Practical 1.

1 Functions of one variable

1. Find f(0), f(2), f(-2), f(3), f(√2), f(3t)
1
a) f(x) = 3x2 – 2 b) f(x) = , x>3
𝑥
= 2x, x ≤ 3

2. Find g(0), g(-1), g(-1.1), g(1), g(2), g(√2), g(s), g(t2)

𝑥+1
a) g(x) = b) g(x) = √𝑥 + 1, x ≥ 1
𝑥−1
= 3, x<1

3. Find the domain and range for the following functions

1
a) F(x) =
𝑥−3
𝑥
b) f(x) = | |
𝑥
c) g(x) = √𝑥 2
−3
d) g(x) = √𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5
1
e) h(x) =
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
f) h(x) = x3 + 2
g) f(x) = 3sinx
−2
h) g(x) = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 √𝑥)
i) h(x) = 3 + √𝑥

4. Find formulas for 3f, f + g, f – g, 3f + 2g, fg, f/g for the following functions:
a) f(x) = 2√𝑥 − 1; g(x) = √𝑥 − 1
𝑥 1
b) f(x) = 2
; g(x) =
1+𝑥 𝑥

5. Find formulas for f ∘ g, g ∘ f, f ∘ f for the following functions:

a) f(x) = x2, g(x) = √1 − 𝑥
b) f(x) = √𝑥 − 3, g(x) = √𝑥 2 + 3
𝑥+1 1
c) f(x) = , g(x) =
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
𝑥 1
d) f(x) = , g(x) =
1+ 𝑥 2 𝑥

6. Let f(x) = √𝑥 and g(x) = x3 + 1.

Find f(g(2)), g(f(4)), f(f(16)), g(g(0)), f(2 + h), g(3 + t).

7. Let g(x) = √𝑥 .
Find g(5s + 2), g(√𝑥 + 2), 3g(5x), g(1/√𝑥), g((x – 1)2).
 Practical 1.2 Limit of a function of one variable
1 For the function g graphed in the
accompanying figure, find
a) lim− 𝑔(𝑥 )
𝑥 →0

b) lim+ 𝑔(𝑥 )
𝑥 →0

c) lim 𝑔(𝑥 )
𝑥 →0

d) g(0)
2 For the function G graphed in the
accompanying figure, find
a) lim− 𝐺 (𝑥 )
𝑥 →0

b) lim+ 𝐺 (𝑥 )
𝑥 →0

c) lim 𝐺 (𝑥 )
𝑥 →0

d) G(0)
3 For the function f graphed in the
accompanying figure, find
a) lim− 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑥 →3

b) lim+ 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑥 →3

c) lim 𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥 →3

d) f(3)
4 For the function f graphed in the
accompanying figure, find
a) lim− 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑥 →2

b) lim+ 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑥 →2

c) lim 𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥 →2

d) f(2)

5 For the function f graphed in the

accompanying figure, find
a) lim 𝐹 (𝑥 )
𝑥 →−2−

b) lim + 𝐹 (𝑥 )
𝑥 →−2

c) lim 𝐹 (𝑥 )
𝑥 →−2

d) F(-2)
 6 For the function G graphed in the
accompanying figure, find
a) lim− 𝐺 (𝑥 )
𝑥 →0

b) lim+ 𝐺 (𝑥 )
𝑥 →0

c) lim 𝐺 (𝑥 )
𝑥 →0

d) G(0)
7 For the function f graphed in the
accompanying figure, find
a) lim− 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑥 →3

b) lim+ 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑥 →3

c) lim 𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑥 →3

d) f(3)

8 For the function ϕ graphed in the

accompanying figure, find
a) lim− 𝜙(𝑥 )
𝑥 →4

b) lim+ 𝜙(𝑥 )
𝑥 →4

c) lim 𝜙(𝑥 )
𝑥 →4

d) ϕ(4)

10. Use the graphs of f & g in the accompanying figure to find the limit that exist.
If the limit does not exist, explain why.
10. Given that lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2, lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) = −4, lim ℎ (𝑥 ) = 0
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Find the following limits:
a) lim [𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 2𝑔(𝑥)] d) lim [𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
b) lim [ℎ (𝑥 ) − 3𝑔(𝑥 ) + 1] e) lim [𝑔(𝑥)]2
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
2
c) lim f) lim 3√6 + 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 → 𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎

11. Let g(t) = t – 2, t<0

= t2, 0≤t≤2
= 2t, t>2
Find a) lim 𝑔(𝑡); b) lim 𝑔(𝑡); c) lim 𝑔(𝑡); d) lim 𝑔(𝑡); e) lim 𝑔(𝑡)
𝑡→0 𝑡→1 𝑡→2 𝑡 → −1 𝑡→4

12. Solve the following limits:

a) lim 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) i) lim
6𝑥 − 9
𝑥→2 𝑥→0 𝑥3 − 12𝑥 + 3
b) lim 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 𝑥4− 1
𝑥→3 j) lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
c) lim 𝑡3+ 8
𝑥→3 𝑥+1 k) lim
𝑡 → −2 𝑡 + 2
𝑡 3 + 𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 + 3
d) lim 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 5
𝑡→1 𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 + 2 l) lim
𝑥 → −1 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
e) lim− ; lim ; lim 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4
𝑥 → 3 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 → 3+ 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 → 3 𝑥 − 3 m) lim
3−𝑥 3−𝑥 3−𝑥 𝑥 → 2 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6
f) lim− ; lim ; lim 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1
𝑥→4 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−8 𝑥→4 + 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−8 𝑥→4 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−8
n) lim
1 𝑥 → −1 𝑥+1
g) lim− |
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3| 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2
o) lim
1 𝑥 → 1 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3
h) lim+ |
𝑥→2 2 − 𝑥| 𝑡 3 + 3𝑡 2 − 12𝑡 + 4
p) lim
𝑡→2 𝑡 3 − 4𝑡

13. Check if lim |𝑥 − 1| does not exist.

𝑥→1
 Practical 1.3 Continuity of a function of one variable
1. Let f be the function whose graph is shown. On which of the following intervals, if any, is f is
continuous? For each interval on which f is not continuous, indicate which conditions for the
continuity of f do not hold.
a) [1, 3]; b) (1, 3); c) [1, 2]; d) (1, 2); e) [2, 3]; f) (2, 3)

2. Find the values of x, if any, at which f is not continuous.

a) f(x) = 5x4 – 3x + 7 3
d) f(x) = √𝑥 − 8
𝑥 +2
b) f(x) = 𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥
e) f(x) = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥
𝑥 +2
c) f(x) = 𝑥 2 − 4 3
f) f(x) = +
𝑥−1
𝑥 𝑥2 − 1

3. Check the continuity of f at the indicated value of x.

a) f(x) = 2x + 3, x≤4 b) f(x) = 3, x=1
16 3
=7+ 𝑥, x>4 = 𝑥 − 1, x≠1
x=4 x=1

4. Find a value of the constant k, if possible, that will make the function continuous everywhere.
a) f(x) = 7x – 2, x ≤ 1 b) f(x) = kx2, x ≤ 2 c) f(x) = 9 – x2, x ≥ -3 d) f(x) = 9 – x2, x ≥ 0
= kx2, x>1 = 2x + k, x > 2 = k/x2 x<- = k/x2 x<0
3

5. Find values of the constants k and m, if possible, which will make the function continuous
everywhere.
f(x) = x2 + 5, x>2
= m(x + 1) + k, -1 < x ≤ 2
= 2x3 + x + 7, x ≤ -1

Practical 1.8 Newton’s Method

1. Approximate √5 by applying Newton’s Method to the equation x2 – 5 = 0.
3
2. Approximate √6 by applying Newton’s Method to the equation x3 – 6 = 0.
3. The following equations have one real solution. Approximate it by Newton’s method
a) x3 – 2x – 2 = 0; b) x5 + x4 – 5 = 0; c) x5 – 3x + 3 = 0
Practical 1.4 Derivative of a function of one variable
1. Use definition to find f ’(x), and then find the tangent line of the graph y = f(x) at x = a.
a) f(x) = 2x2; a = 1 b) f(x) = 1/x2; a = -3 c) f(x) = x3; a = 4
d) f(x) = 2x; a = 3 e) f(x) = √2𝑥 + 1; a = 4 f) f(t) = 4t2 + t, t = 1
g) f(x) = x3 + 2x – 1, a = 2 h) f(x) = √3𝑥 − 4; a = 5
𝑑𝑦
2. Find 𝑑𝑥 / f ’(x)
a) y = 4x7; 1
n) y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 2)
b) y = -3x-18
o) f(x) = 4cos5x
c) y = π3
1 p) f(x) = tan4(x3)
d) y = √2𝑥 −
√2 q) y = 𝑡𝑎𝑛√𝑥
1
e) y = − 3 (𝑥 7 + 2𝑥 − 9) r) y = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 (𝑥+1)
𝑥

f) f(x) = x3 + 1/x7
s) 𝑦 = √3𝑥 − sin2 (4𝑥)
g) f(x) = -3x-8 + 2√𝑥
t) 𝑦 = [𝑥 4 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐(4𝑥 2 − 2)]−4
h) f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d;
u) 𝑦 = cos(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
(a, b, c, d are constant)
v) y = x3sin2(5x)
i) f(x) = (x3 + 2x)37 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
j) f(x) = (3x2 + 2x – 1)6 w) f(x) = sec(3𝑥+1)
7 −2 x) y = cos3(sin2x)
k) f(x) = (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 )
y) y = √𝑥 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 (√𝑥)
4
l) y = (3𝑥 2 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥 2)
−2𝑥+1)3 z) y =
3 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥 2)
m) f(x) = √12 + √5𝑥 aa) f(x) = xe + ex + ee

3
𝑥 ⁄2 + 2
3. Find y’(1); a) y = 5x2 – 3x + 1 b) 𝑦 = 𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑡2 + 1
4. Find ; a) x = t2 – t b) 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑡 3𝑡

𝑑𝑦
5. Find 𝑑𝑥 |𝑥 = 1
a) 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5
1+𝑥+ 𝑥 2+ 𝑥 3+ 𝑥 4+ 𝑥 5
b) 𝑦 = 𝑥3
c) 𝑦 = (1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑥 4 )

6. Find an equation for the tangent line to the graph at the specified value of x.
a) y = xcos3x, x = π. c) y = sin(1 + x3), x = -3
𝑥
b) y = ,x=0 1 3
2 √1−𝑥 d) y = (𝑥 − ) , x = 2 𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦
7. Find 𝑑𝑥 2
a) y = 7x3 – 5x2 + x + 5 d) 𝑦 =
1+𝑥
3𝑥 − 2 1−𝑥
b) 𝑦 = 7𝑥 1
e) 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
c) 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 − 5)(2𝑥 + 3) 𝑥
f) y = xcos(5x) – sin2x

8. A spherical balloon is bein inflated.

a) Find a general formula for the instantaneos rate of change of the volume V with respect to the
radius r, given that V = 4/3πr3.
b) Find the rate of change of V with respect to r at the instant when the radius is r = 5.
Practical 1.5 Increasing & Decreasing functions & Concavity
1. Use the graph of y = f ’(x) in the given figure to define
the relation with < or = or >, as appropriate. Explain.
a) f(0) ______ f(1)
b) f(1) ______ f(2)
c) f ’(0) ______ 0
d) f ’(1) ______ 0
e) f ’’(0) ______ 0
f) f ’’(2) ______ 0

2. In each part, use the graph of y = f(x) in the given diagram, to answer the following questions:
a) Find the intervals on which f is
increasing.
b) Find the intervals on which f is
decreasing.
c) Find the open intervals on
which f is concave up.
d) Find the open intervals on
which f is concave up.
e) Find all values of x at which f
has an inflection point.

3. A sign chart is presented for the first and second derivative of a function f. Assuming that f is
continuous everywhere, find
a) the intervals on which f is increasing,
b) the intervals on which f is decreasing,
c) the open intervals on which f is
concave up.
d) the open intervals on which f is
concave up.
e) the x-coordinates of all inflection
points.

4. Assume that f is differentiable everywher. Determine whether the following statements are true or
false. Justify your answer.
a) If f is decreasing on [0, 2], then f(0) > f(1) > f(2).
b) If f ’(1) > 0, then f is incresing on [0, 2].
c) If f is increasing on [0, 2], then f ’(1) > 0.
d) If f; is increasing on [0, 1] and f’ is decreasing on [1, 2], then f has an inflection point at x = 1.

5. For each function answer the following questions:

i. Find the intervals on which f is increasing.
ii. Find the intervals on which f is decreasing.
iii. Find the open intervals on which f is concave up.
iv. Find the open intervals on which f is concave up.
v. Find all inflection point/s.
a) f(x) = x2 -3x + 8 f) f(x) = 5 + 12x – x3
b) f(x) = 5 – 4x – x2 g) f(x) = x4 – 5x3 + 6x2
𝑥
c) f(x) = (2x + 1)3 h) f(x) = 𝑥 2 + 2
2
d) f(x) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 4 1
i) f(x) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 3
2 /2
e) f(x) = 𝑒 −𝑥
 Practical 1.6 Relative (Local) Extrema
1. Use both the first and second derivative tests to show that f(x) = 3x2 − 6x + 1 has a relative
minimum at x = 1.

2. Show that both of the functions f(x) = (x − 1)4 and g(x) = x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 2 have stationary
points at x = 1.

3. Find the critical points of the following functions:

a. f(x) = 3x.
b. f(x) = 2x2 + 3x.
c. f(x) = 2x2 + 5x + 1.
d. f(x) = sinx.

4. Find the relative extrema for the following functions:

a) f(x) = x4 – 4x3 + 4x2 d) f(x) = x(x – 4)3
b) f(x) = x3(x + 1)2 e) f(x) = 2x + 3x2/3
𝑥2 𝑥+3
c) f(x) = 𝑥 4 + 16 f) f(x) = 𝑥 − 2

Practical 1.7 Absolute Extrema

I. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f on the given closed interval.
1. f(x) = 4x2 - 12x + 10; [1, 2] 5. 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
3𝑥
; [-1, 1]
√4𝑥 2 + 1
2. f(x) = 8x – x2; [0, 6]
6. f(x) = (x2 + x)2/3; [-2, 3]
3. f(x) = (x – 2)3; [1, 4]
7. f(x) = x – 2sinx; [-π/4, π/2]
4. f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 12x; [-3, 2]
8. f(x) = sinx – cosx; [0, π]

II. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f, if any, on the given interval.
1. f(x) = x2 – x – 2; (-∞, ∞) 3. f(x) = x3 – 9x + 1; (-∞, ∞)
2. f(x) = 3 – 4x – 2x2; (-∞, ∞) 𝑥−2
4. f(x) = 𝑥 + 1 ; (-1, 5]

III. Solve the following:

1. How should two nonnegative numbers be chosen so that their sum is 1 and the sum of
their squares is a) as large as possible; b) as small as possible?
2. A rectangular field is to be bounded by a fence on three sides and by a straight stream
on the fourth side. Find the dimensions of the field with maximum area that can be
enclosed using 1000 ft of fence.
3. The boundary of a field is a right triangle with a straight stream along its hypotenuse
and with fences along its other two sides. Find the dimensions of the field with
maximum area that can be enclosed using 1000 ft of fence.
 Practical 2.1 Integration – The Area problem
1. Find the area under the curve over the given interval using rectangle method.
1
a) f(x) = 𝑥 + 1, [a, b] = [0, 1], n = 10; b) f(x) = sinx, [a, b] = [0, π], n = 4

2. Use antiderivative method, to find the area under the graph the given interval.
a) y = 2x + 3, [0, 5]; b) y = x over [0, 10]; c) y = 3x + 7 over [0, 9]

3. For each function find A(x) & verify if A’(x) = f(x)

a) f(x) = 2x + 3, [a, x] = [-1, x]; b) y = 3, [a, x] = [1, x]; c) f(x) = 3x – 3, [a, x] = [2, x]

Practical 2.4 Simpson’s Rule

Use Simpson’s rule to evaluate the following
 Practical 2.2 Indefinite and Definite Integration
1. In each part, confirm that the formula is correct, and state a corresponding integration formula.
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
a) [√1 + 𝑥 2 ] =
𝑑𝑥 2
; b) [𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ] = (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
√1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. In each part, confirm that the formula is correct, and state a corresponding integration formula.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
a) ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐; b) ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2)3/2 = √1 − 𝑥 2
+𝑐

3. Find the derivative and state a corresponding integration formula.

𝑑 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
a) 𝑑𝑥
[√𝑥 3 + 5]; b) 𝑑𝑥 [ 𝑥 2 + 3]; c) 𝑑𝑥 [sin(2√𝑥)]

4. Evaluate the following integrals:

a) ∫ 𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥
5
m) ∫ 3𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥 3 )25 𝑑𝑥
3 n) ∫ 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
b) ∫ √𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
18𝑥
1 o) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
c) ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 1 + 9𝑥 2
𝑥
3
√8 + √𝑥
d) ∫
𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑥 p) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 √𝑥
4
1 − 5𝑡 4 q) ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
e) ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡5 5
sin( )
2
f) ∫ [ + 3𝑒 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 r) ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
g) ∫[3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 s) ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥
h) ∫[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡] 𝑑𝑡 t) ∫
𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡
𝑑𝑡
(1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡)4
i) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥[𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
u) ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
j) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 v) ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
2 w) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
k) ∫ [𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
x) ∫ 𝑑𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
l) ∫ [ + 3𝑒 𝑥 ] 𝑑
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 y) ∫[1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]𝑑𝑥

5. Evaluate the following integrals:

3 −1 4 3 2
a) ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ; ∫−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ; ∫−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ; ∫−3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 d) ∫−3|𝑥 − 2|𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2 𝑥 2 𝑥
b) ∫0 (1 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 ; ∫−2 (1 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 e) ∫3𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
−
3
2 2
c) ∫1 3𝑥 2 (1 +𝑥 3 )25
𝑑𝑥 f) ∫0 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

6 0 3 3
6. For f(x) = |x – 2|, x ≥ 0 Evaluate: ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ; ∫−2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ; ∫−1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ; ∫−3 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
= x + 2, x < 0

6 0 3 3
7. For f(x) = 2x + 5, x≤1 Evaluate: ∫2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ; ∫−2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ; ∫−1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ; ∫−3 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= 2, x>1

6 6 6 6
8. For ∫−1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 5 & ∫−1 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −3, Find 𝑎) ∫−1[𝑓(𝑥) + 2𝑔 (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥; 𝑏) ∫−1[3𝑓(𝑥) − 7𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥.

2 6 6
9. Given that ∫−1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −3, find ∫−1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −3.
 Practical 2.3 Applications of Integration
1. Find the area of the shaded region.
a) b)

c) d)

2. Find the area of the shaded region by integrating with respect to i) x; ii) y.
a) b)

3. Find its area enclosed by the curves.

a) y = x2, y = x½ , x = ¼, x = 1. e) x = siny, x = 0, y = π/4, y = 3π/4
b) y = x3 – 4x, y = 0, x = 0, x = 2 f) x2 = y, x = y – 2
c) y = cos2x, y = 0, x = π/4, x = π/2 g) y = x, y = 4x, y = 2 – x
d) y = sec2x, y = 2, x = -π/4, x = π/4 h) x = 1/y, x = 0, y = 1, y = e

4. Find the arc lengt of the curve over the given interval.
a) y = 3x3/2 – 1 from x = 0 to x = 1
b) y = 1/3(y2 + 2)3/2 from y = 0 to y = 1
c) y = x2/3 from x = 1 to x = 8
d) y = (x6 + 8)/(16x2) from x = 2 to x = 3
 Practical 2.5 Solving First order DE
1. Solve the following DE by sepeartion of variables.
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
a) = f) = 2(1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

√1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥3
b) = −𝑥 g) (1 + 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 =
1 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦

c) (2 + 2y2)y’ = exy h) y’ = -xy

d) e-ysinx – y’cos2x = 0 i) y’ – (1 + x)(1 + y2) = 0

e)
𝑑𝑦
−
𝑦2 − 𝑦
= 0 j) y – secx*y’ = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

2. Solve the initial value problem by sepeartion of variables.

𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2
a) = y(0) = π
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦

b) y’ – xey = 2ey, y(0) = 0

𝑑𝑦 2𝑡 + 1
c) = y(0) = -1
𝑑𝑡 2𝑦 − 2

3. Solve the following DE by the method of integrating factor. (Linear DE)

𝑑𝑦
a) + 4𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
b) 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 1

c) y' + y = cos(ex)
𝑑𝑦
d) (𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
e) + 𝑦 + 1 − 𝑒𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
f) − 2𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑥; y(0) = 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
g) + 𝑦 = 2; y(0) = 1
𝑑𝑡

Practical 2.6 Solving Second order DE

1. Check if the given functions are solutions of the given DE.
a) y’’ – y’ – 6y = 0; e-2x, e3x, c1e-2x + c2e3x,
b) y’’ + 4y’ + 13y = 0; e-2xsin3x & e-2xcos3x.
c) y’’ + 4y = 0; sin2x, cos2x, c1sin2x + c2cos2x

2. Solve the following DE (Find the solution to the initial-value problem)

a) y'’ – y’ – 6y = 0, y(0) = 1, y’(0) = 8.
b) y'’ – 4y’ + 4y = 0, y(0) = 2, y’(0) = 2.
c) y'’ – 8y’ + 16y = 0, y(0) = 1, y’(0) = 1.
d) y'’ + 4y = 0, y(0) = 1, y’(0) = 2.
e) y'’ + 4y’ + 13y = 0, y(0) = -1, y’(0) = -1.
 Practical 2.7 Applications of DE
1. Polonium-210 is a radioactive element with a half-life of 140 days. Assume that 10
milligrams of the elemnt are placed in a lead container and that y(t) is the number of
milligrams present t days later.
a) Find an initial value problem whose solution is y(t).
b) Find a formula for y(t).
c) How many milligrams will be present after 10 weeks?
d) How long will it take for 70% of the original sample to decay?

2. Suppose that 100 fruit-flies are placed in a breeding container that can support atmost
10,000 flies. Assuming that the populaton grows exponentially at a rate of 2% per day, how
long will it take for the container to reach capacity?

3. Suppose that the town of Grayrock had a population of 10,000 in 2010 and a population of
12,000 in 2015. Assuming qn exponential growth model, in what year will the population
reach 20,000?

Practical 2.8 Solving DE using Euler’s method

Use Euler’s Method with the given step size ∆x or ∆t to approximate the solution of the initial-
value problem over the stated interval.
𝑑𝑦
1. = 3√𝑦; 𝑦(0) = 1, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4, ∆𝑥 = 0.5.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. = 𝑥 − 𝑦 2; 𝑦(0) = 1, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, ∆𝑥 = 0.25
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3. = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦; 𝑦(0) = 1, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2, ∆𝑥 = 0.5
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
4. = 𝑒 −𝑦 ; 𝑦(0) = 0, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, ∆𝑥 = 0.1
𝑑𝑥

5. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑡, 𝑦 (0) = 0. Use five steps to approximate y(1).

Practical no 3.1 Functions of two or more variables
1. Find the domain & range of the following functions.
a) f(x, y) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
b) f(x, y) =√𝑥 + 𝑦
c) f(x, y) = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
d) f(x, y) = 𝑒 √𝑥+𝑦
e) f(x, y) = 𝑥𝑒 √𝑥+𝑦
f) f(x, y) = log(𝑦 − 3𝑥 )
1
g) f(x, y) =
𝑥−𝑦+3
𝑥𝑦𝑧
h) f(x, y, z) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧

2. Let f(x, y) = xy + 3. Find a) f(x + y, x - y); b) f(xy, 3x2y2).

3. Let f(x, y) = x + 3x2y2, x(t) = t2 and y(t) = t3.

4. Sketch the domain of f. State if it is open or closed and bounded or unbounded.

a) f(x, y) = x – y + 3; b) f(x, y) = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4

5. Sketch the graph of f.

a) f(x, y) = 3
b) f(x, y) = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
c) f(x, y) = √9 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
d) f(x, y) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
e) f(x, y) = 𝑥 2

Practical 3.4 Differential

1. Compute differential for the following functions:
a) z = tan−1 𝑥𝑦
b) f(x, y) = 𝑒 −3𝑥 cos 6𝑦
c) f(x, y, z) = √𝑥 + √𝑦 + √𝑧

2. Use total differential to approximate the change in the values of f from P to Q. Compare your
estimate with the actual change.
a) f(x, y) = log √1 + 𝑥𝑦 ; P = (0, 2) & Q = (-0.09, 1.98)
𝑥𝑦𝑧
b) f(x, y, z) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 ; P(-1, -2, 4) & Q(-1.01, -1.98, 3.97)

1
3. The volume V of a right circular cone of radius r & height h is given by V = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ . Suppose that the
height decreases from 20m to 19.95m and the radius increases from 4m to 4.05m. Compare the
change in volume of the cone with an approximation of this change using total differential.
 Practical no 3.2
Limits & Continuity of functions of two or more variables
1. Find the limit if it exists or use two path test to show the limit does not exist.
a) lim 4𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥
(𝑥,𝑦) → (1,3)
b) lim1 𝑥𝑦 2 sin(𝑥𝑦)
(𝑥,𝑦) → ( ,𝜋)
4
𝑥 4 − 16𝑦 2
c) lim
(𝑥,𝑦) → (0,0) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2
2𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3
d) lim
(𝑥,𝑦) → (0,0) 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
e) lim
(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) → (0,0,0) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧
sin(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
f) lim
(𝑥,𝑦) → (0,0) 2(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
g) lim log( 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧)
(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) → (2,1,−1)
sin(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
h) lim
(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) → (0,0,0) √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

2. Use polar coordinates to determine the limits

a) lim √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
𝑥 2 𝑦3
b) lim
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
2𝑥
c) lim
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥 + 𝑦

𝑥𝑦 2
3. For f(x, y) = , find the limit along
𝑥2𝑦 + 𝑦3
a) the x-axis (along the co-ordinate axis)
b) the y-axis (along the co-ordinate axis)
c) the line y = x
d) the line y = 3x

4. Check if the given function is continuous at the indicated point

a) f(x, y) = 2𝑥 2𝑦 + 3𝑥 at (1, 3)
b) f(x, y, z) = 2x + 3y + 4z at (1, 1, -1)
sin(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
c) f(x, y) = (x, y) ≠ (0, 0)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
=4 (x, y) = (0, 0) at (0, 0)
𝑥2
d) f(x, y) = at (0, 0)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
𝑥2
e) f(x, y) = at (x, y) ≠ (0, 0)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
=3 at (x, y) = (0, 0) at (0, 0)
 Practical 3.3 Partial Derivatives
1. Find the indicated partial derivatives for the following:
a) z = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 ; 𝑧𝑥 & 𝑧𝑦
𝑥 2𝑦2 + 3
b) g(x, y) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
; 𝑔𝑥 & 𝑔𝑦 .
c) f(x, y) = √3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦; 𝑓𝑥 & 𝑓𝑦 .
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
d) z = sin(𝑦 2 − 4𝑥) ; 𝜕𝑥
& 𝜕𝑦 .
𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧
e) z = 𝑥 2 cos(xy); ( , 𝜋) & (1, 0)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
−1 1
f) f(x, y, z) = tan ( ); fy & fz
𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 4
4 2𝑥+3𝑧
g) 𝑤 = 𝑦 𝑒 ; 𝑤𝑥 (2, 1, 3), 𝑤𝑦 (1, 1, 1), 𝑤𝑧 (0, 2, 3)
h) F(x, y, z) = x y z + x2y2 + xz + yz2 + 4
2 3

2. Find all first order & second order partial derivatives

a) f(x, y) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦
b) f(x, y) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑧 2
c) w = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑧).

3. Verify the mixed order partial order derivative theorem

a) f(x, y) = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦
𝑥 2 – 𝑦2
b) f(x, y) =
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
𝑥 − 𝑦2
c) 𝑧 = 𝑒

4. For f(x, y) = 𝑦 3 𝑒 −5𝑥 , find 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (0, 1), 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (1, 1), 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥𝑦 (0, 1).
𝜕3 𝑧 𝜕3 𝑧
5. For z = (2x – y)5, find ; 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑦 , 𝜕2 𝑦𝜕𝑥 .

6. For f(x, y) = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑦 + 5𝑦
a) Find the slope of the surface z = f(x, y) in x direction at pt (4, 0).
b) Find the slope of the surface z = f(x, y) in the y direction at pt (0, 4).

7. Find the slope of the tangent line at (-1, 1, 5) to the curve of intersection of the surface z = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 and a)
plane x = -1; b) plane y = 1.

8. A point moves along the intersection of the elliptic paraboloid z = x2 + 3y2 and the plane y = 1. At what rate
is z changing with respect to x when the point is at (2, 1, 7)?

9. The length, width and height of a rectangular box are l = 5, w =2 & h = 3 respectively. Find the instantaneous
rate of change of volume of the box.
a) w.r.t length, if w & h are held constant
b) w.r.t width, if l & h are held constant
c) w.r.t height, if l & w are held constant .

10. A point moves along the intersection of the plane y = 3 and the surface 𝑧 = √29 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 . At what rate
is z changing wrt x when the point is at (4, 3, 2).

11. Use limit definition to find the indicated partial derivative.

a) f(x, y) = 2x + 3y - 4 , find 𝑓𝑥 at (1,0).
b) f(x, y) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 7 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑥 (−1, 1) & 𝑓𝑦 (−1, 1).
 Practical 3.5 Local Linear Approximation
1. Find the local linear approximation to the specified function f at the designated point.
1
a) f(x, y) = , P(4, 3)
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
𝑥+𝑦
b) f(x, y, z) = , P(-1, 1, 1)
𝑦+𝑧

2. A function f(x, y, z) = xy + z2 is given along with a local linear approximation L(x, y, z) = y + 2z

– 1 of f at a point P. Find P.

3. Suppose that a function f(x, y) is differentiable at the (1, 1) with 𝑓𝑥 (1, 1) = 2 and f(1, 1) = 3.
Let L(x, y) denote the local linear approximation of f at(1, 1). If L(1.1, 0.9) = 3.15 , find the
value of 𝑓𝑦 (1,1) .

Practical 3.6 Chain rule for functions of two or more variables

𝑑𝑧
1. Find , using chain rule.
𝑑𝑡
a) z = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 ; 𝑥 = 𝑡 4, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2
1
b) z = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − sin(𝑥𝑦) ; 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 3𝑡
𝑡
c) 𝑧 = √1 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 4 ; x = log t, y = t

𝑑𝑤
2. For 𝑤 = √1 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧 4 𝑥; 𝑥 = log 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 4𝑡, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 .
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑤
3. For w = log(3x2 – 2y + 4z3); x = t½; y = t2/3, z = t-2, find .
𝑑𝑡

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
4. Use chain rule to find , .
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑥
a) 𝑧 = ; x = 2 cosu, y = 3sinu
𝑦
𝑥2𝑦 1
b) 𝑧 = 𝑒 , 𝑥 = √𝑢𝑣, 𝑦 =
𝑣
2
c) z = 8x – 2x + 3y; x = uv, y = u – v

𝑑𝑤 1
5. Use chain rule to find at s = if 𝑤 = 𝑟 2 − 𝑟 tan 𝜃 , 𝑟 = √𝑠, 𝜃 = 𝜋𝑠.
𝑑𝑠 4

𝜕𝑧 𝜋 𝜕𝑧 𝜋
6. Use chain rule to find |𝑟 = 2, 𝜃 = & | 𝑟 = 2, 𝜃 = .
𝜕𝑟 6 𝜕𝜃 6
𝑥
Given that 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦𝑒 , 𝑥 = 3cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃.
𝑦

1
2 𝑑𝑅
7. Let 𝑅 = 𝑒 2𝑠−𝑡 , 𝑠 = 3∅, 𝑡 = ∅2 . Find .
𝑑∅
 Practical 3.7 Implicit Differentiation
𝑑𝑦
1. Find , using regular method and also using implicit differentiation.
𝑑𝑥
a) x3 – 3xy2 + y3 = 5
b) exy + yey = 0

𝑑𝑦
2. For x – (xy)½ + 3y = 0, find , using implicit differentiation.
𝑑𝑥

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
3. Use implicit differentiation, to find , .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
a) Log(1 + z) + xy2 = 1 – z.
b) exycos(yz) – eyzsinxz + 2 = 0

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
4. Use implicit differentiation, to find , , , for (x2 + y2 + z2 + w2)3/2 = 4.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Practical 3.8 Directional Derivatives

1. Find the directional derivative of f at P in the direction of a.
a) f(x, y) = y2logx; P = (1, 4), a = -3i + 3j
b) f(x, y) = log(x2 + 2y2 + 3z2); P(-1, 2, 4); u = (-3/13, -4/13, -12/13)
c) f(x, y) = tan-1(y/x); P(-2, 2), a = (-1, -1)
𝑧−𝑥
d) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ; P(1, 0, -3), a = -6i + 3j – 2k
𝑧+𝑦

2. Use definition, to find Duf(P).

a) f(x, y) = sin(5x – 3y); P(3, 5); u = (3/5, -4/5)
b) f(x, y, z) = ex+y+3z; P(-2, 2, -1); u = (20, -4, 5)

𝑥−𝑦
3. Find the directional derivative of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = at P(-1, -2) in the direction of a
𝑥+𝑦
vector making the counterclockwise angle θ = π/2 with positive x-axis.
 Practical 3.9 Gradient
1. Find the gradient of f
a) z = sin(7y2 – 7xy)
b) w = xe8ysin6z
c) z = (x2 + y2)-½ at (3, 4)
d) f(x, y, z) = x3z2 + y3z + z - 1 at (1, 1, -1)
𝑥 𝑧
e) w = + 2; (1, 2, -2)
𝑧 𝑦

𝑥
2. Find a unit vector in the direction in which f(x, y) = increases most rapidly at P
𝑥+𝑦
(0, 2), and find the rate of change of f at P in that direction.

𝑥+𝑧
3. Find a unit vector in the direction in which f(x, y, z) = decreases most rapidly at
𝑧− 𝑦
P (5, 7, 6), and find the rate of change of f at P in that direction.

Practical 3.10 Tangent plane and Normal line

1. Find an equation for the tangent plane and parametric equations for the normal line
to the surface at the point P.
a) x2 - y2 - 3x = 0, P(-1, 2)
b) x2y – 4z2 = -7, P = (-3, 1, -2)
c) z = xe-y, P(1, 0, 1)
d) x2 – xyz = 56, P(-4, 5, 2)

Practical 3.11 Maxima, Minima of Functions of Two Variables

1. Locate all relative maxima, relative minima, and saddle points, if any.
a) f(x, y) = y2 + xy + 3y + 2x + 3
b) f(x, y) = xy – x3 – y2
2 2
c) f(x, y) = e−(x + y + 2x)

d) f(x, y) = exsiny

2. Find the absolute extrema of the given function on the indicated closed and bounded
set R.
a) f(x, y) = xy − x − 3y; R is the triangular region with vertices (0, 0), (0, 4), (5, 0).
b) f(x, y) = xey − x2 − ey ; R is the rectangular region with vertices (0, 0), (0, 1), (2, 1),
(2, 0).
c) f(x, y) = xy2; R is the region that satisfies x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, and x2 + y2 ≤ 1.