Scribd
Upload
570 views19 pages

Negative Feedback Amplifiers

This document discusses four types of negative feedback amplifiers: voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS), current-controlled voltage source (ICVS), voltage-controlled current source (VCIS), and current-controlled current source (ICVS). It provides equivalent circuit diagrams and analyses key characteristics like input and output impedance, bandwidth, distortion, and slew rate for each type of amplifier. Negative feedback is described as increasing bandwidth and reducing distortion, but not affecting slew rate distortion.

Uploaded by

James Lee Ilagan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
570 views19 pages

Negative Feedback Amplifiers

This document discusses four types of negative feedback amplifiers: voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS), current-controlled voltage source (ICVS), voltage-controlled current source (VCIS), and current-controlled current source (ICVS). It provides equivalent circuit diagrams and analyses key characteristics like input and output impedance, bandwidth, distortion, and slew rate for each type of amplifier. Negative feedback is described as increasing bandwidth and reducing distortion, but not affecting slew rate distortion.

Uploaded by

James Lee Ilagan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

Negative Feedback Amplifiers

Amplifier possibilities
• The input can be a voltage.
• The input can be a current.
• The output can be a voltage.
• The output can be a current.
• The total number of combinations is four.
Four types of negative feedback
• Voltage-controlled voltage source
(VCVS) (ideal voltage amplifier)
• Current-controlled voltage source
(ICVS) (transresistance amplifier)
• Voltage-controlled current source
(VCIS) (transconductance amplifier)
• Current-controlled current source
(ICIS) (ideal current amplifier)
Converters
• VCIS and ICVS amplifiers can be viewed
as converters.
• The VCIS is often called a voltage-to-
current converter.
• The ICVS is often called a current-to-
voltage converter.
VCVS equivalent circuit

Low zout

vin High zin vout


AVvin

The input impedance is very high and


the output impedance is very low. It
approaches the ideal voltage amplifier.
ICVS equivalent circuit

Low zout
iin
Low zin vout
rmiin

The input impedance is very low and


the output impedance is very low.
It is well suited for converting a current
into a voltage (rm is the transresistance).
VCIS equivalent circuit

iout
High zout
vin High zin
gmvin

The input impedance is very high and


the output impedance is very high. It
is well suited for converting a voltage
into a current (gm is the transconductance).
ICIS equivalent circuit

iin iout
High zout
Low zin
Aiiin

The input impedance is very low and


the output impedance is very high. It
approaches the ideal current amplifier.
The noninverting circuit is a VCVS amplifier.

1 R2 vout
= +1 vin
B R1
R2

v2
The feedback fraction B = v
out v2 R1
AOL
ACL = @ 1
1 +AOLB B

The term AOLB is called the loop gain


and is normally much greater than 1.
The loop gain is usually very
large which provides:
• Gain stability
• Low distortion
• Low offsets
• Near ideal input impedance
• Near ideal output impedance
Input impedance of the noninverting amplifier

vout
vin
R2

zin(CL) = (1+AOLB)Rin RCM


R1
(RCM > 100 MW for a 741)

Rin = the open-loop input resistance of the op amp


RCM = the common-mode input resistance of the op amp
Output impedance of the noninverting amplifier

vout
vin
R2

Rout
zout(CL) =
1 + AOLB R1
(Rout = 75 W for a 741)

Rout = the open-loop output resistance of the op amp


Distortion
• A sine wave has only one frequency
called the fundamental.
• An amplifier with distortion adds energy
at new frequencies called harmonics.
• Total harmonic distortion (THD) is the
percentage of harmonic voltage in the
output signal.
• THD = (Total harmonic
voltage/fundamental voltage) x 100%
THD of the noninverting amplifier

vout
vin
R2

THDOL R1
THDCL =
1 + AOLB
The ICVS amplifier
R is the R
transresistance

vout
iin

AOL
vout = iin R @ iin R
1 +AOL

R Rout
zin(CL) = zout(CL) =
1 + AOL 1 + AOL
The VCIS amplifier
1
transconductance: gm =
R1
vin
R2 iout R2 is the load
vin vin
iout = @
R1 + R2 R1
R1 R1 +
AOL
iout = gm vin

zin(CL) = (1+AOLB)Rin zout(CL) = (1+AOL)R1


The ICIS amplifier

iin
RL iout

AOL(R1+R2) R2
Ai = @ +1 R2
RL+AOLR1 R1
R1
R2 R1
zin(CL) = B=
1+AOLB R1+R2

zout(CL) = (1+AOL)R1
VCVS bandwidth
• Negative feedback increases the
bandwidth of an amplifier.
• Less voltage is fed back at the higher
frequencies due to rolloff which
effectively increases the input signal.
• An equation for closed-loop bandwidth:
f2(CL) = (1+AOLB)f2(OL)
• The gain-bandwidth product is constant:
ACLf2(CL) = funity
Slew-rate distortion
• Negative feedback has no effect.
• The op amp is not acting in the linear
mode so the feedback doesn’t help.
• Even though the small-signal bandwidth
might be adequate, the power bandwidth
might not.
• Independent calculations of both
bandwidths are required to ensure
adequate performance.

You might also like