PYTHON PROGRAMMING

LANGUAGE
A seminar report submitted in partial fulfillment for the
degree of Bachelor of Technology

Student Name : Misbah Naqvi

Roll No.:201810101110073

Co-Ordinator – Mr. Anupam Singh

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SHRI RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY

2020
 Acknowledgement
It is our proud privilege and duty to acknowledge the kind of help and guidance
received from several people in preparation of this report. It would not have been
possible to prepare this report in this form without their valuable help,
cooperation and guidance.

First and foremost, we wish to record our sincere gratitude to our

coordinator, Mr. Anupam Singh for his constant support and encouragement in
preparation of this report and for making available library and laboratory
facilities needed to prepare this report.

The seminar on “Python” was very helpful to us in giving the necessary

background information and inspiration in choosing this topic for the seminar.
Their contributions and technical support in preparing this report are greatly
acknowledged.

Misbah Naqvi
Table Of Contents
Acknowledgment i

1. Introduction

1.1 Python

1.2 Scripting Language

1.3 Object Oriented Programming

1.4 History of python

2. Data Types & Operator

2.1 Variables

2.2 String

2.3 Python Operator

3. Tuple & List

3.1 Tuple

3.2 List

4. Loops & Conditional Statements

4.1 Loops

4.2 Conditional Statement

4.3 Function

5. Uses & Scope

6. Conclusion
Introduction
Python
Python is a widely used high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic
programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its
syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than would
be possible in languages such as C++ or Java. The language provides constructs
intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale.

Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented,

imperative and functional programming or procedural styles. It features a
dynamic type system and automatic memory management and has a large and
comprehensive standard library. Python interpreters are available for installation
on many operating systems, allowing Python code execution on a wide variety of
systems.

Scripting Language
A scripting or script language is a programming language that supports scripts,
programs written for a special run-time environment that automate the execution
of tasks that could alternatively be executed one-by-one by a human operator.
Scripting languages are often interpreted (rather than compiled). Primitives are
usually the elementary tasks or API calls, and the language allows them to be
combined into more complex programs. Environments that can be automated
through scripting include software applications, web pages within a web browser,
the shells of operating systems (OS), embedded systems, as well as numerous
games.

A scripting language can be viewed as a domain-specific language for a

particular environment; in the case of scripting an application, this is also known
as an extension language. Scripting languages are also sometimes referred to as
very high-level programming languages, as they operate at a high level of
abstraction, or as control languages.

Object Oriented Programming Language

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the
concept of "objects", which may contain data, in the form of fields, often known as
attributes; and code, in the form of procedures, often known as methods. A
distinguishing feature of objects is that an object's procedures can access and often
modify the data fields of the object with which they are associated (objects have a
notion of "this" or "self").

In OO programming, computer programs are designed by making them out of

objects that interact with one another. There is significant diversity in object-
oriented programming, but most popular languages are class-based, meaning that
objects are instances of classes, which typically also determines their type.

History
Python was conceived in the late 1980s, and its implementation was started in
December 1989 by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands as a successor to
the ABC language (itself inspired by SETL) capable of exception handling and
interfacing with the Amoeba operating system. Van Rossum is Python's principal
author, and his continuing central role in deciding the direction of Python is
reflected in the title given to him by the Python community, benevolent dictator
for life (BDFL).

“Python is an experiment in how much freedom programmers need. Too much

freedom and nobody can read another's code; too little and expressiveness is
endangered.” - Guido van Rossum
Data Type
Data types determine whether an object can do something, or whether it just
would not make sense. Other programming languages often determine whether
an operation makes sense for an object by making sure the object can never be
stored somewhere where the operation will be performed on the object (this type
system is called static typing). Python does not do that. Instead it stores the type of
an object with the object, and checks when the operation is performed whether
that operation makes sense for that object (this is called dynamic typing).

Python has many native data types. Here are the important ones:

Booleans are either True or False.

Numbers can be integers (1 and 2), floats (1.1 and 1.2), fractions (1/2 and 2/3), or
even complex numbers.

Strings are sequences of Unicode characters, e.g. an HTML document.

Bytes and byte arrays, e.g. a JPEG image file.

Lists are ordered sequences of values.

Tuples are ordered, immutable sequences of values.

Sets are unordered bags of values.

Variable
Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. This means
that when you create a variable you reserve some space in memory.

Based on the data type of a variable, the interpreter allocates memory and decides
what can be stored in the reserved memory. Therefore, by assigning different data
types to variables, you can store integers, decimals or characters in these variables.

Ex:

counter = 100 # An integer assignment

miles = 1000.0 # A floating point

name = "John" # A string

String

In programming terms, we usually call text a string. When you think of a string as
a collection of letters, the term makes sense.

All the letters, numbers, and symbols in this book could be a string.

For that matter, your name could be a string, and so could your

address.

Creating Strings
In Python, we create a string by putting quotes around text. For example, we could
take our otherwise useless

• "hello"+"world" "helloworld" #concatenation

• "hello"*3 "hellohellohello" # repetition

• "hello"[0] "h" # indexing

• "hello"[-1] "o" # (from end)

• "hello"[1:4] "ell" # slicing

• len("hello") 5 # size

• "hello" < "jello" 1 # comparison

• "e" in "hello" 1 # search

Python Operator

Arithmetic Operator

Operator Meaning Example

+ Add two operands or unary plus x+y

 +2

Subtract right operand from the left or unary x - y

-
minus -2

* Multiply two operands x*y

Divide left operand by the right one (always

/ x/y
results into float)

x%y
Modulus - remainder of the division of left
% (remainder of
operand by the right
x/y)

Floor division - division that results into

// whole number adjusted to the left in the x // y
number line

Exponent - left operand raised to the power x**y (x to the

**
of right power y)

Comparison Operator

> Greater that - True if left operand is greater than x>

 the right y

Less that - True if left operand is less than the x<

<
right y

x ==
== Equal to - True if both operands are equal
y

x !=
!= Not equal to - True if operands are not equal
y

> Greater than or equal to - True if left operand is x >=

= greater than or equal to the right y

< Less than or equal to - True if left operand is less x <=

= than or equal to the right y

Logical Operator

Operato
Meaning Example
r
 and True if both the operands are true x and y

True if either of the operands is

or x or y
true

True if operand is false

not not x
(complements the operand)

Tuples
A tuple is a sequence of immutable Python objects. Tuples are sequences, just like
lists. The differences between tuples and lists are, the tuples cannot be changed
unlike lists and tuples use parentheses, whereas lists use square brackets.

Creating a tuple is as simple as putting different comma-separated values.

Optionally you can put these comma-separated values between parentheses also.
For example −

tup1 = ('physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000);

tup2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 );

tup3 = "a", "b", "c", "d";

Built-in Tuple Functions

Python includes the following tuple functions −

SN Function with Description

1 cmp(tuple1, tuple2) Compares elements of both tuples.

2 len(tuple) Gives the total length of the tuple.

3 max(tuple) Returns item from the tuple with max value.

4 min(tuple) Returns item from the tuple with min value.

5 tuple(seq) Converts a list into tuple.

List
The list is a most versatile datatype available in Python which can be written as a
list of comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Important thing
about a list is that items in a list need not be of the same type.

Creating a list is as simple as putting different comma-separated values between

square brackets. For example −

list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];

list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];

list3 = ["a", "b", "c", "d"];

Built-in List Functions & Methods:

SN Function with Description

1 cmp(list1, list2) Compares elements of both lists.

2 len(list) Gives the total length of the list.

3 max(list) Returns item from the list with max value.

4 min(list) Returns item from the list with min value.

5 list(seq) Converts a tuple into list.

Python includes following list methods

SN Methods with Description

1 list.append(obj) Appends object obj to list

2 list.count(obj) Returns count of how many times obj occurs in

list

3 list.extend(seq) Appends the contents of seq to list

4 list.index(obj) Returns the lowest index in list that obj appears

5 list.insert(index, obj) Inserts object obj into list at offset index

6 list.pop(obj=list[-1]) Removes and returns last object or obj

 from list

7 list.remove(obj) Removes object obj from list

8 list.reverse() Reverses objects of list in place

9 list.sort([func]) Sorts objects of list, use compare func if given

Loops
Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for more
complicated execution paths.

A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple

times. The following diagram illustrates a loop statement −

Python programming language provides following types of loops to handle

looping requirements.
Loop Type Description

while loop Repeats a statement or group of statements

while a given condition is TRUE. It tests the
condition before executing the loop body.

for loop Executes a sequence of statements multiple

times and abbreviates the code that manages
the loop variable.

nested loops You can use one or more loop inside any
another while, for or do..while loop.

Example:

For Loop:

>>> for mynum in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]:

print "Hello", mynum

Hello 1

Hello 2

Hello 3

Hello 4
Hello 5

While Loop:

>>> count = 0

>>> while (count < 4):

print 'The count is:', count

count = count + 1

The count is: 0

The count is: 1

The count is: 2

The count is: 3

Conditional Statements:
Decision making is anticipation of conditions occurring while execution of the
program and specifying actions taken according to the conditions.

Decision structures evaluate multiple expressions which produce TRUE or FALSE

as outcome. You need to determine which action to take and which statements to
execute if outcome is TRUE or FALSE otherwise.
Python programming language provides following types of decision making
statements. Click the following links to check their detail.

Statement Description

if statements An if statement consists of a boolean

expression followed by one or more
statements.

if...else statements An if statement can be followed by an

optional else statement, which executes
when the boolean expression is FALSE.

nested if statements You can use one if or else if statement

inside another if or else if statement(s).
Function
Function blocks begin with the keyword def followed by the function name and
parentheses ( ( ) ).

Any input parameters or arguments should be placed within these parentheses.

You can also define parameters inside these parentheses.

The first statement of a function can be an optional statement - the documentation

string of the function.

The code block within every function starts with a colon (:) and is indented.

The statement return [expression] exits a function, optionally passing back an

expression to the caller. A return statement with no arguments is the same as
return None.

Syntax:

def functionname( parameters ):

"function_docstring"

function_suite

return [expression]
Scope of Python
Science

- Bioinformatics

System Administration

-Unix

-Web logic

-Web sphere

Web Application Development

-CGI

Testing scripts

What Can We do With Python?

System programming

Graphical User Interface Programming

Internet Scripting

Component Integration

Database Programming
Gaming, Images, XML , Robot and more

Who Uses Python Today?

 Python is being applied in real revenue-generating products by real
companies.

 Google makes extensive use of Python in its web search system, and employs
Python’s creator.

 Intel, Cisco, Hewlett-Packard, Seagate, Qualcomm, and IBM use Python for
hardware testing.

 ESRI uses Python as an end-user customization tool for its popular GIS
mapping products.

 The YouTube video sharing service is largely written in Python.

Why Do People Use Python?

The following primary factors cited by Python users

seem to be these:

 Python is object-oriented

o Structure supports such concepts as polymorphism, operation

overloading, and multiple inheritance.
 Indentation

o Indentation is one of the greatest future in Python.

 It's free (open source)

o Downloading and installing Python is free and easy

o Source code is easily accessible

 It's powerful

o Dynamic typing

o Built-in types and tools

o Library utilities

o Third party utilities (e.g. Numeric, NumPy, SciPy)

o Automatic memory management

 It's portable

o Python runs virtually every major platform used today

o As long as you have a compatible Python interpreter installed, Python

programs will run in exactly the same manner, irrespective of
platform.
 Conclusion
I believe the trial has shown conclusively that it is both possible and desirable to
use Python as the principal teaching language:

o It is Free (as in both cost and source code).

o It is trivial to install on a Windows PC allowing students to take their

interest further. For many the hurdle of installing a Pascal or C
compiler on a Windows machine is either too expensive or too
complicated;

o It is a flexible tool that allows both the teaching of traditional

procedural programming and modern OOP; It can be used to teach a
large number of transferable skills;
o It is a real-world programming language that can be and is used in
academia and the commercial world;

o It appears to be quicker to learn and, in combination with its many

libraries, this offers the possibility of more rapid student development
allowing the course to be made more challenging and varied;

o and most importantly, its clean syntax offers increased understanding

and enjoyment for students;