is important to automate all the testing processes and
configure them to run automatically when the deployment is completed in the QA environment."
From https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/devops-and-software-
testing/
"Test automation has become crucial to keep quality control intact while maintaining the speed
of releases." From https://dzone.com/articles/role-of-test-automation-
in-devops
"DevOps can simply not succeed if it still requires a large number of test cases to be run
manually." From https://www.atlassian.com/blog/devops/test-
automation-secret-devops-success

However, not all testing can or should be automated. Exploratory testing might
well follow different paths as a result of what is discovered during the process.
Penetration testing often relies on innovation and trying something new, which is
difficult to automate. User acceptance testing will often involve users interacting
with the system in a flexible way.

Testing versus Checking

Testing is an interactive activity that involves evaluating whether software meets
its purpose, by exploring and experimenting with its behavior. This requires
human creativity and cannot be automated. What is possible to automate is the
checking that the software meets these expectations that we have discovered by
 testing. James Bach and Michael Bolton introduced this distinction between
testing and checking (see
https://www.satisfice.com/blog/archives/856): "we distinguish
between aspects of the testing process that machines can do versus those that only
skilled humans can do. We have done this linguistically by adapting the ordinary
English word “checking” to refer to what tools can do.".

When we speak of testing in this chapter from this point on, we are referring to
what would more strictly be called checking, rather than testing.

The key point is that anything that lends itself to automation should be automated,
to allow time for these other activities where automation is genuinely not
appropriate. The fact that something is quite difficult to automate should not be
used as an excuse for failing to automate it.

16.2.4 Managing the pipeline when test cases fail

As noted above, if the tests are automated, but checking or reacting to their results
is not, then that is only half of the story. When building a CI/CD pipeline,
thought should be given to what happens when test cases fail.

The diagnostics that will reveal the cause of the failure should be collected in a
known location and made available in an easy way to the engineer who will
investigate the problem. The software change that caused the failure should be
easily identifiable, and its progress through the pipeline should be halted, or
reversed. Other software changes that have not caused the failure should be able
to continue unimpeded, unless they are only viable with the failing change, which
should also be something the pipeline can detect and act upon. Finally, it is
possible that the failure could be due to a problem with the test or the test
environment, and those possibilities must also be easy to detect and investigate.

16.3 Testing on z/OS

Many organizations have chosen IBM Z for the most critical aspects of their
businesses, especially in industries including banking, insurance, and retail, where
disruptions cannot be tolerated. This means that in addition to relying on the
inherent reliability, security and resilience of the platform, such companies also
carry out extensive testing before introducing any change.

16.3.1 Importance of testing on z/OS

Due to the mission critical nature of the software and applications running on
z/OS, testing is vital to ensure that services can be provided uninterrupted, and
that any change will both work as intended and not impact anything else. This
makes testing arguably more vital on z/OS than on any other platform.
 The terminology used to describe the various phases of testing of z/OS
applications indicate the importance that organizations attach to this testing, with
terms like 'Quality Assurance' testing, 'Pre-Production' testing, 'User Acceptance'
testing, not to mention the extensive phases of regression testing and performance
testing required when introducing any change into the system.

This means that the estimates for any project that makes changes to an application
on z/OS, or for a new application, include a very large portion of effort allocated
to testing.

16.3.2 Challenges for test automation on z/OS

With such extensive testing required, it might be thought that test automation
would be widespread on z/OS. However, test automation on z/OS has historically
proved to be very difficult.

Surveys and user research carried out by the IBM CICS Transaction Server for
z/OS organization have shown that between 92 and 95% of testing on the
platform is entirely or mostly manual, which is in line with industry estimates that
place the percentage of manual testing at around 80% ("Even today, 80 percent of
enterprise testing is done manually." – Sandeep Johri, Tricentis CEO). The
manual testing can vary in nature from a test suite that just needs to be set up and
run manually, to typing in a sequence of steps that are described in a hardcopy
book of test cases.

Why is test automation such a challenge on z/OS? Some of the reasons are:
➢ Very large systems have been built up over the years; large both in terms of
the number and size of components making up each application, and in terms
of the environment in which the applications run. Finding a way to drive
these large systems as part of an automated test has proved challenging.
➢ There is a lack of test automation tools that understand the z/OS operating
system, its subsystems and file stores, to make it practical to adopt these tools.
➢ The data is tightly integrated with the applications which use it and is often
used by multiple applications. Providing suitable test data, which can be
isolated for use by each test run, and reset to known values, has been very
challenging.
➢ Many applications rely on components which were developed many years
ago, which means that testing needs to ensure these components will still run
without issues or regressions. As Rosalind Radcliffe put it, "The best thing
about the mainframe is a module compiled 40 years ago will still run. The
worst thing about the mainframe is a module compiled 40 years ago will still
run." [https://www.sonatype.com/an-innovators-journey-rosalind-radcliffe]

The difficulty in achieving this has resulted in falling back to manual processes
and checks, and as a result continuing to use waterfall processes. To quote
 Sandeep Johri again, "If you move to Agile development but your testing cycle is
still 6 to 12 weeks due to manual testing, you’ll fall right back into a Waterfall
mode” (https://devops.com/devops-chat-continuous-
testing-w-sandeep-johri-ceo-tricentis/). If the testing cycle
takes a long time, then developers will be tempted to group together lots of
changes to get them tested all together, which is entirely counter to the idea of
continuous integration.

16.4 Why does this matter?

Organizations that use z/OS for their mission-critical systems have enjoyed
growth and success for many years. So, does it matter if most of the testing is
done manually? In today's world, it is important to be able to respond very
rapidly to new market opportunities and threats, and to have confidence in the
quality and robustness of the services that you provide.

16.4.1 Value of automated testing in continuous delivery

As we have seen, if testing cannot be automated, then it is difficult if not
impossible to gain the benefits of continuous delivery, reducing the agility of an
organization and its ability to react and innovate quickly. Even responding to a
new competitive threat or compliance regulation might not be possible without a
CI/CD pipeline and automated testing.

16.4.2 Dangers of not automating testing

If an organization continues to test manually, then they run the risk that the test
cycle will be too long to enable the required agility and speed to market, or the
amount of testing will have to be reduced, leading to uncertainty over the quality
of the software being delivered, or perhaps both.

16.4.3 Risks of not adopting continuous delivery

If an organization does not adopt a continuous delivery approach, in which small
changes can be constantly delivered and tested, then there is a tendency to save up
all the changes until enough have been made to justify the large effort involved in
testing a software release. Not only does this mean that users endure a long wait
for new function to become available, but if problems occur then it is harder to
identify the cause and to isolate the failing component.

Even more damaging could be the impact of being unable to deliver function
rapidly into the marketplace, and missing opportunities as a result.

16.4.4 Use of automated testing for system reliability

With automated testing in place, it is easy to run the checks which ensure the
software is working as expected. So, whenever a change is introduced into the
 system, such as applying maintenance, a hardware upgrade, or updates to another
component, there is automation available to verify that all is as it should be. This
also means that such changes can be made more easily and with more confidence.

16.5 How can test automation be achieved on z/OS?

Many organizations have built, or are now building, CI/CD pipelines for their
z/OS applications, with considerable success. These teams are looking to test
automation to help them achieve an efficient pipeline. This chapter described an
approach to test automation on z/OS, by using a framework for automating tests
which offers deep integration with z/OS capabilities.