DEPARTMENTOFBCA

COMPUTERGRAPHI
CS

SAZ4C

1
 SYLLABUS

Unit
-1: Br
iefSurv
eyofComput erGraphics– Graphi
csSystems:Video
Di
splay Devi
ces – Types – Raster
-Scan Syst
ems and Random-Scan
Syst
ems–I nputDevi
ces–Hard-CopyDev i
ces–Graphi
csSof
tware.
Unit-
2: Line-
Drawing (DDA and Br esenham’s) Algori
thms – Circle-
Generating (Midpoint) Algori
thm – El l
i
pse-Generati
ng ( Mi
dpoint)
Algori
thms– Ar ea-Fi
ll
i
ng( Boundary
-Fil
landFl ood-
Fil
l)Algor
it
hms-Li ne
Attr
ibutes-Col orandGr ayscal
eLev el
s–Char act
erAttri
but
es–I nquiry
Functions.
Unit-3: Two - di mensi onal Tr ansf or
mat i
ons and v iewi ng: Basi c
Transf ormation-Mat r
ixRepr esent ationsandHomogeneousCoor dinates-
Composi t
eTr ansformat i
ons-Ot herTr ansformat i
on- Wi ndow-t o-Viewpor t
Co-or dinateTr ansformat ion-Cl i
ppi ngAl gori
thms:Cohen- Sut herlandLi ne
Cli
ppi ng and Sut herland- Hodgeman Pol ygon Cl ippi ng-
Basi c model l
ing
Concept s-Interactiv
ei nputmet hods :Logi calCl assifi
cation ofi nput
devices-I nteracti
vePi ctur e-Const r
uctionTechni ques.
Unit-4: Thr ee-Dimensi onalDi splay Met hods:Par alleland Per spect ive
Project i
ons– Dept hCuei ng-Vi sibleLi neandSur faceI dent if
ication–
PolygonSur faces:Pol ygonTabl es,Pl aneEquat i
onsandPol y gonMeshes-
Three- Dimensi onal Tr ansf ormat ions: Basi c, Ot her and Composi te
Transf ormations.
Unit-5:Vi ewingPi peli
neandCoor dinates–Tr ansf ormat i
onf rom Wor l
dt o
Viewi ng Coor dinates – Pr ojection Tr ansformat i
ons -Mat rices -Vi ew
Volumes-Hi ddenSur faceandHi ddenLi neEl iminat i
onMet hods:Back-
Face Det ection ,Dept h-Buffer and A- Buffer Met hods – - Wi reframe
Met hods.

1.RecommendedTexts
i
.D.Hear nandM.P.Baker
,2005,Comput
erGr
aphi
cs,CVer
si 2nd Edi
on, ti
on,Pear
son
Educati
on,NewDelhi
.
2.Ref er
enceBooks
i
.W.M.NewmanandR. F.Sproull,
1997,2nd Edi
ti
on,Pr i
nci
plesofI nteract
ive
Comput erGraphics,Tat aMcGr aw- Hi
llPublishi
ngCo.Lt d.
i
i.D.P.Mukher j
ee,1999,Fundament als ofComput erGr aphics and
st
Multimedia,1 Edi ti
on, Prentice-HallofIndiaPv t
.Ltd.–1999.
i
ii
.N.Kr ishnamur t
hy, 2002, I
ntroductiont oComput erGraphics,1stEditi
on,
TataMcGr aw-HillPublishingCo.Lt d.
.
i
v.D.F.Roger s, 2001, Pr oceduralEl ement sf orComput erGraphi cs,2nd
Edi
tion,TataMcGr aw- HillPublishingCo.Lt d..
v.XiangandR. A.Pl astock , 2002, Comput erGraphics,Schaum’ s Out l
ine
Seri
es,Tata McGr aw-Hi l
lPubl ishingCo.

2
 UNI
TI
TWOMARKS
1.Whatisgraphical userint
erface?Def i
nei t.(APR12, NOV16)
Amaj orcomponentofagr aphicali nter
faceisawi ndow managert hat
al
lowsausert odi splaymul t
ipl
e-windowar ea.
Eachwi ndowcancont ainadi f
ferentpr ocessthatcancontai
ngr aphicalor
non-
graphi
cal displays.
Cli
cki nthatwi ndowusi ngani nteractivepoint
ingdev i
cetoact
ivate.
Ani conisagr aphicalsymbolt hati sdesignedt olookli
kethepr ocessing
opti
onrepresents.
Menuscont ai
nlist
soft ext
ual descr i
pt i
onsandicons.

2.WhatisGKS?( APR14, NOV16)

Thef i
rstgr aphicalpackages(Gr aphicalKernelSy stem) ,devel
opedbyt he
I
nter
national Standar ds Or gani
zati
ons ( ISO) and t he Amer i
can Nat i
onal
St
andardsInsti
tute( ANSI ).
TheGr aphi calKer nelSyst
em ( GKS)wast hef i
rstI SO standardf orlow-
l
evelcomputergr aphics, i
ntr
oducedin1977.
GKS pr ovides a setofdr awing f eatur
es fort wo-dimensionalv ector
gr
aphicssuit
ablef orchar ti
ngandsimi l
ardut ies.
The callsar e desi gned t
o be por table acrossdi ff
erentpr ogrammi ng
l
anguages,graphi csdev i
cesandhar dwar e,sot hatappl i
cat i
onswr itt
ent ouse
GKSwi l
lbereadil
ypor t abletomanyplat f
ormsanddev i
ces.

3.Wr i
tetheusesofCADmet hods.(
NOV15)
Computerdesignedgenerall
yr eferr
edtoasCAD.Thi smethodusedin
designofbuil
dings,automobil
es,ai
rcraft
,water
craftspacecr
aftandmanyot
her
products.
Indesi
gnappl i
cati
ons,obj
ectar efir
stdi
splayinawi r
efr
ameoutl
inet
hat
showst heover
allshapeandinter
nal f
eaturesofobject
s.

4.Whatar etheclassif i
cationsofgr aphi
cssoftware?(NOV12)
Twogener alclassificati
onsf orgr
aphicssoftware:
(i
) Gener alprogr ammingpackages.
(i
i
) Speci al-
purposeapplicat
ionspackages.
Generalprogrammi ngpackages:
Agener algr aphi cspr ogrammi ngpackagepr ovidesanextensivesetof
graphicsfuncti
onst hatcanbeusedi nhigh-
levelprogrammi ngl
anguages,such
asC, FORTRAN.
Special-
purposeappl icat i
onspackages:
Anappl icationgr aphicspackagesar edesi gnedf ornon-progr
ammer s,
suchast heartistspai ntingpr ogramsandv ar
iousbusi ness,medical
,andCAD
system.

5.Defi
ne:Scient
if
icv
isual
izat
ion.(
NOV14)
Scienti
fi
cv i
sual
izat
ion is a br
anch ofscience,concer
ned wit
ht he
vi
suali
zat
ion of t hr
ee di mensi
onal phenomena, such as archit
ectur
al,
3
 meteorol
ogical,medi cal,biol
ogicalsy stems.The emphasisi s on real
isti
c
r
enderingofv olumes,surfaces,i
ll
umi nati
onsources,andsofor
th,perhapswi t
h
adynamic(time)component .
Scienti
ficvisual
izati
onfocusesont heuseofcomputergr
aphicstocreate
vi
sualimageswhi chaidinunderst andi
ngofcompl ex,oft
enmassivenumer ical
r
epresentat
ionofsci enti
fi
cconcept sorresult
s.

6.Whatist heuseofcomput ergraphi csi nEducat ion?( APR13)

The maj or i
tyofschool s,col l
eges and uni versi
ti
es around t he wor l
d
educatest udent sont hesubj ectofgr aphi csandar t.
Thesubj ecti st aughti nabr oadv arietyofway s,eachcour seteachingi t
s
owndi stinctivebal anceofcr aftski llsandi nt
ellectualresponset ot hecl i
ent'
s
needs.
Some gr aphics cour ses pr ioriti
ze t raditi
onal cr aft skil
l
s—dr awi ng,
pri
ntmaki ngandt ypogr aphy —ov ermoder ncr aftskill
s.Othercour sesmaypl ace
anemphasi sont eachi ngdi git
al craftski l
ls.
Sti
llot hercour sesmaydownpl ayt hecr aft
sent irel
y,concent rat
ingon
tr
aini
ngst udentst ogener atenov eli ntellectualresponsest hatengagewi ththe
bri
ef.
Despi tet heseappar entdi fferencesi ntrainingandcur ri
culum,t hest aff
andstudent sonanyoft hesecour seswi l
lgener all
yconsi derthemsel vestobe
graphi
cdesi gners.
Thet ypi
calpedagogyofagr aphi cdesi gn( orgr aphiccommuni cation,
vi
sualcommuni cat i
on, graphi car t
soranynumberofsy nony mouscour setitl
es).

7.Wr
iteanyfourappl i
cat
ionsar eaofcomput
ergr
aphi
cs.(
APR12,
APR15,
NOV11)
1)Comput erAidedDesi gn
2)Present ati
onGraphi cs
3)Comput erArt
4)Entertainment
5)Educat ionandTr aining
6)Visualizati
on
7)ImagePr ocessi
ng
8)Graphical UserI
nt erface

8.Li
stoutt
hev i
deodi splaydev i
ces.(
NOV11, NOV12)
1)RefreshCat hode- RayTubes
2)Raster-ScanDi splay
3)Random- ScanDi splay
4)ColorCRTMoni tor
5)Direct-
ViewSt orageTubes
6)FlatPanel Displays
7)Three-Dimensi onal Vi
ewingDevi
ces
8)StereoscopicandVi rt
ual-
Real
it
ySyst
em.

9.Li
stanyt
wodi
ffer
encesbet
weeni
nputdev
icesandhar
dcopydev
ices.(
APR12)
I
nputdevi
ce Out
putdevi
ce
Ani nputdevi
ceisanyper
ipheral Any dev ice t hat outputs
usedt oprovi
dedataandcontrol i
nformationfrom acomputeris
signals t o an i nfor
mat i
on called, not sur pri
si
ngl
y, an
processingsyst
em. outputdevi
ce.
Input dev i
ces are physi
cally Output dev ices are nev er
4
 i
nt eractedwi thbyt heuserand cont acted,ar e usuallylarger
,
hav e but tons,keys,a lens or and typicall
yhav eascr een or
someot hercomponentt hatis setofspeaker sfordataout
put.
responsi blef ortheactualdata
i
nput .
Itconv ertscommandst oBinaryI tconver t
sbi naryresul
ttoour
digit
. l
anguage.
Exampl es: Key board, Mouse, Exampl es:Monitor,
Speakers.
Gui t
ar,Mi crophone.

10.Wr i
teanot eon:AspectRati
o.(NOV16)
Propert
yofvideomonitor
sisaspectrati
o.Thisnumbergi v
est herat
ioof
vert
icalpointt
ohorizont
alpoi
ntsnecessaryt
oproduceequal-
lengthl
inesinboth
dir
ectionsonthescreen.
AspectRati
oi sst
atedi
ntermsoft her
ati
oofhorizont
altovert
icalpoi
nts.

11.Whatar
eoutputpri
mi t
ives?Defi
ne.(
APR12)
Graphi
csprogrammi ngpackagesprov
idef
unct
ionst
odescribeascenei
n
t
ermsofbasi
cgeomet ri
cstruct
ures,
ref
err
edtoasout
putpri
mit
ives.

12.Def iner andom scansy stems.( APR13, APR14)

Random scanmoni tor sdr aw api ctureonel i
neatat i
meandf ort his
reasonar eal soreferr
edt oasv ectordispl ays(orstr
oke-writ
ingorcal l
i
gr aphic
displays) .
Thecomponentl inesofapi cturecanbedr awnandr efreshedbya
random- scansy st
em inanyspeci fi
edor der .
Ref reshrat
eonar andom- scansy stem dependsont henumberofl inest o
bedi splay ed.Pict
uredefini
tioni snowst oredasasetofl i
ne-drawingcommands
i
nanar eaofmemor yreferredt oast her efreshdispl
ayfil
e.
Somet i
mes t he r
efresh di splayf ilei s cal
l
ed the displayl ist
,di splay
progr am,orsi mplyt herefr
eshbuf fer.Todi spl
ayaspecifiedpicture,thesy stem
cyclest hrought hesetofcommandsi nt hedi spl
ayfil
e,drawingeachcomponent
l
inei ntur n.

13.Wr it
eanot eon: Displ
aycont r
oll
erinRast er–Scansystems.(NOV15)
RasterScanSy stem Additiont ot heCPU,speci alpurposeprocessor,
VideoCont roll
erordi splaycontrolleri
susedt ocont r
oltheoperati
onoft he
di
splaydev ice.Framebuf f
ercanbeany wherei nthesystemsmemor y&v i
deo
control
leraccesst hefr
amebuf fertor ef
reshthescreen.
FixedPor t
ionoft hesystem memor yisreserv
ed.Framebuf f
erlocati
ons,
andt hecorrespondingscreenpositionsarerefer
encedinCartesi
anCoor di
nates.

14.Wr
it
eanyt
woInputdev i
ces.(
APR15,APR13)
 Keyboar ds
 Mouse
 Trackballandspacebal
l
 Joysticks
 DataGl ove
 Digi
tizers
 I
magescanner s
 TouchPanel s
 VoiceSy stems
5
  Har
d-copyDev
ice

15.Whatar ethet ypesofpr intersandpl otters?( NOV13)

Print
er:
Printerproduceout putbyei therimpactornon- i
mpactmet hods.
Impactpr i
nterpressf ormedchar acterfacesagainstani nkedr i
bbononto
thepaper .
Non–i mpactpr intersandpl ottersusel asertechniques,ink-j
etsprays,
xerographicpr ocess,andel ect r
ostaticmet hodst ogetimagesont opaper.
Printersaret wot ypes: 1.Dotmat ri
x,2.Laser
DotMat rix:
Dotmat r
ixpr i
ntheadcont ainingar ectangulararrayofpr oducingwire
pins,wit
ht henumberofpi nsdependi ngont hequalit
yofthepr i
nt er
.(I
mpact)
Laser:
Inal aserdev ice,al aserbeam cr eatesachar gedistri
butiononar ot
ati
ng
drum coat edwi thaphot oelectri
cmat erial,suchassel eni
um.Toneri sappli
edto
drum andt hent ransferr
edt opaper.(Non- impact )

Plott
er:
Draft
inglayoutandotherdrawingaretypical
lygeneratewi t
hink-j
etorpen
plot
ter.
Flat
bedPl ot
ter
Thisisapl ott
erwher ethepaperisfixedonaf latsurfaceandpensar e
mov edtodr awt heimage.Thisplott
ercanusesev eraldif
ferentcol ourpensto
drawwi t
h.Thesi zeoftheploti
slimit
edonlybyt hesizeofthepl ott
er'
sbed.
PenPl ot
ter:
Apenpl otterhasoneormor epensmount edonacar riage,orcrossbar
,
thatspansasheetofpaper .Penswi t
hv ar
y i
ngcolorsandwi dthsareusedt o
produceav ari
etyofshadingandlinestyl
es.

16.Whati sInk–Jetmet hods?(NOV15)

I
nk-Jetmethodsproduceoutputbysquir
ti
nginkinhor
izontalrowsacross
arollofpaperwrappedonadr um.
Theelect
rical
lychargedinkstream i
sdef l
ect
edbyanel ectri
cfiel
dt o
producedot -
matri
xpatter
ns.Adeskt opink-
jetpl
ott
erwithar esoluti
onof360
dotsperinch.

17.Wr i
t eanoteon: Digit
izer
s.( APR14)
Adigit
izertablet(alsoknownasadi gi
ti
zerorgraphi
cstablet)isatool
used t o conv er
thand- drawn i mages intoaf or
matsuitabl
ef orcomput er
processing.
Imagesar eusual lydr awnont oaf latsurf
acewithast yl
usandt hen
appearonacomput ermoni tororscreen.
Di
git
izertabl
etscanal sobeusedasani nputdevi
ce,r
ecei
vinginformat
ion
representedindr awingsandsendi ngoutputtoaCAD( computeraideddesign)
applicati
onandPC- basedsof twar
el i
keAutoCAD.

18.Wr i
teanoteon:Joyst
icks.(
APR16)
Joysti
ckisalsoapointi
ngdevicewhi
chisusedt omovecursorposi
ti
on
onamoni torscr
een.Itisast i
ckhavingaspher
icalbal
latit
sbothlowerand
upperends.Thelowerspher i
calbal
lmovesinasocket .Thejoy
sti
ckcanbe
movedinallf
ourdir
ecti
ons.
6
 Thefunct
ionofjoyst
icki
ssi
mil
artothatofamouse.Iti
smai
nlyusedi
n
ComputerAi
dedDesigning(
CAD)andpl
ayi
ngcomputergames.

19.Defi
ne:Resolution.(
APR16, NOV14)
Themaxi mum numberofpoi nt
st hatcanbedispl
ayedwit
houtover
lapon
aCRTisreferredtoast heresolut
ion.
More pr ecise def
init
ion ofr esoluti
on i
st he numberofpoi nt
s per
cent
imetr
et hatcanbepl ottedhor i
zontall
yandv er
ti
call
ytot
alnumberofpoint
s
i
neachdirecti
on.

20.Dist
ingui
shbet weenbit
mapandpi xmap.(APR14)
Onbl ackandwhi tesy st
em withonebitperpi
xel
,thefr
amebuf f
eri
s
commonlycal l
edabitmap.
Asy stem wit
hmul t
ipl
ebitsperpi
xel,t
hef
ramebuff
erisof
tenr
efer
redt
o
asapixmap.

21.Whati
spixmap?(NOV14)
Asy st
em wi
thmult
ipl
ebi
tsperpi
xel
,thef
ramebuf
feri
sof
tenr
efer
redt
o
asapi
xmap.

22.Defi
netheterm pixelandbit
map.(NOV13,
NOV12)
Eachscr eenpointr
eferr
edtoasapi
xelorpel
.(Shor
tenedf
orm ofpi
ctur
e
el
ements).
Onbl ackandwhi t
esy st
em wi
thonebitperpixel
,thefr
amebuf f
eris
commonlycalledabitmap.

23.Wr i
teanot eon: Set
pixel()function.(APR14)
SetPixel(
)i susedt ol oadani ntensi
tyval
uei
ntot
heframebuf
ferata
posi
tioncor respondingt ocolumnxal ongscanli
ney
,wewil
lassumewehave
avai
lablealow- levelpr
ocedur eoft heform.
Syntax :
Set pi
xel(x,y
,intensity
).

FI
VEMARKSANDTENMARKS
1.Di
scussbr ief
lyuseofcomput ergraphicsinimagepr ocessing.( APR14,
APR16)
I
ncomput ergraphi
csacomput erisusedt ocreateapi cture,Image
pr
ocessingappliestechniquestomodi f
yorinter
pretexistingpi cturessuch
asphotographsandTVscans.Twoappl i
cati
onofi magepr ocessingar e:
(
i) I mpr ovingpi
ctur
equal i
ty
(
ii
) Machi nepercepti
onofv i
sualinfor
mat ion.
i
) Improvi
ngpi ctur
equal i
ty

Toappl
yimagepr
ocessi
ngmet
hodwef
ir
st
7
 digi
ti
zeaphot ogr
aphorot herpictur
eint o animagefi
le.Thendigi
tal
methodscan beapplied t
or ear
rangepi cturepar
ts,t
o enhancecol
or
separat
ions,
ortoi
mprovethequal
ityofshading.

i
i
) Machi
neper
cept
ionofv
isual
inf
ormat
ion

Medicalapplicat
ions al
so make
extensive use of i mage pr ocessi
ng
techniquesf orpict
ureenhancementi n
tomogr aphy and i n simulati
on of
operations.
Tomogr aphyisat echni
queofx-
ray phot ography that all
ows cr oss-
secti
onalv i
ew ofphy si
ologi
calsystems
t
obedi
spl
ayed.
Bothcomput erX-rayt omogr aphy(CT)and
positi
on emi ssion t omogr aphy ( PET) use
projecti
onmet hods.
Ultr
asonic,high-frequency sound wav es,
i
nst eadofX- r
ay,areusedt ogener at
edi git
aldata.
Nuclearmedi cine scanner s coll
ectdi gi
tal
data f rom r adiati
on emi t
ted f rom i ngested
radionucli
desandpl otcolorcodedi mages.
Othermedi calimagi ngt echniquesi ncl
ude
ult
rasonicandnucl earmedi ci
nescanner s.

2.Di
scussaboutuseofCADi nComput erGr aphics.( NOV16)
Comput erdesignedgener al l
yr eferredtoasCAD.Thi smet hodused
i
ndesi gnofbui ldi
ngs,aut omobi les,ai r
cr af
t,wat er
craftspacecr aftand
manyot herpr oducts.
I
ndesi gnappl i
cat i
ons,obj ectar ef i
rstdi splayinawi ref
rameout l
ine
t
hatshowst heov erallshapeandi nternalfeatur esofobj ects.
Feat ures:
I thel pst hedesi gnert oseet heef f
ect sofi nteract
ive
adjust mentt odesi gnshapes.
 Somedesi gnappl i
cationsobj ectaref i
rstdisplayedina
wireframeout l
inef or
mt hatshowst heov er
allshape
andi nt ernalfeat ureofobj ect s.
 Wi ref ramedi spl ayal l
owst heusert o seet heef f
ect
quickly .
I tprov idemul ti windowenv i
ronment .
 A st andar dshapesf orel ect ri
cal,el
ect r
onicandl ogic
cir
cui tsar eof tensuppl iedbyt hedesignpackage.
 Adesi gnercancr eateper sonal i
zedsy mbol s.
 Ani mat ionalsousedi nCADappl i
cati
ons.

8
  Realti
me ani
mati
ons usi
ng wir
efr
ame di
spl
ayon a
vi
deomonit
orareusef
ulfortest
ingper
for
manceofa
vehi
cl
eorsyst
em.

3.Wr i
teaboutnot esoncomput ergraphi
csandanyt wo-
appli
cati
onareas.
(NOV11, NOV12)
 Pr esentat
ionGraphics:
Usedt oproduceil
lustr
ati
onsforrepor
tsorgener
atesl
idesforusewit
h
project
ors.

Commonl y used t o summar ize

fi
nancial, st at
isti
cal, mat hemat ical,
scient
ific,economi cdataf orresear ch
report
s, manager i
al r epor t
s &
customeri nfor
mat i
onbul l
et i
ns.
Exampl es:Barchar t
s,linegr aphs,
piechar ts,surf
acegr aphs,timechar t
.
 Comput erAr t
:
Usedi nf i
neart&commer cialart.
I
ncludes arti
st’
s paintbrush
programs,pai ntpackages,CAD packages
andani mationpackages.
These packages pr ovides f acil
iti
es
fordesi gni
ngobj ectshapes& speci f
ying
objectmot i
ons
Exampl es: Car
toon drawi ng,
painti
ngs,pr oduct adv erti
sement s,l ogo
desi
gn.
El
ectr
onicpainti
ng:
Pict
urepaintedelectr
onical
lyonagr aphi
cstabl
et(di
git
izer
)byusi
ng
astyl
usCor dl
ess,pressuresensit
ivest
ylus.
Morphing:
Agraphicsmet hodinwhi choneobjectist
ransf
ormedintoanot
her.

9
  Visual
izati
on
Sci
enti
fi
cVi sual
i
zat
ion:

Producing gr aphical repr

esentat
ions
forscient
ifi
c,engineeri
ng,andmedi caldata
sets.
To check t he behaviour of certai
n
process diff
erent f i
elds li
ke engineering,
scient
ist
s busi ness anal ysts et c need
appropri
atevisual
izati
on.

Busi
nessVi suali
zation:
BusinessVi sualizati
onisusedi nconnect i
onwi t
hdat
aset srel
ated
tocommer ce,industryandot hernon- scienti
fi
careas.
Techniques used-col orcodi ng,cont ourpl ot
s,graphs,charts,
sur
facerenderings&v i
sual
izationsofv olumeinter
ior
s.
Imagepr ocessi ngtechniquesar ecombi nedwithcomputergr
aphics
toproducemanyoft hedatav isual
izati
ons.

4.Descr
ibeVideodi splaydev ices.
Theprimar yout putdev iceinagr aphical system isthev
ideomoni
tor
RefreshCat hode- Rayt ube.
Raster-ScanDi splay s
Random- Scandi splays
ColorCRTMoni tors
DirectViewSt orageTubesFl at-Panel Display
s
Flat-
Panel Displays
Three-Dimensi onal ViewingDev ices
CRT(Cat
hodeRayTube)( NOV13, APR12, APR13, APR15, APR14)
Themai nelementofav ideomoni torist heCat hodeRayTube(
CRT),
shownintheabov efigure.

Oper
ati
on:
1.Theel
ect
rongunemi
tsabeam ofel
ect
rons(
cat
hoder
ays)
.
10
 2.Theel ect ronbeam passest hr oughf ocusinganddef lectionsy stems
thatdirecti ttowar dsspeci fi
edposi tionsont hephosphor -coat edscr een.
3.Whent hebeam hi tsthescr een, thephosphoremi tsasmal lspotofl ight
ateachposi ti
oncont actedbyt heel ect ronbeam.
4.Itr edrawst hepi cturebydi rect i
ngt heelect
ronbeam backov ert hesame
screenpoi ntsqui ckl y.
RefreshCat hodeRayTube:
Onewayofkeept hephosphor sgl owingist or edraw t hepi ct urer epeat
quicklybydi rect ingt heel ectronbeam ov erthesamepoi nt .Thist ypeofdi splay
i
scal edRef
l reshCRT.
Thepr i
mar ycomponent sofel ect r
ongunar eheat edmet alcat hodeanda
controlgr i
d.
Heati ssuppl iedt ot hecat hodebydi r
ecti
ngacur rentt hrought hecoi lof
wire(ie.,Filament ), i
nsi det hecy li
ndr i
cal cat hodestructure.
Vacuum i nsi det heCRTenv elopcont ai
nsfreenegat ivelychar gedel ectrons
arethenaccel erat edt owar dst hephosphorcoat ngbyahi
i ghposi ti
vevol tage.
Elect ronguncont ainstheaccel erat i
nganodeandf ocusi ngsyst em.
Theaccel erat ingv oltagegener atea+v echar gedneart hescr eenoran
acceleratinganode.
Intensi tyoft heel ect r
onbeam i scont rol
ledbyset tingv oltageoncont r
ol
gri
d.
A hi gh–vevol t
ageappl iedt ot hecont rolgridwi llshutof ft hebeam by
repell
ingel ect rons.

Thebr i
ghtnessofthedispl
ayv ar
yingthevol
tageonthecont r
olgr
id.
Focusingsy st
em forcetheelectr
onbeam t ocoverageintoasmal lspot
,
Ot
herwi
seelectronwillr
epeleachother.
Focusingsy st
em accompli
shwi hel
t ectri
cormagneticfi
elds.
Elect
rostaticfocusi
ng is commonl yused intelevi
sion and Computer
gr
aphi
csmoni tors.

11
 Wi t
h El ectrost aticf ocusing,t he el ectron beam passest hr ough a +v e
char gedmet alcyl indert hatfor msanel ect rostat i
cl ens.
Theact ionofel ectrostaticlensf ocusest heel ectronbeam atcent reoft he
scr een.
Addi tionf ocusi ngH/ Wi susedi nhi ghpr ecisionsy stem t okeept hebeam
i
nf ocusatal lscr eenposi tions.
Ift hebeam mov estot heout eredgesoft hescr eendi spl ayimagebl urr
ed.
Twopai rofcoi lsisused.Eachpai rofcoi lmount edont het opandbot tom
(ie.,Hor izont aldef lectionandVer ticaldef l
ect i
onpl ates).
El ectr onsi nt hebeam col l
idewi tht hephosphor scoat i
ng, theyar est opped
andt heirki net icener gyisabsor bedbyt hephosphor .
Par tofbeam ener gyi sconv ertedbyf ri
ctioni nt oheatener gyandt he
remai ndert ocauseel ectronsi nphosphorat omst omov eupt ohi gherquant um
ener gy .
Exci t
edphosphorel ectronsbegi ndr oppi ngbackt ot heirst ablegr ound
st ate.
Thef requencyoft hel ightemi ttedbyt hephosphori spr opor ti
onalt ot he
ener gydi ffer encebet weenexci tedquant um st at eandt hegr oundst ate.
Per sist encedef inesast het imei ttakest heemi ttedl ightf r
om t hescr een
todel ayt oone- t
ent hofi tsor i
ginal int
ensi ty.
LowPer sist encei susedf orani mat ion.
Hi ghPer sistencei susedf orcompl exandst aticpi cture.
Thei nt ensi tyisgr eatestatt hecent reoft hespot ,anddecr easeaf t
er.
Resol ut ionmeanst henumberofpoi ntsperuni tlengt ht hatcanbepl otted
hor izont allyandv er t
icall
y.
Resol ut iononhi ghqual i
tysy st
em i s1230by1024wi thhi gherr esoluti
on.
Italsor efer redashi gh-definit
ionsy st
em.
Aspectr atio:Iti sther atiooft henumberofv ert
icalpoi ntstot henumber
ofhor izont alpoi nt snecessar yt opr oduceequall engt hlinesi nbot hdi rectionson
thescr een.

Rast
erscandisplay s:
I
nar aster-scansy st
em,theel
ect
ronbeam i
ssweptacr ossthescreen,
onerowatat i
mef rom toptobott
om.
Astheelectronbeam movesacr
osseachrow,t
hebeam i
ntensit
yist
urned
ONandOFF.
Pi
ctur
edef initi
onisstor
edi nmemoryareacall
edtherefreshbuf
feror
12
f
ramebuf
fer
.
Eachscr eenpoi ntisr eferredt oasapi xelorpel( short
enedf ormsof
pictureelement ).
ForSi ngl ebl ackandwhi t
esy stem withonebits
perpi xel, thent hef r
amebuf feriscaledbi
l t
map.
Bi-lev el Sy stem: 1i ndicat eturnedON
0i ndi cateturnedOFF
Addi t i
onalbi ts ar e needed when col orand
intensi t
ydi spl ay.
Forcol orsy stem wi thmul t
ipl
e24bi tsperpixel
,
thent hef ramebuf feriscal ledpi xmap.
Att heendofeachscanl ine,t heel ect ronbeam r et
urnst otheleftsideof
thescr eent odi splaythenextl i
ne( ie., Hor izont alRet race) .
Att heendofeachf ramet heel ect r
onbeam r et urnst othetopl ef
tcorner
oft hescr eent obegi nthenextf rame( ie.,Ver ti
calRet race) .
SomeRast erscansy stem eachf ramei sdi splay edi ntwopassesusi ng
i
nt erl
acedr efreshpr ocedur e.
FirstPass:Evennumberscanl inesar edispl ayed( Soli
dDash) .
SecondPass:Oddnumberscanl inesar edi splay ed( Dashedline).
Non- Interlaceddisplayt akes30f ramespersecond.
Buti nterl
aceddi splayt akes60f ramespersecond.

Random scandisplay:(NOV11,NOV15, NOV13, APR12)

Random scanmoni torsdraw api ct
ur eonelineatat imeandfort his
reasonarealsorefer r
edtoasv ectordisplays(orstr
oke-wri
ti
ngorcall
igraphic
displ
ays).
Refreshr
ateonar andom-scansy st
em dependsont henumberoflinest o
bedisplay
ed.
Pict
uredefi
nitionisnowst oredasasetofl i
ne-dr
awingcommandsi nan
areaofmemor yr eferr
edtoast her ef
reshdi spl
ayfi
leordisplayl
ist
,ordisplay
pr
ogr
am orr
efr
eshbuf
fer
.
After al
ll ine-
drawi ng commands hav e
beenprocessed,t hesy stem cycl
esbackt othe
fi
rstl
i
necommandi nthel ist
.
Random- scan displays are designed to
drawalthecomponentl inesofapicture30to60
ti
meseachsecond.
Random scandi splayisdesignedf orli
ne
drawi
ngappl i
cationsandcannotdi splayreali
sti
c
shaded.
Becausepi ctur
edefi
nit
ioni
sstoredi
nlinedr
awi
ngi
nst
ruct
ionnotasetof
i
ntensi
tyvalues.
Higherresoluti
onst
hanRasterScanSystem.

ColorCRTMonitor
:
ACRTmoni tor
,combini
ngt heemi
ttedl
ightf
rom t
hedi
ff
erentphosphora
rangeofcol
orscanbegenerat
ed.
Theyaret
womet hodscolorcanpr
oduceinCRTmonit
or:
13
 (i
) Beam Penet ration
(i
i) Shadow- MaskMet hod
Beam Penet rat ion:
Itisacheapermet hodandi susedi nVect orscandi spl ay s( Random
scandi spl ay ).
Twol ay erofphosphori nsi deCRTi scoat edwi thr ed( out erl ayer)
andgr een( innerl ayer ).
Abeam ofsl ow el ectronsexci tesout erl ay err ed,andabeam wi t
h
veryfastel ect ronspenet r
atet hroughr edl ay erandi nnergr eenl ay er.
An i nt ermedi at e beam speed el ectr ons ar e emi tted t he
combi nat ionsofr edandgr eencol or sshow t woaddi tionalcol orsor ange
andy el low.
Speedofel ect r
onsi scont rolledbybeam accel erati
ngv oltage.
Onl yf ourcol or sar epossi bleandt hequal i
tyofpi cturei snotgood
aswi thot hermet hods.
Shadow- MaskMet hod:
Unl iket hebeam penet rationCRTswher et heaccel er ationoft he
electronbeam wasbei ngmoni tored,wenow mani pulatet hei ntensi tyof
the3beamssi mul taneousl y.
Theshadow maskCRThas3t ypesofphosphor st opr oduceeach
pixelr ed,bl ueandgr eencol or s.Justbef or et hephosphorscr eeni sa
met al scr een, calleda" shadowmask" .
3di fferentgunspl acedonebyt hesi deoft heot hert of orm adot
tri
angl eora" Del t
a" .
Anot herconf igur ati
on f ort he t hr ee el ect ron guns i s an i nli
ne
arrangementher er ed- blue-greencol orsal ignedi nonescanl i
ne.
Thi si nline ar rangementofel ectr on guns i s easi ert o keep i n
ali
gnmentandi susedi nhigh- resol utioncol or .
Obt ai n col orv ar i
ati
ons i n a shadow mask CRT byv ary ing the
i
nt ensityl ev el oft het hr eeel ectronbeam.
Exampl esawhi tewi l
lpr oduceby
al lt
hr eedot sar eequal i
nt ensi t
y .
Yel l
ow wi llpr oducebyr edand
gr eenequal .
Col orCRTi ngr aphi csy st em is
desi gnedasRGBmoni t
or s.
I
tt akes t he i ntensi tyl evelof
each el ect ron gun di rect l
yf rom t he
comput er sy stem wi t
hout any
i
nt ermedi atepr ocessi ng.
Composi temoni torsar eadapt ationsofTVset st hatal low by -pass
oft hebr oadcastci r
cui try.
Pict urei nfor mat ioni scombi nedi nt oacomposi tesi gnalandt hen
separ at ebyt hemoni tor .
Resul ti
ngpi ct urequal i
tyi snotbest .

Di
rect–v
iewstor
agetubes:
(APR14,APR16)
I
nsi
detheCRTinsteadofr
efr
eshi
ngt
hescr
eendi
rectv
iewst
oraget
ube
14
 stores t
he pict
urei nformaton as a char
i ge di
str
ibut
ion j
ustbehi
nd t
he
phosphorcoatedscreen.
Twoelectr
ongunsar eused:
(i
) Pr i
mar ygun-I
tstor
epict
urepatt
ern
(i
i
) Fl oodgun- maintai
npi
cturedi
spl
ay
Advant
agesofDVST:
Nor
efr
eshi
ngisneededforver
ycompl
expi
ctur
ecanbedi
spl
ayedat
v
eryhi
ghr
esol
uti
onwit
houtfl
icker
.
Di
sadvant
ageofDVST:
Theyor dinar
ydo notdi spl
aycol orand sel ected par
tofpi ct
ure
cannotbeerased.
Toeli
mi nateapi ct
uresecti
on,theent i
rescreenmustbeer asedand
modifi
edpictureredraw,itt
akeseveralsecondsf orcompl expi
cture.
Stor
agedi spl
ay edhasbeenlargel
yr epl
acedbyr ast
ersystems.

Flat–panel di spl ays:( NOV15, APR16)

Itrefersr educedv ol
ume, wei ght ,andpowerr equi rementswhencompar ed
toCRT.
Thi nnert hanCRT, wecanhangt hem onwal ls.
Ex: TVmoni tors, calcul ator s, pocketv i
deogamesofmov iesonai rli
neset c.
Flat-Panel separ at ei nt o2:
(i)Emi ssi v
edi splay
(ii
)Non- Emi ssiv edi spl ay
Emi ssivedi splay( oremi tters)conver tsel ect ri
cenergyint oli
ght.Ex:
plasmapanel s,Thi nf i
lm el ect rolumi nescentdi splayandl i
ghtemi t
ting
diodes.
Non- Emi ssi ve ( ornon- emi tters) use opt icaleffectst o conver t
sunl i
ghtorl i
ghtf rom someot hersour ceintogr aphi cspatterns.Ex:Thr ee
Dimensi onal Vi ewi ngdev i
ces.
Emi ssivedi splay( oremi tters)
a)Pl asmaPanel s.
b)Thi n-f i
lm El ect rolumi nescentDi splay
c)Li ghtEmi tti
ngDi odes( LED)
d)Li qui dCr y stalDi spl ay (LCD)
a)PlasmaPanel s:
Anot hernameofpl asmapanel si ngasdi schar gedisplays.
I
tconst ruct edbyf i
ll
ingt her egi onbetweent wogl asspl ateswitha
mi xtureofgasest hatusual lyi ncl udeneon.
Aser iesofv erticalconduct i
ngr ibbonsi spl acedononegl asspanel ,
andasetofhor i
zont alr ibbonsi sbui l
tintotheot hergl asspanel .
Firingv oltagesappl iedt oapai rofhor i
zont al andverti
cal conductors
causet hegasatt hei nt ersect i
onoft het woconduct orst
obr eakdowni nto
agl owi ngpl asmaofel ectronsandi ons.
Pict uredef init
ioni sst oredi nar efr
eshbuf fer ,andthef i
ri
ngv olt
ages
areappl iedt or ef resht hepi xel posi tions60t imespersecond.
Alter nat i
ng- curr entmet hodsar eusedt opr ov i
defasterappl i
cati
ons
forbr i
ght erdi spl ay .
Strict ymonochr
l omat icdevi ce.
15
b)Thin-
fi
lm Electr
olumi nescentDispl
ay
Itissimilartoplasmapanel .
Ther egionbet weent heglasspl at
esisfi
l
ledwithaphosphor,such
aszincsulphidedopedwi thmanganese.
Electri
calenergyi sthenabsor bedbythemanganeseat
oms,release
aspotofl i
ght.
Electrol
umi nescentdi spl
ayr equir
ed morepowergood colorand
grayscaledisplayarehar dtoachieve.

c)LightEmitt
ingDiodes( LED)
A matri
xofdi odesi sarrangedt oformt hepixelposit
ionsint
he
displ
ay,andpicturedef i
niti
onisst or
edinrefr
eshbuffer.
I
n scan-liner efreshing ofaCRT,i nfor
mation i
sr ead fr
om t
he
refr
eshbuf ferand conv er
tedt ovol t
agelevelsthatar eappliedtot
he
diodestoproducet hel i
ghtpatternsinthedi
splay.

d)LiquidCr ystal Displ ay (LCD)

Commonl yusedi nsy stems,suchascal cul ators( f
ig.bel ow)and
portable,lapt opcomput ers
Thesenon- emi ssi vedevi cespr oduceapi ctur ebypassi ngpol ar ized
l
ightf rom thesur r oundi ngorf rom ani nternallightsour cet hroughal iqui d-
crystal mater ial t
hatcanbeal i
gnedt oei herbl
t ockort ransmi tthel ight.
Thet er ml iqui dcr ystalreferst ot hef actthatt hesecompoundshav e
acr ystall
i
near rangementofmol ecules, yettheyf lowl i
keal iqui d.
Flat-paneldi spl ay scommonl yusenemat i
c( threadl ike)l iquid-cry stal
compoundst hatt endt okeept hel ongaxesoft her od- shapedmol ecul es
ali
gned.
Af lat-paneldi splaycant henbeconst r
uct edwi hanemat
t icl iqui d
crystal.
Twogl asspl ates, eachcont aini
ngal i
ghtpol arizeratr ightangl est o
theot herpal at e,sandwi cht heliquid-crystalmat erial.
Rowsofhor i
zont alt r
anspar entconduct orsar ebui lti ntoonegl ass
plate,andcol umnsofv erticalconduct or sar eputi nt ot heot herpl ate.
Thei nt er sect ionoft woconduct or sdef i
nesapi xel posi tion.
Nor mal ly,themol eculesar eal ignedasonst ateshowni nt hef ig.
below.
Polar izedl i
ghtpassi ngt hrought hemat erialist wistedsot hati twi l
l
passt hrought heopposi tepol arizer.
Thel ighti sr eflect edbackt othev i
ewer .
To t ur n of ft he pi xel,we appl yv oltage t ot he t wo i ntersect i
ng
conduct orst oal ignt hemol eculessot hatt helighti snott wi sted.Thi st ype
offlat-panel dev i
cei sr ef erredtoasapassi vemat rixLCD.

16
 Pict
uredef init
ionsar est oredinar efr
eshbuf f
er,andt hescr eeni s
refr
eshedatt her ateof60f ramespersecond, asintheemi ssivedev i
ces.
Backl i
ghtingisal socommonl yappl i
edusi ngsol id-stateel ectronic
devices,sot hatt hesy stem i snotcompl etelydependentonout si
del ight
sources.
Colorscanbedi splayedbyusi ngdi ff
erentmat erialsordy esandby
placingat r
iadofcol orpi xelsateachscr eenlocation.
Anothermet hodf orconst r
uctingLCDsi st opl aceat ransistorat
eachpi xell
ocation,usingt hin-fi
l
mt ransist
ort echnology.
Thetransistorsar eusedt ocontrolthev ol
tageatpi xellocat i
onsand
topr eventchargef rom gr adual l
yleakingoutoft hel iquid-crystalcel l
s.
Thesedev i
cesar ecalledact ive-
mat r
ixdisplay.

Non-
Emissiv
edispl
ay(orNon- emi
tter
s)
a)
Three-
Dimensi
onalViewingDevi
ces:
Gr
aphicsmonit
orf orthedispl
ayof3Dsceneshav
ebeendev
ised
17
 usingat echni quest hatr eflect saCRTi magef rom av ibrati
ngf l
exible
mi r
ror.
The v arifocalmi rr
or v ibr ates,i tchanges f ocall ength.These
vibrati
onsar esy nchr oni zedwi tht hedi splayofanobj ectonaCRT.
Sot hateachpoi ntont heobj ecti sr ef l
ect edf rom t hemi r
rori ntoa
spat i
alposi tion cor respondi ng t ot he di st ance oft hatpoi ntf rom a
specifiedv iewi ngposi t i
on.
Av i
br at i
ngmi rrort opr oject3Dobj ectsi nto25cm- by -
25cm- by -
25cm
volume.
Ital socapabl eofdi spl ay ing3D cr oss- sect i
onalsl i
cesofobj ects
selectedatdi fferentdept hs.
Usedi nmedi calappl icationst oanal ysedat af om ul
r tr
asonogr aphy
andCRTscandev i
cesi ngeol ogi calappl icat ionst oanal ysetopol ogical
andsei smi cdat a.
Sol i
dobj ectsi n3Dsi mul at i
onsofsy stem ar emol eculesandt errain.
b)Stereoscopi candVi rt ual-
Real i
t ySy st em:
Itpr ov idesa3Def fectbypr esent i
ngadi fferentv iewt oeachey eof
anobser ver, sot hatscenesdoappeart ohav edept h.
To obt ai n st er eoscopi cv iew f i
rstobt ain2v iews ofa scene
gener atedf rom av iewi ngdi rect ioncor respondst oeachey e.
Simul taneousl ookatt hel eftv iew wi tht hel eftey e,andt her ight
view wi tht her ightey e,t het wov iewsmer gei ntoasi ngleimageand
perceiveascenewi thdept h.
Onewayt opr oduceast ereoscopi cef fecti stodi splayeachoft he
twov iewswi thar ast ersy stem onal ter nater efreshcy cl
e.
St ereoscopi cvi ewi ngi sal soacomponenti nv irt
ual -
realit
y.
5.Whatar er ast er–scansy stems?Expl ain.(NOV14)
Addi tiont ot heCPU,speci alpur posepr ocessor ,Vi deoCont roll
eror
displaycont rollerisusedt ocont rol theoper ationoft hedi splaydev ice.
Fr amebuf fercanbeany wher ei nt hesy stemsmemor y& v i
deo
cont r
olleraccesst hef ramebuf f ert or ef r
esht hescr een.

FixedPort
ionoft hesy st
em memor yis
reserved.Fr ame buffer l
ocations,and the
correspondingscreenPosit
ionsar er
efer
enced
i
nCar t
esianCoordinat
es.

18
 Posi
tivexv al
ueincreasingtot heri
ght0t omax.Posi t
iveyv alues
i
ncreasi
ngfrom bott
om totop0t omax.
Twor egi
sterx&yar eusedt ostor
epixelposit
ion.Theval
uest ored
i
nframebuf ferfort
hispi
xelposi ti
onisthenretr
iev
ed&usedt heintensit
y
ofCRTbeam.
Themul ti
plepi
xelintensit
iesarethenstoredinasepar at
er egist
er
andusedtocontroltheCRTbeam i ntensi
tyforagroupofadjacentpi
xels.

Oper ationsonVi deoCont roll

er :
I
tcanr etrievepi xelintensi t
iesf r
om di ff
erentmemor yar easondi ff
erent
cy cles
I
nhi ghqual it
ysy stems,t wof ramebuf fersar eof tenpr ovidedsot hatone
buf fercanbeusedf orr efreshingandot herf i
l
ledwi t
hi nt
ensi t
yv alues.Pr ovide
thef astmechani sm f orgener atingr ealti
meani mat i
on.
Videocont roll
er sof tencont ainal ookupt able,sot hatpi xelv al
uei nt he
framebuf ferar eusedt oaccesst hel ookupt ableinsteadofcont r
olli
ngt heCRT
beam i nt ensi t
ydi rectly.
Rast erScan di splayPr ocessorSomet imes al so r eferred as gr aphics
cont rol l
eroradi splaycopr ocessorandi t
spur posei stof reet heCPUf rom the
graphi csoper ations.
Fort hissepar at edi splaypr ocessormemor yar eai sal sopr ovided.Its
maj ort aski st odi git
izeapi cturedef i
nit
iongiveni nanappl i
cat i
onpr ogram intoa
setofpi xel intensityv aluesf orst orageinaf ramebuf fer.
Thi sdi git
izationpr ocessi scal edscan-
l conver sion.Gr aphi cscommands
speci fy i
ngst r
aightl inesandot hergeomet r
icobj ectsar escanconv ert
edi ntoa
setofdi scr eteintensi typoint s.
Scan conv erting a st rai
ghtl i
ne means,we hav et ol ocat et he pixel
posi tionscl osestt ot hel i
nepat handst orethei ntensit
yf oreachposi t
ionint he
framebuf fer.
Char act ercanbedef i
nedwi threctangulargr idsort heycanbedef i
ned
wi thcur vedout l
ines.

19
 Displaypr ocessoral soper f
ormsaddi tionaloper ati
onsgener atingv ar
ious
l
inest yl
e( dashed,dot tedorsol id),displayingcol orar ea,t r
ansformationsand
manipulationonobj ects.
Tor educet hememor yorganizationi nr aster
,framebuf ferasal i
nkedl i
st,
andencodi ngthei ntensit
yi nfor
mat ion.
Fi
rst: Tostor eeachscanl ineasai ntegerpai r(i
e.,i
nt ensi
tyvalue&number )
ofadjacentpi xel.Thistechni quei scaledr
l un- l
engt hencodi ng.
Second:Toencodet her asterasasetofr ectangul arareaiscal edcel
l l
encoding.
Disadvantagesofencodi ng:
(i
) Changesar edifficultt
omakeandst ore.
(i
i
) I ti s diffi
cultf ort he displaycont rol
l
ert o pr ocess shortr uns are
i
nv olv
ed.

6.Whatar erandom –scansy stems?Expl ain.(APR14, NOV16)

I
tisalsocal ledasv ectorsy stem.
Anappl i
cati
onspr ogram i si nputandst or eint hesy stem memor y
alongwithgr aphical packages.
Graphicscommandsi nt heappl icationpr ogram ar et r
ansl atedby
thegr aphi
cspackagesi ntoadi splayf i
lestoredi nt hesy stem memor y.
The di spl ay pr ocessor
cycl et hrougheachcommandi n
the di splay fil
e pr ogr am once
dur ingev er yrefreshcy cle.
Somet imes t he di splay
processor i n a r andom- scan
syst em i sr ef erred t o as a
displ ay pr ocessi ng uni t or a
graphi cscont roller .
Gr aphicspat t
er n ar e dr awn
on a r andom- scan sy stem by
direct ing t he el ectron beam
al
ongt hecomponentl inesoft hepi cture.
Linesar edef i
nedbyt hev aluesf ort hei
rcoor dinat esendpoi nts,andt hese
i
nputcoor di
natev aluesar econv ertedt oxandydef l
ect ionv olt
ages.
Ascenei sthendr awnonel i
neatat imebyposi tioningt hebeam t of il
linthe
20
l
i
nebet
weenspeci
fi
edendpoi
nts.

7.Expl ainanyFI VEinputdeviceswi thi tsdiagram.(APR12, NOV13, NOV14,

NOV12)
1.Key board
2.Mouse
3.Tr ackBal l andSpacebal l
4.JoySt i
ck
5.Dat aGl ov e
6.Di giti
zer
7.I mageScanner
8.Li ghtpen
9.Voi ceSy st ems
10.Barcoder eader
Keyboard
Keyboar disthemostcommonandv erypopularinputdev icewhi chhel ps
i
ninputti
ngdat atot hecomputer.
Keyboardsar eoft wosi zes84key s
or101/ 102key s,butnow key boardswi th
104key sor108key sareal soav ail
ablefor
Wi ndowsandI nternet.
These key s i nclude t he l et
ter
key s A−Z and digitkey s 0−9 same l ayout
ast hatoft ypewrit
ers.
Keyboard al so cont ains some
specialpurposekey ssuchasEnt er, Shi
ft,CapsLock, Num Lock, Spacebar,
Tab, andPrintScreen.
These key s pr
ovide cursorand scr een control.Iti ncludes four
dir
ect i
onalar row keys.Cont rolkey s also include Home,End,I nsert
,
Delete(Del
),PageUp,PageDown,Cont rol(Ctrl
),Alternate( Alt)
,Escape
(Esc).

Mouse
Mousei smostpopul arpoi ntingdev i
ce.Iti
sa
veryfamous cur sor-controldev i
ce having a
smallpal
m sizeboxwi t
har oundbal lati
tsbase
which senses the mov ementofmouse and
sendscorrespondingsi gnalst oCPU whent he
mousebut t
onsar epressed.
Gener
all
yithastwobut t
onscall
edl eftandr i
ghtbut t
onandawheeli s
presentbetweenthebuttons.Mousecanbeusedt ocont roltheposi t
ionof
cursoronscreen,
buti
tcannotbeusedtoent ert
extintot hecomput er .

Tr
ackBal
landSpacebal
l
Tr
ackballisani nputdevi
cethatismost l
y
usedinnotebookorlaptopcomputer
,inst
eadofa
mouse.Thisisaballwhichishalfi
nsert
edandby
movingfi
ngersonball
,point
ercanbemov ed.Si
nce
21
t
hewholedevi
cei
snotmov ed,atr
ackbal
lrequi
reslessspacet
hanamouse.A
t
rackbal
lcomesi
nvar
iousshapesl
ikeabal
l,abutt
onandasquare

JoySt
ick
Joysti
ckisalsoapointi
ngdevicewhichisusedtomov e
cursorposit
iononamoni torscreen.Itisast ickhavi
nga
spheri
calballatitsbothl owerandupperends.Thel ower
spheri
calbal
lmov esinasocket.Thejoyst
ickcanbemov edin
all
fourdir
ecti
ons.
Thefuncti
onofjoyst
ickissi
milartothatofamouse.Iti
s
mainlyused inComput erAided Designi
ng CAD and pl
ayi
ng
comput
ergames.

Dat
aGl
ove
Adatagloveisanint
eracti
vedev ice,r
esembl i
ng
agl ovewor nont hehand,whi chf acil
it
atestact i
l
e
sensi ngandf i
ne-moti
oncontroli
n  r
obot i
cs 
and v
irtual
reality.
Data gl
ov es ar
e one of sev eralt y
pes of
electromechanical devices used
i
n  haptics 
appl
icati
ons.

Di
git
izer
Digitizeri s an i
nputdev i
ce which convert
s
analogi nformat i
oni nt
odi git
alf orm.Digiti
zercan
conv ertasi gnalfrom thetelevi
sionorcamer ai
ntoa
seri
es of number st hat could be st ored ina
comput er.Theycanbeusedbyt hecomput erto
createapi ctureofwhat everthecamer ahadbeen
pointed at .Di git
izeris also known as Tabl etor
GraphicsTabl etbecausei tconv ertsgraphicsand
pictori
aldat aintobinaryinputs.Agr aphi
ct abl
etas
digi
tizeri susedf ordoingf i
newor ksofdrawingand
i
magemani
pul
ati
onappl
i
cat
ions.

I
mageScanner
Scanneri sani nputdev i
cewhi chworksmor e
l
ike a phot ocopymachi ne.Itis used when some
i
nf ormat i
oni savai
labl
eonapaperandi tistobe
transferred t othe hard di
sc oft he computerfor
furthermani pul
ati
on.Scannercapturesimagesfrom
thesour cewhi charet henconvert
edi nt
othedigit
al
formt hatcanbest oredont hedisc.Theseimages
canbeedi tedbeforetheyarepri
nted.

Li
ghtpen
22
 Lightpenisapointi
ngdev i
cewhi chi ssi mi l
artoa
pen.Itisusedtoselectadi spl
ay edmenui tem or
drawpictur
esonthemoni t
orscreen.I tconsistsofa
photocel
landanopt i
calsystem pl acedi nasmal l
tube.Whent het
ipofal i
ghtpeni smov edov erthe
monitorscreen and pen but t
on i s pr essed,its
photocel
l sensi
ng element det ects t he scr een
locat
ionandsendsthecor r
espondi ngsi gnalt othe
CPU.

Mi
crophone
Microphonei
saninputdevicetoi
nputsoundthatist
hen
stored i
n di
git
alform.The mi crophone i
s used for
vari
ousappli
cati
onslikeaddingsoundt oamulti
medi a
present
ati
onorformixingmusic.

Barcoder
eader
BarCodeReaderi sadev i
ceused forreading bar
codeddat a(datainf orm ofli
ghtanddarklines).Bar
coded dat ai s generall
y used inlabel
li
ng goods,
numbering the books et c.Itmaybe a hand hel d
scannerormaybeembeddedi nastati
onaryscanner.
BarCodeReaderscansabarcodei mage,conv ert
sit
i
ntoanal phanumericv al
uewhi chisthenfedt ot he
comput
ert
owhi
chbarcoder eaderisconnected.

8.Whatar ehardcopydev ices?Expl ainanyTHREE.( NOV11,NOV12,APR

13,APR15,NOV16)
*I
mpactPr i
nters
ImpactPrinterImpactPr i
nt ersuseapr intheadcont aininganumber
ofmet alpi
nswhi chst ri
keani nkedr i
bbonpl acedbet weent hepr i
nthead
andthepaper.
Ani mpactpr i
ntershowingdet ailofpr i
ntheadsomepr i
ntheads
haveonly9pi nst omaket hedot st obui ldupachar acter
;somehav e24
pinswhichproduceabet terr
esolution.
1.DotMat r
ixPri
nt er
Itisnotsocommont oday.Theyar e
compar ativel
ynoi syand l ow qual it
ybut
are cheap t or un and ar e used when
carboncopi esordupl icatesneed t o be
made,suchasf orwagesl i
ps.Al so,they
areusef ulindi rt
yenv i
ronment ssuchasa
garage because t heyar e much st urdi
er
than t he ot her two t ypes of pr i
nters.
Char act ersar ef ormedf rom amat ri
xof
dots.Thespeedisusual ly30-550char acterspersecond( cps) .Thisisthe
cheapestandnoi siestoftheprinterf ami l
y.Thest andardofpr i
ntobtained
23
i
spoor
.Thesepri
nter
sar
echeaptorunandr
elat
ivel
yfast
.Theyar
eusef
ul
f
orl
owquali
tycar
boncopypr
int
ing.

2.Dai
sywheel
Pri
nter
Moul ded met alchar acters
l
ike t hose i n a ty pewr i
ter ar e
mount ed on extensions at tached
toar ot at
ingwheelandar epr inted
ont ot he paperby means ofa
hammer and pr i
nt r ibbon.Thi s
result
s i n a gr eat deal of
mov ementand noi se dur ing t he
print
ingofdocument s,sopr i
nting
i
sslow( l
essthan90cps) .
Thest
andardofpr intissimil
artot hatproduced
byanelectr
ictypewri
ter
.Asthechar
actersont hewheelaref ixed,thesi ze
andfontcanonl ybechangedbyusi
ngadi fferentwheel.Howev er,thisis
ver
yrarel
ydone.

*Non-I
mpactPrint
ers
Non-i
mpactprint
ersaremuchqui et
erthanimpactpr
int
ersast heir
pri
nti
ngheadsdonotst ri
kethepaper.Mostnon-i
mpactpri
ntersproduce
dot-
matri
xpatterns.Sever
aldiff
erenttechnol
ogi
eshav ebeen used to
provi
deav ari
etyofprint
ers.Themai ntypesofnon-i
mpactprint
erar e:
Ther
malPr
int
er,
LaserPr
int
er,
Ink-
JetPr
int
er.

1-
Ther
mal
Pri
nter
s:
Characters are f ormed by heat ed
element sbeingplacedi ncontactwi t
hspeci al
heatsensi ti
vepaperf or mi
ngdar keneddot s
when t he el ements r each a cr it
ical
temper atur
e.
Thermalpr i
nterpapert endst odarken
ov erti
meduet oexposuretosunlightandheat .
The st andard of pr i
nt produced i s poor .
Thermalpri
ntersarewi del
yusedi nbat t
erypower edequipmentsuchas
port
ablecal
culat
ors.
LaserPri
nter
-LaserPrintersuseal aserbeam anddr ypowderedi nk
toproduceafinedotmat ri
xpat ter
n.Thismet hodofpr i
nti
ngcangener ate
about4pagesofA4paperpermi nute.

2-
Alaserpr
int
er:
Thest andar
dofpr i
ntisv er
ygoodand
l
aserpr i
nters can also produce ver
y good
qual
i
typrintedgraphicimagestoo.
ADVANTAGES:
 Veryhighspeed
 Very hi gh qualit
y
output
24
  Givegoodgr aphi
csquali
ty
 Supportmanyf ontsanddif
fer
entcharactersi
ze
DI
SADVANTAGES:
 Expensiv
e.
 Cannotbeusedt oproducemulti
plecopiesofadocumenti
na
singl
eprint
ing.

3-
InkJetPr
int
ers:
Char acters ar ef ormed as a
resultofel ectri
cal l
ychar gedorheat ed
inkbei ngspr ayedi nf inej et
sont othe
paper .Indiv i
dualnozzl esi ntheprinti
ng
head pr oducehi gh resoluti
on (up to
400 dot s peri nch or400 dpi )dot
mat r
ixchar acters.I nkjetprint
ersuse
colour car tr
idges whi ch combi ne
magent a,y ell
ow and cy an inks to
createcol ourt ones.Abl ackcartri
dge
is al
so used f orcr i
sp monochr ome
output .Thi s met hod ofpr int
ing can
gener
ateupt
o200cpsandal
l
owsf
orgoodqual i
ty,cheapcol ourpr i
nti
ng.

 Pl otters
Apl ottercanbeusedt opr oducehighqualit
y,accur at
e,A3si zeor
bi
ggerdr awings.Theyar eusual l
yusedforComput erAi dedDesign( CAD)
andComput erAi dedManufacture(CAM)applicat
ions,suchaspr inti
ngout
pl
ansf orhousesorcarpar t
s.Pl ot
ter
sar eusedt opr oducegr aphsor
di
agrams.Pl otterscan be oft wo types: Pen plotters,El ectrost
ati
c
pl
ott
ersPenpl ottershav
eani nkpenat t
achedt odraw t heimages,and
el
ect
rostaticplot ter
sworksimilar
lytoalaserpri
nter.

1.Fl
atbedPl
ott
er

Thi
sisapl ot
terwher ethepaper
i
sf i
xedonaf l
atsurf aceandpensar e
movedt odr
aw theimage.Thi spl
ott
er
canusesev er
aldifferentcolourpens
todraw wit
h.Thesi zeoft heplotis
l
imit
edonlybyt hesizeoft heplot
ter'
s
bed.

2.Dr
um Pl
ott
ers

Indrum plot
ters
thepeni smov edina
singl
e axi
st r
ackand
thepaperitsel
fmov es
25
 onacyli
ndri
caldr
um toaddtheotheraxi
sordimensi
on.Thesi
zeofthe
gr
aphisther
efor
elimi
tedonl
ybythewidthoft
hedrum andcanbeofany
l
engt
h.

3.El
ect
rost
ati
cPl
ott
er
AnEl ectr
ostati
cPl ott
erpr oducesa
rast
erimagebychar gi
ngt hepaperwi t
ha
highv ol
tage.Thisv ol
tageat t
ractstoner
whichi sthenmel tedintot hepaperwi th
heat.Thistypeofpl otterisf ast,butthe
quali
tyisgener al
l
yconsi deredt obepoor
whencompar edtopenpl ott
ers.

9.Wr it
eshor tnot eson:Gr aphi cssof twar e.( NOV14,APR15,APR16,NOV
15)
Graphi csSof twar e:A gr aphi cssof twar ei sani ntermedi ar ybet weenan
applicat i
onpr ogr am &t hegr aphi cshar dwar e.Theout putpr i
mi ti
v es&i nt eract i
on
dev i
ces t hata gr aphi cs package suppor t s can r ange f rom r udiment aryt o
ex t
remel yr ich.
Ther ear et wogener alclassi ficationsf orgr aphi cssof t
war e:
a)Gener alPr ogr ammi ngpackages:pr ov idesanext ensivesetofgr aphi cs
funct i
onst hatcanbeusedi nahi gh- lev elpr ogr ammi ngl anguage,suchasCor
FORTRAN.Basi cf unct ionsi nagener alpackagei ncludet hosef orgener ati
ng
picturecomponent s( st raightl i
ne, ci r
cle, pol ygonet c) ,setti
ngcol orandi ntensi ty
values, &appl yingt ransf ormat ions.
b)Speci al-
pur poseappl icat i
onspackages:Desi gnedf ornonpr ogr ammer s,
so t hatuser s can gener ate di splay s wi t
houtwor rying abouthow gr aphi cs
oper ationswor k.Exampl eofsuchappl i
cat i
onpackagesar ethear ti
st ’spai nti
ng
progr amsandv ar i
ousbusi ness, medi cal andCADsy stems.
Coor dinat eRepr esent ation:Gener alGr aphi cspackagesar edesi gnedt obe
usedwi t
hCar tesiancoor di
nat es.Sev er aldi ffer entCar tesianr ef erencef rames
areusedt oconst ruct&di spl ayascene.Model l
ingWor ldNor mal izedDev i
ce
transfor mat ionCoor dinat esCoor dinat eCoor dinat es
Graphi cs Funct ions:These packages pr ov i
de user s wi thav arietyof
funct i
onsf orcr eat i
ng&mani pul ati
ngpi ct ures.
Out putpr i
mi tives: Basicbui l
di ngbl ocks.
At tri
but es: Proper ti
esoft heout putpr imi tives.
Geomet r i
ct ransf or mat ions: changi ngsi ze, position&or ientation.
Model i
ngt r ansf ormat i
ons: const ructsceneusi ngobj ectdescr ipt i
ons.
Viewi ng t ransf ormat i
ons:ar e used t o speci fyt he v iew t hati st o be
present ed.
I
nputFunct i
ons:used t o cont r ol& pr ocess t he dat af low f rom t he
i
nt eractivedev icessuchasmouse, tabl etorj oy stick.
Cont roloper ations:cont ainsno.ofhousekeepi ngt askssuchascl ear inga
displayscr een&i nitializingpar amet ers.
Sof twareSt andar ds:Ast andar dgr aphi cspackagesuchasGKS( Gr aphi cal
kernelsy stem)&PHI GS( Progr ammer sHi erarchi calI nteractivegr aphi cssy stem)
26
i
mpl ement saspeci ficationdesi gnatedasst andar dbyanof fi
cialnat i
onalor
i
nt ernat i
onalst andar d bodi es byI SO and ANSI (Amer ican Nat i
onalSt andar d
Institute).
The mai n pur pose ofsuch st andar ds i st o pr omot e por tabili
ty of
appl i
cat i
onpr ogr ams&ofpr ogr ammer s.
Non- offi
cialst andar ds ar e al so dev eloped,pr omot ed & l i
censed by
i
ndi vidualcompani esorbyconsor tiaofcompani esegAdobe’ sPostscr ipt&
MI T’sXwi ndowsy stem ar et woi ndust r
yst andar ds.
GKSor i
ginal lydesi gnedasa2- Dgr aphicspackages,a3- DGKSext ensi
on
wassubsequent l
ydev eloped.
PHI GS i saext ensi onofGKS hav i
ng i ncr eased capabi l
iti
esf orobj ect
model l
ing, col orspeci fi
cat i
on, sur facerender i
nget c.
Extensi on of PHI GS cal led PHI GS+ pr ov i
de 3- D sur face shadi ng
capabi lit
ies.
GKSpr i
mi ti
v es: Ther ear ebasi cfourpr i
mi ti
v es:
(a)Pol yli
ne:usedt odr awl i
nes.POLYLI NE( n,X,Y)n=l engthofan
arrayX&Y=ar rayofx, ycoor dinate
(b)Pol y mar ker :usedt oplotpoi nts.POLYMARKER ( n,X,Y)n=
numberofdat apoi nt s
(c)Fi llAr ea:al sousedt odrawl inebuti talway sconnect sthef i
rst
andl astpoi nt sint hear r
ay .FILLAREA( n, X, Y)
(d)Text :usedt opr intthe“ stri
ng”or“ t
ext”st arti
ngatt hegi ven
coor dinat es.TEXT( x,y ,“
St ri
ng” )
GKSSegment s:Thesegmentcommandi st heGKSmet hodofdev eloping
compl exobj ects.Anygr oupofv al i
dGKScodecanbecl usteredt oget herintoa
segmentt hrought heuseoft heCREATESEGMENT( n)command.Asegment
l
istingi st ermi natedwi t
hCLOSESEGMENTcommand.

10. Wr i
teshor tnot eson: Graphi cal userinter f
aces.( NOV15)
Agr aphi cal useri nter faceusesmenusandi cons( pictorial r
epr esent at i
ons)
tochoosecommands,st ar tappl ications,makechangest odocument s,st ore
fi
les,del etef il
es, etc.Youcanuset hemouset ocont rolacur sororpoi nt eront he
screent odot heset hings,ory oucanal t
ernativelyuset hekey boar dt odomost
actions.Agr aphical useri nt erfacei sconsi dereduser -fri
endly.
Themostpopul arGUImet aphorr equirest heusert opoi ntatpi ct ur eson
thescr eenwi t
hanar rowpoi nterst eer edbyaMOUSEorsi mi l
ari nputdev i
ce.
Cli
cki ngt heMOUSEBUTTONSwhi lepoi nti
ngt oascr eenobj ectsel ectsor
activatest hatobj ect ,andmayenabl ei ttobemov edacr osst hescr eenby
draggi ngasi fitwer ear eal object
Take, forexampl e,theact ionofscr ol
li
ngabl ockoft extt hati stool ongt o
fi
tont ot hescr een.Anon- graphi cal userinterfacemi ghtof f
era' scroll'
command,
i
nv okedbypr essingacer t aincombi nati
onofkey s,sayCTRL+S.UnderaGUI ,by
cont r
ast ,api ct ur
eofanobj ectcal ledaSCROLLBARappear sont hescr een, with
amov ablebut tont hatcausest het extt oscr ollupanddownaccor dingt oits
position.
Similarly,mov ingabl ockoft exti naWORDPROCESSORt hatempl oysa
GUIi nv olv
esmer el ysel ectingi tbydr aggingt hemousepoi nteracr ossi tunt i
lthe
textbecomesHI GHLI GHTED,t hendr aggingt hehi ghl i
ghtedar eat oi t
si ntended
27
destinat
ion.
Ther eisnow an accept ed 'vocabulary
'ofsuch scr een obj ectswhi ch
behav einmor eorl esssimi larway sacr ossdi f
ferentapplicati
ons,andev en
acrossdi ffer
entoper ati
ngsy stems.Thesei ncl
ude:WI NDOWS, ICONS, pul
ldown
andpop- upMENUS,BUTTONSandbut tonbar s,checkboxes,di aloguesand
tabbedpr opertysheet s.
Variants oft hese GUIobj ect
s ar e used to controlpr ogr ams under
Microsof tWi ndows,Appl e's MacOS,and on UNI X systems t hathav ea
windowi ngsy st
em suchasMot i
forKDEi nstall
ed.
GUIs hav e many adv antages and some di sadvantages.They make
programs much easi ert olear n and use,byexpl oit
ing nat ur
alhand- t
o-eye
coordinationinsteadofnumer ousobscur ecommandsequences.
Theyr educet heneedf orf luenttypingski l
l
s,andmaket heoper ati
onof
softwaremor ecompr ehensibleandhencel essmy steri
ousandanxi ety-prone.
Forv i
sually-
orient
edt askssuchaswor dprocessing,il
l
ust rati
onandgr aphic
designtheyhav eprovedr evol
ut i
onary.

UNI
TII
TWOMARKS
1.Whatar ebasi ccol or s?Whyar ewecal l
ingi tassuch?( APR12)
2.Whatar ecol ort ables?( APR14)
3.Defineant ial i
asi ng.(APR13)
4.Wr i
teanot eon: Mar kerAt tr i
but es.(APR14)
5.Def i
ne: Attribut es.( APR16)
6.Listdownt hechar act erat tribut es.(APR12, APR13)
7.Whatar eLi neAt t
ri
but es? (NOV16)
8.Wr i
tenot eon: TextAt tri
but e.(NOV16)
9.Whatar ethebasi cl i
ne- attribut es?( APR15, NOV12, NOV13, NOV14)
10.
DefineI nqui ryf unct i
ons.( APR15, NOV12, NOV13, NOV14, NOV11)
11.
Wr i
tethebasi cpr incipleofl i
nedr awingal gor i
thm.(NOV12)
12.
Whati sDDA?( NOV11, APR16)
13.
Define: cir
cleandpr oper ties.( APR16, NOV15)
14.
Define: Ell
ipse.( NOV16)
15.
Listthepr oper tiesofEl l
ipses.( NOV14)
16.
Wr i
teanot eon: Gray scal e.( APR16)
17.
Wr i
tethei nt ensi tycodesf oraf our–l evel grayscalesyst
em.(NOV15)
FI
VEMARKSANDTENMARKS
1.ExplainDDA- linedr awi ngal gor i
thm.( APR12, APR13, NOV13,NOV16)
2.Wr i
tethest epsi nBr esenham’ sl i
nedr awi ngal gori
thm.(APR13,NOV12,
NOV14, APR15)
3.Wr i
tet hest epsi nMi dpoi ntCi rcl
eAl gor i
thm.( NOV13,APR14,APR15,
APR16)
4.Explaini ndet ailaboutt heci rclegener atingal gori
thm.(NOV11,APR12)
5.ExplainEl l
ipse- Gener ating( Mi dpoi nt
)Al gorithm.(NOV14)
6.Explainbr i
ef lyaboutl i
neat t r
ibut es.(APR13, APR14, APR16,NOV15)
28
7.Whatareallt
hecharacterat
tri
butes?Describe.(
NOV11,NOV12,
NOV14,
NOV15)
8.Writ
eshortnot
eson:Flood–f i
llal
gorithm.(
NOV15)
9.Descri
bei
ndet ai
l
,Boundary-
Fil
lAlgori
thm.(APR14,NOV16)

10.
Whatar
einqui
ryf
unct
ions?Expl
ain.(
NOV15)
11.
Whatar
et hei
mport
antfeatur
esofGr ay
scal
eingr
aphi
cs?(
APR12,NOV
12)

29