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Python - Writing Your First Python Code!

Welcome! This notebook will teach you the basics of the Python programming language. Although the
information presented here is quite basic, it is an important foundation that will help you read and write
Python code. By the end of this notebook, you'll know the basics of Python, including how to write basic
commands, understand some basic types, and how to perform simple operations on them.

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Table of Contents

Say "Hello" to the world in Python

What version of Python are we using? (version)
Writing comments in Python (comments)
Errors in Python (errors)
Does Python know about your error before it runs your code? (python_error)
Exercise: Your First Program (exercise)
Types of objects in Python
Integers (int)
Floats (float)
Converting from one object type to a different object type (convert)
Boolean data type (bool)
Exercise: Types (exer_type)
Expressions and Variables
Expressions (exp)
Exercise: Expressions (exer_exp)
Variables (var)
Exercise: Expression and Variables in Python (exer_exp_var)

Estimated time needed: 25 min

Say "Hello" to the world in Python

When learning a new programming language, it is customary to start with an "hello world" example. As
simple as it is, this one line of code will ensure that we know how to print a string in output and how to
execute code within cells in a notebook.

[Tip]: To execute the Python code in the code cell below, click on the cell to select it and press Shift +
Enter .

In [2]:

# Try your first Python output

print('Hello, My first Python!')

Hello, My first Python!

After executing the cell above, you should see that Python prints Hello, Python! . Congratulations on
running your first Python code!

[Tip:] print() is a function. You passed the string 'Hello, Python!' as an argument to instruct
Python on what to print.

What version of Python are we using?

There are two popular versions of the Python programming language in use today: Python 2 and Python 3.
The Python community has decided to move on from Python 2 to Python 3, and many popular libraries have
announced that they will no longer support Python 2.

Since Python 3 is the future, in this course we will be using it exclusively. How do we know that our notebook
is executed by a Python 3 runtime? We can look in the top-right hand corner of this notebook and see
"Python 3".

We can also ask directly Python and obtain a detailed answer. Try executing the following code:

In [3]:

# Check the Python Version

import sys
print(sys.version)

3.6.10 | packaged by conda-forge | (default, Mar 5 2020, 10:05:08)

[GCC 7.3.0]

[Tip:] sys is a built-in module that contains many system-specific parameters and functions, including
the Python version in use. Before using it, we must explictly import it.

Writing comments in Python

In addition to writing code, note that it's always a good idea to add comments to your code. It will help others
understand what you were trying to accomplish (the reason why you wrote a given snippet of code). Not only
does this help other people understand your code, it can also serve as a reminder to you when you come
back to it weeks or months later.

To write comments in Python, use the number symbol # before writing your comment. When you run your
code, Python will ignore everything past the # on a given line.

In [4]:

# Practice on writing comments

print('Hello, Python!') # This line prints a string

# print('Hi')

Hello, Python!

After executing the cell above, you should notice that This line prints a string did not appear in the
output, because it was a comment (and thus ignored by Python).

The second line was also not executed because print('Hi') was preceded by the number sign ( # ) as
well! Since this isn't an explanatory comment from the programmer, but an actual line of code, we might say
that the programmer commented out that second line of code.

Errors in Python

Everyone makes mistakes. For many types of mistakes, Python will tell you that you have made a mistake by
giving you an error message. It is important to read error messages carefully to really understand where you
made a mistake and how you may go about correcting it.

For example, if you spell print as frint , Python will display an error message. Give it a try:

In [5]:

# Print string as error message

frint("Hello, Python!")

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
NameError Traceback (most recent call las
t)
<ipython-input-5-313a1769a8a5> in <module>
1 # Print string as error message
2
----> 3 frint("Hello, Python!")

NameError: name 'frint' is not defined

The error message tells you:

1. where the error occurred (more useful in large notebook cells or scripts), and
2. what kind of error it was (NameError)

Here, Python attempted to run the function frint , but could not determine what frint is since it's not a
built-in function and it has not been previously defined by us either.

You'll notice that if we make a different type of mistake, by forgetting to close the string, we'll obtain a
different error (i.e., a SyntaxError ). Try it below:

In [7]:

# Try to see build in error message

print("Hello, Python!")

Hello, Python!

Does Python know about your error before it runs your code?

Python is what is called an interpreted language. Compiled languages examine your entire program at
compile time, and are able to warn you about a whole class of errors prior to execution. In contrast, Python
interprets your script line by line as it executes it. Python will stop executing the entire program when it
encounters an error (unless the error is expected and handled by the programmer, a more advanced subject
that we'll cover later on in this course).

Try to run the code in the cell below and see what happens:

In [11]:

# Print string and error to see the running order

print('This will be printed')

print('This will cause an error')
print('This will NOT be printed')

This will be printed

This will cause an error
This will NOT be printed

Exercise: Your First Program

Generations of programmers have started their coding careers by simply printing "Hello, world!". You will be
following in their footsteps.

In the code cell below, use the print() function to print out the phrase: Hello, world!
In [13]:

# Write your code below and press Sprinthift+Enter to execute

print('hello, world!')

hello, world!

Double-click here for the solution.

Now, let's enhance your code with a comment. In the code cell below, print out the phrase: Hello, world!
and comment it with the phrase Print the traditional hello world all in one line of code.

In [14]:

# Write your code below anprintd press Shift+Enter to execute

print('Hello world') #print the traditional hello world

Hello world

Double-click here for the solution.

Types of objects in Python

Python is an object-oriented language. There are many different types of objects in Python. Let's start with
the most common object types: strings, integers and floats. Anytime you write words (text) in Python, you're
using character strings (strings for short). The most common numbers, on the other hand, are integers (e.g.
-1, 0, 100) and floats, which represent real numbers (e.g. 3.14, -42.0).

The following code cells contain some examples.

In [ ]:

# Integer

11

In [ ]:

# Float

2.14

In [ ]:

# String

"Hello, Python 101!"

You can get Python to tell you the type of an expression by using the built-in type() function. You'll notice
that Python refers to integers as int , floats as float , and character strings as str .

In [16]:

# Type of 12

int(12)

Out[16]:

12

In [18]:

float(12.2)

Out[18]:

12.2

In [19]:

# Type of "Hello, Python 101!"

str("Hello, Python 101!")

Out[19]:

'Hello, Python 101!'

In the code cell below, use the type() function to check the object type of 12.0 .
In [21]:

# Write your code below. Don't forget to press Shift+Etypenter to execute the cell
type(12)

Out[21]:

int

Double-click here for the solution.

Integers

Here are some examples of integers. Integers can be negative or positive numbers:

We can verify this is the case by using, you guessed it, the type() function:

In [ ]:

# Print the type of -1

type(-1)

In [ ]:

# Print the type of 4

type(4)

In [ ]:

# Print the type of 0

type(0)

Floats

Floats represent real numbers; they are a superset of integer numbers but also include "numbers with
decimals". There are some limitations when it comes to machines representing real numbers, but floating
point numbers are a good representation in most cases. You can learn more about the specifics of floats for
your runtime environment, by checking the value of sys.float_info . This will also tell you what's the
largest and smallest number that can be represented with them.

Once again, can test some examples with the type() function:
In [22]:

# Print the type of 1.0

type(1.0) # Notice that 1 is an int, and 1.0 is a float

type(1.0)

Out[22]:

float

In [23]:

# Print the type of 0.5

type(0.5)

Out[23]:

float

In [24]:

# Print the type of 0.56

type(0.56)

Out[24]:

float

In [25]:

# System settings about float type

sys.float_info

Out[25]:

sys.float_info(max=1.7976931348623157e+308, max_exp=1024, max_10_exp=308,

min=2.2250738585072014e-308, min_exp=-1021, min_10_exp=-307, dig=15, mant_
dig=53, epsilon=2.220446049250313e-16, radix=2, rounds=1)

Converting from one object type to a different object type

You can change the type of the object in Python; this is called typecasting. For example, you can convert an
integer into a float (e.g. 2 to 2.0).

Let's try it:

In [26]:

# Verify that this is an integer

type(2)

Out[26]:

int

Converting integers to floats

Let's cast integer 2 to float:

In [27]:

# Convert 2 to a float

float(2)

Out[27]:

2.0

In [28]:

# Convert integer 2 to a float and check its type

type(float(2))

Out[28]:

float

When we convert an integer into a float, we don't really change the value (i.e., the significand) of the number.
However, if we cast a float into an integer, we could potentially lose some information. For example, if we
cast the float 1.1 to integer we will get 1 and lose the decimal information (i.e., 0.1):

In [ ]:

# Casting 1.1 to integer will result in loss of information

int(1.1)

Converting from strings to integers or floats

Sometimes, we can have a string that contains a number within it. If this is the case, we can cast that string
that represents a number into an integer using int() :
In [29]:

# Convert a string into an integer

int('1')

Out[29]:

But if you try to do so with a string that is not a perfect match for a number, you'll get an error. Try the
following:

In [ ]:

# Convert a string into an integer with error

int('1 or 2 people')

You can also convert strings containing floating point numbers into float objects:

In [30]:

# Convert the string "1.2" into a float

float('1.2')

Out[30]:

1.2

[Tip:] Note that strings can be represented with single quotes ( '1.2' ) or double quotes ( "1.2" ), but
you can't mix both (e.g., "1.2' ).

Converting numbers to strings

If we can convert strings to numbers, it is only natural to assume that we can convert numbers to strings,
right?

In [31]:

# Convert an integer to a string

str(1)

Out[31]:

'1'
And there is no reason why we shouldn't be able to make floats into strings as well:

In [32]:

# Convert a float to a string

str(1.2)

Out[32]:

'1.2'

Boolean data type

Boolean is another important type in Python. An object of type Boolean can take on one of two values:
True or False :

In [ ]:

# Value true

True

Notice that the value True has an uppercase "T". The same is true for False (i.e. you must use the
uppercase "F").

In [ ]:

# Value false

False

When you ask Python to display the type of a boolean object it will show bool which stands for boolean:

In [ ]:

# Type of True

type(True)

In [ ]:

# Type of False

type(False)

We can cast boolean objects to other data types. If we cast a boolean with a value of True to an integer or
float we will get a one. If we cast a boolean with a value of False to an integer or float we will get a zero.
Similarly, if we cast a 1 to a Boolean, you get a True . And if we cast a 0 to a Boolean we will get a False .
Let's give it a try:
In [ ]:

# Convert True to int

int(True)

In [ ]:

# Convert 1 to boolean

bool(1)

In [ ]:

# Convert 0 to boolean

bool(0)

In [ ]:

# Convert True to float

float(True)

Exercise: Types

What is the data type of the result of: 6 / 2 ?

In [ ]:

# Write your code below. Don't forget to press Shift+Enter to execute the cell

Double-click here for the solution.

What is the type of the result of: 6 // 2 ? (Note the double slash // .)

In [ ]:

# Write your code below. Don't forget to press Shift+Enter to execute the cell

Double-click here for the solution.

Expression and Variables

Expressions
Expressions in Python can include operations among compatible types (e.g., integers and floats). For
example, basic arithmetic operations like adding multiple numbers:

In [ ]:

# Addition operation expression

43 + 60 + 16 + 41

We can perform subtraction operations using the minus operator. In this case the result is a negative number:

In [ ]:

# Subtraction operation expression

50 - 60

We can do multiplication using an asterisk:

In [ ]:

# Multiplication operation expression

5 * 5

We can also perform division with the forward slash:

In [ ]:

# Division operation expression

25 / 5

In [ ]:

# Division operation expression

25 / 6

As seen in the quiz above, we can use the double slash for integer division, where the result is rounded to
the nearest integer:

In [ ]:

# Integer division operation expression

25 // 5

In [ ]:

# Integer division operation expression

25 // 6
Exercise: Expression

Let's write an expression that calculates how many hours there are in 160 minutes:

In [ ]:

# Write your code below. Don't forget to press Shift+Enter to execute the cell

Double-click here for the solution.

Python follows well accepted mathematical conventions when evaluating mathematical expressions. In the
following example, Python adds 30 to the result of the multiplication (i.e., 120).

In [ ]:

# Mathematical expression

30 + 2 * 60

And just like mathematics, expressions enclosed in parentheses have priority. So the following multiplies 32
by 60.

In [ ]:

# Mathematical expression

(30 + 2) * 60

Variables

Just like with most programming languages, we can store values in variables, so we can use them later on.
For example:

In [ ]:

# Store value into variable

x = 43 + 60 + 16 + 41

To see the value of x in a Notebook, we can simply place it on the last line of a cell:

In [ ]:

# Print out the value in variable

We can also perform operations on x and save the result to a new variable:
In [ ]:

# Use another variable to store the result of the operation between variable and value

y = x / 60
y

If we save a value to an existing variable, the new value will overwrite the previous value:

In [ ]:

# Overwrite variable with new value

x = x / 60
x

It's a good practice to use meaningful variable names, so you and others can read the code and understand
it more easily:

In [ ]:

# Name the variables meaningfully

total_min = 43 + 42 + 57 # Total length of albums in minutes

total_min

In [ ]:

# Name the variables meaningfully

total_hours = total_min / 60 # Total length of albums in hours

total_hours

In the cells above we added the length of three albums in minutes and stored it in total_min . We then
divided it by 60 to calculate total length total_hours in hours. You can also do it all at once in a single
expression, as long as you use parenthesis to add the albums length before you divide, as shown below.

In [ ]:

# Complicate expression

total_hours = (43 + 42 + 57) / 60 # Total hours in a single expression

total_hours

If you'd rather have total hours as an integer, you can of course replace the floating point division with integer
division (i.e., // ).

Exercise: Expression and Variables in Python

What is the value of x where x = 3 + 2 * 2

In [ ]:

# Write your code below. Don't forget to press Shift+Enter to execute the cell

Double-click here for the solution.

What is the value of y where y = (3 + 2) * 2 ?

In [ ]:

# Write your code below. Don't forget to press Shift+Enter to execute the cell

Double-click here for the solution.

What is the value of z where z = x + y ?

In [ ]:

# Write your code below. Don't forget to press Shift+Enter to execute the cell

Double-click here for the solution.

The last exercise!

Congratulations, you have completed your first lesson and hands-on lab in Python. However, there is one
more thing you need to do. The Data Science community encourages sharing work. The best way to share
and showcase your work is to share it on GitHub. By sharing your notebook on GitHub you are not only
building your reputation with fellow data scientists, but you can also show it off when applying for a job. Even
though this was your first piece of work, it is never too early to start building good habits. So, please read and
follow this article (https://cognitiveclass.ai/blog/data-scientists-stand-out-by-sharing-your-notebooks/) to learn
how to share your work.
 Get IBM Watson Studio free of charge!

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About the Authors:

Joseph Santarcangelo (https://www.linkedin.com/in/joseph-s-50398b136/) is a Data Scientist at IBM, and
holds a PhD in Electrical Engineering. His research focused on using Machine Learning, Signal Processing,
and Computer Vision to determine how videos impact human cognition. Joseph has been working for IBM
since he completed his PhD.

Other contributors: Mavis Zhou (www.linkedin.com/in/jiahui-mavis-zhou-a4537814a)

Copyright © 2018 IBM Developer Skills Network. This notebook and its source code are released under the
terms of the MIT License (https://cognitiveclass.ai/mit-license/).