UNIT 1: PARTS OF SPEECH English Grammar 1 — 1° year ~ Prof. Erminia Sanchez WHAT IS GRAMMAR? ‘We can say that grammar Is a branch of LingUistics, a science that invelves the scientific study of language and how it works. It comprises @ set of regulations that describe the language system. It is concerned with the study of two main areas: = Morphology: It studies the internal structure of words, of how words are fornfixt of moxphemes. ‘© syntax. it studies how words are combined to form phrases, clauses and sentences In the English language there is a grammatical hierarchy made up of five grammatical units. These are: 4 The morpheme: itis the minimal unit of language with meaning. It may be a word or part of it. E.xguunhappy,happy.useless. 4 The word: itis a part of speech formed out of morphemes. Eg.: woman, typical, beautifully. «> The Phrase: Generally itis 2 group of words, The phrase is defined by its “HEAD WORD". Thus we have the following phrases: Noun Phrase, Verb Phrase, Adjective Phrase, Adverb Phrase, Genitive Phrase and Prepositional Phrase. E.@.: The unhappy woman (Noun Phrase}. Sometimes , the phrase may consist of only one word. F.g.: she (Noun Phrase) The clause: Iti a group of phrases. It has at least one NP and one VP. £.g.: The unhappy woman left her home, ‘The sentence: it represents the highest level in the hierarchy. There are three types of sentences: = Simple Sentence: it consists of only one clause. £.g.: Jane bought her brother a present = Compound Sentence: it consists of two or more independent clauses linked by @ coordinating conjunction.£.g.: Jane saved money end she bought her brother a present. © Complex sentence: itis made up of a main clause and subordinate and dependent clauses linked to the main one by means of a subordinating conjunction. Eg. ‘Aithough jane saved money, she couldn’t buy her brother a present. oe ‘As regards the linguistic unit called “word”, we may say that it falls into two categories: Y Open class Y Closed class “The open classes of words are constantly changing in the language and thus ecimit and incorporate new members. These words are also called “lexical” or “content” words and are the subject of discussion in dictionaries, ‘The closed classes of words , on the other hand, are relatively fixed and unchanging in the language. They are also called “grammatical”, “function” or “structure” words. The open class includes: Y Nouns Anoun tells us what someone or something is called, tts the name that we give to people, things, qualities, or activities in order to identify them. Eg.: Joseph, writer, courage, door, etc.Y Lexical verbs ‘Alesical verb expresses the existence of a state, eg. be, love, or the doing of an action, eg.: work, travel, Y Adjectives ‘An adjective describes the person, thing, place, etc. which a noun or pronoun refers to, It can provide informetion about quality, size, age, temperature, shape, colour, origin, etc. eg © Quality: You have such @ nice dress! © Size: My house is very small © Age: My mother has an antique clock in the living room. © Temperature: Elephants live in hot regions. ‘* Shape: I'd like to buy 2 round table © Colour: These aren't my socks. Mine are white. © Origin: These are Japanese watches. ¥ Adverbs ‘An adverb usally provides information about the action of the sentence by modifying the verb. It tells us how, when, or where something happens. Adverbs, however, can modify adjectives and other adverbs. Eg.: -He runs quickly. “She works very much. “Your English is very good The closed class includes: v Articles The article isa type of word that shows whether you are referring to a particular thing or toa general example of something. There are three types of articles: the definite “the”, the indefinite “2” “an”, and the zero article 0. Ee.: -1've just seen the woman | hate. -I've just seen a very strange woman outside. 0 Women are considered to be the strong sex nowadays. ¥ Pronouns [A pronouns word that can be used instead of a noun so we do not normally use @ noun after a pronoun. Pronouns that ere followed by 2 noun funetion as determiners. When pronouns occur alone, they eve pronominal function. Eg. This is my house possessive pronoun with determiner function. = This house is mine ~ possessive pronoun with pronominal function. There are different kinds of pronouns:> PERSONAL Subject: 1,you, she, he, it, we,you, they Object: me, you, him, er, it, us. You, ‘them | > REFLEXIVE Myself, yourself, himself, herself, — itsolf, ourselves, yourselves, | themselves, oneself | RECIPROCAL Each other, one another POSSESSIVE Determiner function: my, your, Ais, her, its, our, your,their. Pronominal function: mine, yours, _ his hers, its,ours,yours, theirs. > RELATIVE Who, whom, whose, which, that, zero relative pronoun _INTERROGATIVE Who, whom, whose, which, what. 5 DEMONSTRATIVE THIS, THESE, THOSE,THAT. > INDEFINITE Everyone, everything, everybody,each, every, all, both, no one, nothing, nobody, none, neither, no, someone, somebody, something, some, anyone, anybody, anything,either any, half, somewhere, Prepositions We normally use prepositions before nouns and pronouns to express a relationship between one person, thing or event and anather. Some relationships expressed by prepositions are: ‘Space: across, in, to, out of. Eg. : Tom went to the 200 with his son. Time: at, on, during, for. Eg: | have lived in this city for years. Cause: because of, due to. Eg.: Due to the cold weather, we stayed home all day. ‘Means: by . ¢g.: }don’t mind going by car. Prepositions may be Simple: when they consist of only one word such as from, at, under, ete. Complex: when they consist of two or more wards such as according to, because of, etc. Y Auxiliary verbs “They always precede lexical verbs end they are used to give other information about states actions. They combine with lexical verbs to help them complete their grammatical functions. Auxiliary verbs fal into two categories: PRIMARY AUXILIARY VERBS: be, have, do MODAL AUXILIARY VERS: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must. Y_ Numerals comprises cardinals, ordinals, and fractions. Eg. : one, fourth, one fifth, etc. Y- interjections are exclamatory emotive words.eg.: ah, cuch, wow, well done, ugh, blaat, yuck, ete.Y Conjunetions can be classified into coordinating or subordinating conjunctions, which serve the purpose of joining units within the sentence . Coordinating conjunctions (and or, but} link units of equel status. Subordinating conjunctions, which make up an exhaustive list, link dependent clauses to the main one. Ee: if, since, although. -We saved money but we couldn’t buy @ car. -Anita fell and broke her arm. -Would you have tea or coffee? -if | don’t get a taxi soon, | will be late. “Since Sophie arrived late, she will have to stay after class. -Although Stephen has a well paid job, he couldn't save enough money fast year. Y Quantifiers are words or phrases like few, little, plenty (of), which usually come before nouns and show how many things or how much of something we are talking about. ‘Some quantifiers combine with counteble nouns.€g.: -How many eggs are there in the fridge? Some combine with uncountable nouns. ¢g.: -How much milk is there in the fridge? ‘Some others combine with both kinds. Eg. :-There are plenty of eggs There is plenty of milk Practice Section Task 1, Read the following sentences and identify the words in bold as Parts of Speech. Underline the correct option given below. ‘ithe clown chased @ dog around the a) ring and then fell b) flat on his face. a} verb — noun — preposition b) adjective- adverb- preposition 2.) Ups! I’m sorry! b) It wasn’t my intention. c] Everyone in the room laughed... a) pronourrpreposition-interjection b) subject personal pronoun — object personal pronoun ~ possessive pronoun indefinite pronoun ~ aumeral (cardinal) ~ indefinite article 3. Mr. Frederick angrily admitted that local hooligans a) hed caused damage to b) his verandah. 2) lexical verb- primary auxiliary verb- modal auxiliary verb b) possessive pronoun with determiner function possessive pronoun - with pronominal function ~ demonstrative pronoun,4, a) Later that summer, she asked b] herself, “What was I thinking of? a) adverb ~ conjunction- multiplier ~ adjective b) indefinite pronoun ~ reciprocal pronoun- none of the previous two 5. She thought that the a) twenty zucchini plants b) would not be enough so she planted another ten. a} numeral{ordinal}- numeral (fraction) ~ quantifier — numeral (cardinal) b) relative pronoun ~ subordinating conjunction- modal auxiliary verb 6. a) Frankestein b) is the name of the scientist, not the monster, a}personal pronoun- noun- definite article b) primary auniliary verb-modal auxiliary lexical verb TASK 2 Classify the following words into the open and closed Word classes. ‘Who ~Richard-twice-practice- him--hers-helpful-create-upset- soon-nobody-fifth-half-shall-these-behind-amusing- easy- ourselves-from- do- last-disappointed- should-friendly- plan- here- you- softly- could- while- but- France-will-be- late-that-too-cowardly-how-the-as-two thirds- commitment- understand- scared- might- plenty of- il: due to- any-hard- English- many-onto- ‘The open word classes Primary Auxiliary Verbs: Modal Auxiliary Verbs: Prepositions: Conjunctions- Quantifiers and multipliers:“TASK 3. Complete the following text with a suitable word taking into account the following clues. 1. Primary auxiliary verb ‘5. subordinator (contrast) 9. simple degree adverb 2. Possessive pronoun 6. relative pronoun 10. quantifier 3. Reflexive pronoun 7. simple preposition 11. demonstrative pronoun 4. artide 8._universal indefinite pronoun 12. Predeterminet Inall history there 1~ never been a magician as femous as Harry Houdini, He was well known for incredible escape acts, such as freeing 3. from locked safe at 4, bottom of a river. Wherever the went and whenever he performed huge crowds gathered to watch. But, 5-— he wes @ master of the art of illusion, he was a very honest man 6 Fought for truth and justice. in particulsr, he campaigned 7. spiritualists and 8. _-——-people who claimed to have supernatural powers. In this way, he made 9, a fewenemies in the entertainment business. To sum up, there have been 10- talent and honesty in such an admirable way. who have combined 12. TASK 4. Classify the phrases in the following sentences indicating their head and the parts of speech within them. ‘They could have signed that check. Peter is a sweet boy. 3. You must have some fun. 4, told the neighbor on the third floor the story of my life. The mess in his bedroom has gotten worse the story of my life ‘The cheetah is the fastest animal in the world. The nice and cute girl lives in Washington now. 8. Did you know about it? 9, Steven's car has cost a lot of money. Non een 10. 10. Her father never forgave her. TASK 5. Classify the following sentences 1. tean’t promise you anything right now. 2. He promised that he would be good. 3. She could never again be the same because of him. 4, She changed because he had hurt her badly. 5. He left her and she felt she had no reason to live - 6. Erika has been living in the States since last year. 7. We've lived here since we got married, 8. The homeless boy was so smart and nice, 9. You can accept it or you can reject It for life, 10. The kids hated school but they were good students. 41. My neighbours were rich but mean people. 12. Do you want tea or coffee? 413, When the children found out about the truth, they decided to speak to their parents. 114. They couldn’t pass the subject since they had problems understanding it 15. All her children tooked like her. 16, You will do ft ke your father said. 17. Call me if you need any help. 18, He called in order to ask me for a favour.be Task N° © Classify the lined words into thé "arts of Speech. ‘Gail’ Jung (1978- 1961) was? a Swiss psychiatrist who® had 2a“ lasting’ in uence on psychology and society. He studied medicine at the University of Basel from 1894 to 1900, specialising in psychiatric medicine. Jung developed idezs about” personality types which sill” Interest” and influence people today”, He identified two" personality types which he called introverts and extroverss. According to™ Jung, extroverts find meaning” outside" themselves, In the surrounding” world. However", introverts are introspective. They look into themselves" and find meaning in themselves. Extroverts seem fo like" other" people. It” is easy for them™ to form close™ relationships. They enjoy the excitement of crowds, They tend to be essertive, self-confident, and are offen® jeaders in groups. They are energetic and lead busy lives”. in general, ‘They are talkative, adventurous and sociable. Iniroverts, on the” other hand, feel comiortable aione. They avoid large crowds. They are relaxed, thoughtful and reflact before” they act. They are often quiet, cautious and have” good powers of concentration. They often have creative ideas. ‘Jung's influence on our society and culture has™ been enormous. Two well-known tests (Myers-Briggs and David Keirsey) are based on his theory of personally types. His™ ‘ideas have influenced writers as well as” firr-makers Ike" {! Soureo: Cotton De Fellini and Kubrick. Jung's ideas have even influenced 8 Falvey David and | video games and rock music groups. There is stil + Simon (2008) Langu interest in his theories on the interpretatons of creams™. Leader Course eae a ne -- £4 Intemediate. "Pear j Longman. feat