Concurrent/ Non Concurrent Forces

1. Determine the values of α and θ so that the forces shown in the Fig. P-316 will be in equilibrium.
a. α=45.67∘, θ=29.86∘ c. α=46.57∘, θ=28.96∘
b. α=64.57∘, θ=82.96∘ d. α=46.75∘, θ=28.69∘
2. The system of knotted cords shown in Fig. P-317 support the indicated weights. Compute the tensile
force in each cord.
a. A=846.41 lb, B=914.16 lb, C=400 lb, D=207.06 lb
b. A=914.16 lb lb, B=846.41, C=400 lb, D=207.06 lb
c. A=846.41 lb, B=914.16 lb, C=207.06 lb, D=400 lb
d. A=914.16 lb, B=400 lb, C=846.41 lb, D=207.06 lb
3. A boom AB is supported in a horizontal position by a hinge A and a cable which runs from C over a
small pulley at D as shown in Fig. P-346. Compute the tension T in the cable and the horizontal and
vertical components of the reaction at A. Neglect the size of the pulley at D.
a. T=279.51 lb, Ah=125 lb, Av= 50 lb
b. T=297.51 lb, Ah=125 lb, Av= 150 lb c. T=279.51 lb,
Ah=152 lb, Av= 30 lb
d. T=279.51lb, Ah=115 lb, Av= 50 lb
4. The truss shown in Fig. P-349 is supported on roller at A and hinge at B. Solve for the components of
the reactions.
a. Av = 704 lb, Bv= 206 lb, BH = 204 lb
b. Av = 740 lb, Bv= 260 lb, BH = 240 lb
c. Av = 260 lb, Bv= 740 lb, BH = 240 lb
d. Av = 240 lb, Bv= 260 lb, BH = 740 lb
Friction

Situation 1: The coefficient of static friction is 0.20, and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.17. a force
applied with the block initially at rest.

1. Which of the following gives the minimum value of force P that will prevent the block to slide down
the plane?
a. 149.94 N c. 179.20 N
b. 190.28 N d. 160.85 N

2. Which of the following gives the maximum value of force P that will prevent the block to move up
the plane?
a. 553.25 N c. 596.69 N
b. 558.37 N d. 523.82 N

3. Which of the following gives the friction force when P is 120 N?

a. 234.37 N c. 222.76 N
b. 163.69 N d. 192.58 N
Situation 2: A 200-lb block is in contact with a plane inclined at 30° to the horizontal. A force P, parallel
to and acting up the plane, is applied to the body. If the coefficient of static friction is 0.20,

4. Which of the following gives the value of P to just cause motion to impend up the plane?
a. 34.64 lb c. 64.34 lb
b. 134.64 lb d. 143.46 lb

5. Which of the following is the value of P to just prevent motion down the plane?
a. 65.36 lb c. 36.65 lb
b. 56.63 lb d. 63.56 lb

6. If P= 80 lb, determine the magnitude and direction of the friction force?

a. 100 lb c. 80 lb
b. 60 lb d. 20 lb
7. What weight W is necessary to start the system of blocks shown in Fig. P-510 moving to the right?
The coefficient of friction is 0.10 and the pulleys are assumed to be frictionless.
 a. 24.96 kN c. 92.64 kN
b. 42.69 kN d. 29.46 kN

8. Referring to Fig. P-515 if the coefficient of friction is 0.60 and θ = 30°, what force P applied to B
acting down and parallel
to the incline will start
motion? What is the tension
in the cord attached to A?
 a. P=128.62 lb, T=122.35 lb c. P=126.82 lb, T=122.35 lb
b. P=128.62 lb, T=123.25 lb d. P=128.26 lb, T=122.53 lb

Cables Problem
Situation #1
A load W=30kN is lifted by a boom BCD making an angle, α =60 ° , from the vertical axis. Neglect the weight of
the boom.
 1) Which of the following gives the value of β between the cables AC and AD?

a) β=60 ° c) β=30 °
b) β=40° d) β=120 °

2) Which of the following gives the horizontal reaction at B?

a) 25.35 kN c) 42.43 kN
b) 53.49 kN d) 51.95 kN

3) Which of the following gives the tension in cable AC?

a) 25.35 kN c) 53.49 kN
b) 51.95 kN d) 42.43 kN

Situation #2
The suspended girder shown is supported by a series of hangers, uniformly spaced along a parabolic cable.

1) Which of the following gives the tension in the cable at

a) 360 kN c) 216 kN
b) 432 kN d) 180 kN

2) Which of the following gives the vertical reaction at A?

a) 432 kN c) 324 kN
b) 180 kN d) 216 kN

3) If the allowable tension in the cable is 300 kN, what is the resulting sag ‘y’?

a) 4.30 m c) 4.15 m
b) 5.49 m d) 5.17 m
Situation #3
A load W is to be lifted using a crane which is hinged at B as shown in the figure. The value of
x 1=10 m∧x 2=8 m .h=18 m. Neglect the weight of the crane.

1) Which of the following gives the tension in the cable AC?

a) 39.40 kN c) 22. 65 kN
b) 42.32 kN d) 31.80 kN

2) Which of the following gives the reaction at B?

a) 43.32 kN c) 39.40 kN
b) 31. 80 kN d) 22.65 kN

3) If the cable AC could carry up to 50 kN, which of the following is the largest value of W?

a) 44.30 kN c) 44.15 kN
b) 35.49 kN d) 35.17 kN
Problem #4
Which of the following gives the tensile force for each six cables supporting a circular molding weighing
2.5kN/m of circumferential length?

b) 2.76 kN
c) 2.62 kN
d) 2.55 kN

a)
2.67 kN

Pulley Problems
Situation 1
A weight with the mass of 0.55 kg and a bucket with the mass of 0.45 kg hang on a fixed pulley. Neglect the
friction and the mass of the pulley and the string.

1. Which of the following gives the acceleration of the system?

m m
a) 0.98 b) 1.01
s2 s2
 m
c) 0.21
s2

m
2. 1.26 Which of the following gives the force with which the pulley acts upon its axis?
s2

a) 8.71 kN c) 9.71 kN
b) 9.17 kN

8.17 kN

Situation 2
The objects of masses 3 kg and 5 kg are suspended to two ends of a string which passes through a pulley.
Initially this system is at rest.
1. Which of the following gives the acceleration of the system?

m m
a) 1.13 c) 2.10
s2 s2
m m
b) 2.45 2 d) 1.34 2
s s

2. Which of the following gives the tension in the string?

a) 36.78 N c) 35.73 N
b) 32.82 N d) 33.45 N

Situation 3
An object of weight 5 kg is placed on an inclined plane at 30º to the horizontal. This object is connected by a
string which is passing through a pulley kept at the top of the inclined plane. An object of 3 kg is attached on
the other end of the string.
1. Which of the following gives the acceleration of the system?

m m
a) 0.50 c) 0. 6125
s2 s2
m m
b) 0.35 2 d) 0.75
s s2

2. Which of the following gives the tension in the string?

a) 27.025 N c) 28.275 N
b) 27.588 N d) 26.275 N

Problem #4
Which of the following gives the tension that must be applied to pulley A to lift a 1200 N weight.

a) 400 N
b) 300 N
c) 200 N
d) 100 N
Solutions to Cables Problems:
Situation 1
1) Value of β.
Triangle ADC is an isosceles triangle, therefore the base angles are equal. The answer is C, β=30 °

2) Horizontal reaction at B.
1st step: Solve for the length of AB.
4
tan60=
AB
AB = 2.31 m
2nd step: Take the summation of moment at Point A.
∑ M A =030 ( 4 )=2.31 ( Bh ) Bh=51.95 kN
The answer is D . 51.95 kN3. The tension in cable AC

Take the summation of moment at Point B.

∑ M B=02.31 ( Ah )=30 ( 4 ) Ah=51.95 kN AC cos 30+30=51.95 AC=25.35 kN

The answer is A . AC=25.35 kN

Situation 2
1) Tension in the cable at midspan.

∑ M A =0H ( 3 )=180 ( 6 ) H=360 kN

 The answer is A . 360 kN

2) Vertical reaction at support A.

2R = 15(24)
R= 180 kN
The answer is B . 180 kN

3) The resulting sag ‘y’

2 2 2
Η =( 300 ) −( 150 ) H=259.81 kN

∑ M A =0259.81 ( y )=180 ( 6 ) y=4.15 m

The answer isC . y =4.15 m

Situation 3
1. Tension in the cable AC
 The answer isC . AC =22.65 kN

2. Reaction at B

The answer isC . B=39.4 kN

3. Largest value of W

The answer isC .W =44.15 kN

Problem # 4

Tensile force for each six cables

Total load =2.5 π ( 2 ) Total Load=15.71 kN

6 T (3)
∑ F V =06 T sin θ=15.71 √ 10 =15.71T =2.76 kN
The answer is B . T =2.76 kN

Solutions to Pulley Problems

Situation 1.
1. Acceleration of the system
The answer is A . a=0.98 m/s 2

2. Force with which the pulley acts upon its axis

 The answer isC . F=9.71kN

Situation 2
1) Acceleration
T = mg + ma

In the case of 3 kg mass

T = 3g + 3a
T - 3g = 3a (Eq. 1)

In the case of 5 kg mass

T = 5g - 5a
5g – T = 5a (Eq. 2)

Adding these two equations we get,

2g = 8a
2g
a=
8
2(9.81)
a=
8
m
a = 2.45 2
s
m
The answer is B, a = 2.45
s2
2) Tension in the string
T = 3g+3a
T = (3)(9.81) +(3)(2.45)
T = 36.78 N
The answer is A, T = 36.78 N
Situation 2
1) Acceleration

T = mg + ma
In the case of 5 kg mass
T = mgsinθ + ma
T - 5gsin30 = 5a
T - 2.5g = 5a (Eq. 1)
In the case of 3 kg mass
3g – T = 3a (Eq. 2)

Adding (1) and (2)

0.5g = 8a
0.5(9.81)
a=
8
m
a = 0.6125
s2
m
The answer is C, a = 0.6125
s2
2) Tension in the string

Substitute this value in (1)

T - 2.5g = 5a
T = (2.5)(9.81) + (5)(0.6125)
T = 27.588 N
The answer is B, T = 27.588 N
Problem # 4

The answer is D, T = 100 N

Newton’s Law of Motion

Problem : A 10 kg mass, initially at rest, experiences three forces: one North with magnitude 10 N, one East,
with magnitude 20 N and one Northeast with magnitude 30 N. Find the resulting acceleration. After 10
seconds, assuming the forces continue to act while the object is in motion, what is the object's velocity? How
far has it traveled?
We solve the problem by drawing a free body diagram:

What is the object’s velocity?

A. 57.1m/s B. 51.7m/s
B. 71.5m/s D. 75.1m/s

How far has it traveled?

A. 258.5m B. 285.8m
B. 255.8m D. 288.5m
Now we find the sum of the x and y components of all three forces:

Fx = 20 + 30 cos 45 = 41.2

Fy = 10 + 30 sin 45 = 31.2

And sum these two vectors. The magnitude of the resultant force is given by:

F  =   =   = 51.7

And the direction is given by: θ = tan-1(31.2/41.2) = 37.1o, North of East. Thus the object experiences a force of
51.7 Newtons, directed 37.1o North of East. Now we must find its acceleration, using Newton's Second Law:
 a =   =   = 5.17  , 37.1o    North of East

To find the final velocity and position of the object, we simply use the equations learned in kinematics:
vf = vo + at = 0 + (5.17)(10)
= 51.7 m/s

xf = xo + vot + (1/2)at2 = 0 + 0 + (1/2)(5.17)(10)2 = 258.5 m

Thus, after 10 seconds, the object is moving with a velocity of 51.7 m/s, directed 31.7 degrees North of East.
Also, the object has moved 258.5 meters, in the same direction

2) A mass of 3 kg rests on a horizontal plane. The plane is gradually inclined until at an angle θ = 20° with the
horizontal, the mass just begins to slide. What is the coefficient of static friction between the block and the
surface?

A. 0.36 B. 0.46
C. 0.56 D. 0.66

Solution:
maximum value, (fs)max  = μsN.
Therefore, tanθmax = μs or θmax = tan–1μs
When θ becomes just a little more than θmax, there is a small net force on the block and it begins to slide.
Hence, for θmax = 20°,
μs = tan 20° = 0.36
3) A small block B is placed is placed on another block A of mass 7 kg and length 15 cm. Initially the block B is
near the right end of block A. A constant horizontal force of 10 N is applied to the block A. All the surfaces are
assumed frictionless. Find the time elapsed before the block B separates from A.
A. 0.64s B. 1.46s
C. 0.46s D. 1.64s

Solution: As there is no friction between A and B, when the block A moves, block B remains at rest in its
position.  
Now, acceleration of block A = 10/7 = 1.4 ms-2
As the block starts from rest, initial velocity, u = 0
We know that s = ut + ½ at2
0.15 = 0 + 0.7t2
which gives t = 0.46 s

Projectile Motion (Curvilinear)

Problem # 1. A ball is thrown from 30 m. high above the ground with a velocity of 300 m/s directed at 20°
from the horizontal. How long will be ball hit the ground?
a. 24.2 c. 21.2
b. 23.2 d. 22.2
Problem # 2. A man in a hot air balloon drops an apple at a height of 150 m. If the balloon is rising at 15 m/s,
find the highest point reached by the apple.
a. 151.5 c. 171.5
b. 161.5 d. 150
Problem # 3. A balloon is ascending at the rate of 10 kph and is being carried horizontally by a wind at 20 kph.
If a bomb is dropped from the balloon such that if takes 8 sec. to reach the ground, the balloon’s altitude
when the bomb was released is:
a. 336.14 c. 252
b. 322.13 d. 292
Problem # 4. A plane is flying horizontally 350 kph at an altitude of 420 m. At this instant, a bomb is released.
How far horizontally from this point will the bomb hit the ground?
a. 625 c. 785
b. 577 d. 900
PROJECTILE MOTION

Solution #1.
1 2
y = v oy t - gt
2
1
-30 = 300 sin20° t - (9.81) t 2
2
0 = 4.905 t 2 -102.61 t -30

By quadratic formula:
t = 21.21 sec
Solution # 2.
Since the apple is in the balloon, it possesses an initial velocity of 15 m/s.
The highest point reached by the apple from the balloon is given by:

v y2 ¿ v oy 2 -2gy
❑
Where v y =0

0 =152 – 2 (9.81) y

y = 11.468 m
Thus, the highest point reached by the apple above the ground is
H = 150 + y = 161.468
Solution # 3.
v oy❑= 10 km/hr = 2.778 m/s

v ox = 20 km/hr = 5.556 m/s

t=8
Required: y
1 2
y = v oy t - gt
2
1
y = (2.778) (8) - (9.81) (8)2
2
y = -292 m
Therefore, the balloon’s altitude is 292 m
Solution # 4.
Since the bomb was dropped freely, its initial velocity and direction is the same as that of the plane.
v o = 350 km/hr = 97.222 m/s

θ = 0° , and y = -420 m.

g x2
y = x tan θ –
2 v o2 cos 2 θ

9.81 x 2
-420 = x tan 0° -
2¿¿
x = 899.6 say 900 m

IMPULSE MOMENTUM

1. 2kg and 3kg objects slide together, and then they break apart. If the final velocity of m 2 is 10 m/s,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Find the total change in the kinetic energies of the objects.

a. 138 joule c. 145 joule

b. 134 joule d. 135 joule

Solution:

(m1+m2).V=m1.V1+m2.V2

5.4=30+2.V1

V1=-5m/s

 
EKinitial=1/2/m1+m2).V2

EKinitial=1/2.5.16=40joule

EKfinal=1/2.2.52+1/2.3.102

EKfinal=175 joule

Change in the kinetic energy is =175-40=135 joule

2. As shown in the figure below, object m1 collides stationary object m2. Find the magnitudes of velocities of
the objects after collision. (elastic collision)

a. 13m/s c. 12m/s

b. 14m/s d. 11m/s

In elastic collisions we find velocities of objects after collision with following formulas;
V1'=(m1-m2)/(m1+m2)*V1
 
V2'=(2m1/m1+m2)*V1
 
m1=6kg, m2=4kg, V1=10m/s
V1'=(6-4/6+4)*10=2m/s
V2'=(2*6/6+4)*10 =12m/s answer

3. In a billiards game, one player hits the cue ball towards another ball. The cue ball has a mass of 0.1kg and
hits the other ball with a velocity of 2ms. If the collision is completely elastic and the cue ball travels with a
velocity of 0.8ms after the collision, what is the mass and velocity of the other ball?

a. 4.0ms, 0.028kg

b. 3.2ms, 0.089kg

c. 2.8ms, 0.043kg

d. 2.2ms, 0.13kg
Solution:

Since the collision is completely elastic, we know that both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. We
can write the following equations (initial momentum and energy of the second ball are neglected since it is not
moving:

m1vi=m1vf+m2v2

Rearrange the first equation for m2 and the second for v2.

m2=m1(vi−vf)/v2

v2=m1(vi−vf)/m2

Plug in our values for the initial and final velocities:

v2=(2ms+0.8ms)

v2=2.8ms

To solve for mass, we'll use our earlier expression for m2:

m2=m1(vi−vf)v2

m2=(0.1kg)(2ms−0.8ms)/2.8ms = 0.043kg

4. One car with a mass of 400kg is traveling east at 20ms and collides with a car of mass 800kg traveling west
at 15ms. Assuming the collision is completely inellastic, what is velocity of the first car after the collision?

a. 3.33ms east

b. 1.0ms east
c. 1.0ms west

d. 3.33ms west

Solution:

Since the collision is completely inelastic, momentum is conserved but energy is not. Furthermore, the two
cars stick to each other and travel as one. The equation for conservation of momentum is as follows:

pi=pf

There are two initial masses with different velocities and one final mass with a single velocity. Therefore, we
can write:

m1v1+m2v2=mv
Rearranging for final velocity, we get:

v=m1v1+m2v2/m

At this point, we can denote which direction is positive and which is negative. Since the car traveling west has
more momentum, we will consider west to be positive. Substituting our values into the equation, we get:

(400)(−20)+(800)(15)
v=
400+800

v = 3.33ms

Since this value is positive, the final answer is 3.33ms West.

CENTROID AND INERTIA

The T-section shown in Fig. P-819 with respect to its centroidal X oaxis.
 

1. Determine its centroid with respect to its centroidal Xoaxis.

a. 2.5 in c. 3.5 in
b. 3.0 in d. 2.28 in

2. Determine its inertia with respect to its centroidal Xoaxis.

a. 290.67 in.4            c. 285.33 in.4           
b. 292.33 in.4            d. 278.67 in.4           

Solution:
 
3. Find the moment of inertia about the indicated x-axis for the shaded area shown in Fig.P-821.
 

a. 906.67 ¿ 4 c. 876.33¿ 4
          
b. 904.33 ¿ 4 d. 906.14 ¿ 4

Solution:

Situation: Given the parabola 3x2 + 40y – 4800 = 0.

4. What is the moment of inertia, about the X-axis, of the area bounded by the parabola and the X-axis?
A. 15045000 unit4
B. 18 362 000 unit4
C. 11 100 000 unit4
D. 21 065 000 unit4
 
Solution:

5. What is the radius of gyration, about the X-axis, of the area bounded by the parabola and the X-
axis?
A. 57.4 units
B. 63.5 units
C. 47.5 units
D. 75.6 units
 x2 y 2
Situation: The ellipse shown in Fig. P-707.The equation of the ellipse is  2 + 2 = 1.
a b
 

6. Determine the x¯centroid of the quadrant of the ellipse.

a. 2.5 in c. 3.5 in
b. 3.0 in d. 2.28 in

7. Determine the y¯centroid of the quadrant of the ellipse.

a. 2.5 in c. 3.5 in
b. 3.0 in d. 2.28 in

Solution:
 8. A slender homogeneous wire of uniform cross section is bent into the shape shown in fig. P-716.
Determine the coordinates of the centroid.

 
a. 2.5 in c. 3.5 in
b. 3.0 in d. 2.28 in
TRUSS

FIGURE 1.

SITUATION 1: For the truss shown in Figure 1 , P1 = 13kN

and P2= 6.5kN.

1. Find the reaction at B in kN.

A. 14.53 kN C. 16.32 kN
B. 31.65 kN D. 25.14 Kn
2. If an additional vertical load of W=27.5 kN id applied at D, find the reaction at B in kN.
A. 32.65 kN C. 20.36 kN
B. 28.28 kN D. 35.85 kN
3. If an additional vertical load of W=27.5 kN id applied at D, what will be the axial force in member CD in
kN?
A. 22.5 kN C. 25.7 kN
B. 29.6 kN D. 27.5 kN
 FIGURE 2.

SITUATION 2: For the plane truss shown in the Figure. 2, a=3m, b=2.25m, h=3m, P1= 1kN, P2= 0kN, P3= 0KN,
P4 =1.5kN. The diagonal members CF, BG, DG, and CH are cables.

1. What is the force in member AF?

A. 1.414 kN C. 1.325 kN
B. 1 kN D. 1.25 kN
2. What is the force in member DG?
A. 1 kN C. 0.75 kN
B. 1.45 kN D. 1.25 kN
3. What is the force in member GH?
A. 1.45 kN C. 1.25 kN
B. .75 kN D. 1 kN
SOLUTIONS:
Situation 1:
P1= 13 kN

P2= 6.5 kN

1. ( 4 a)2=32 + 62 ; a=1.677m

W D= 0

ΣM A = 0

12 B = P1(a) +
V

P1 ( 2 a )+ P1 ( 3 a ) + P2 ( 4 a )

12 BV = 13(1.677) ( 1+2+3 ) +6.5 ( 4 x 1.677 )

BV = 14.534 kN (A)

2. W D= 0
1
BV = 14.534 + (57.5)
2
BV = 28.28 kN (B)

3. W D= 27.5 kN

At joint D, F CD =W D = 27.5 kN (D)

Situation 2:
 1. Ꮎ=45 °; α =53.13 °
At joint A:
F AF sin 45° =1

F AF = 1.414 kN (A)

2. SECTION Y-Y :
The required net vertical cable force is 1kN upward.

Thus F CH =0

F DG sin α = 1

F DG = 1.25 kN (D)

3. Σ M D = 0
( 3 ) +1 ( 2.25 )=1.5 ( 3 )
F GH =0.75 kN (B)

Rectilinear Motion

Problem 1
 A car starting from rest picks up at a uniform rate and passes three electric posts in succession.
The posts are spaced 360 m apart along a straight road. The car takes 10 seconds to the third post.
1. Which of the following most nearly the acceleration of the car in m/sec 2.
a. 3 m/sec2 c. 1.5 m/sec2
b. 6 m/sec2 d. 4 m/sec2
2. Which of the following most nearly gives the velocity of the car as it reaches the first post.
a. 15 m/s c. 21 m/s
b. 26 m/s d. 10 m/s
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the distance from the starting point to the first post.
a. 43.5 m c. 82.6 m
b. 55.1 m d. 73.5 m

SOLUTION:
1. Acceleration of car:

From first to second post

1 2
S = Vot + at
2
1
360 = V1 (10) + a(10)2
2
360 = 10V1 + 50a
V1 = 36 – 5a

From 2nd to 3rd post

1 2
S = Vot + at
2
1
360 = V2 (6) + a(6)2
2
360 = 6V2 + 18a
V2 = 60 – 3a

From the first to second post

 V2 = V1 + at
60 – 3a = 36 – 5a + a(10)
8a = 24
a = 3 m/sec2

2. Velocity of the car:

V1 = 36 – 5(3)
V1 = 21 m/s

3. Distance from the starting point to the first point:

V12 = Vo2 + 2as
(21)2 = 0 + 2(3)S
S = 73.5 m

Problem 2
From a speed of 75 kph, a car decelerates at the rate of 500 m/min 2 along a straight path. How
far in meters, will it travel in 45 sec? a. 8 m/s2
c. 5 m/s2 b. 6.67 m/s2 d. 7 m/s2
Solution:
S = Vot + at
km 1000 m 1 hr
Vo = 75 × ×
hr km 3600 sec
Vo = 20.833 m/s
a = -500 m/min2 × ( 1 min/60 sec)2
a = -0.1389 m/s2
S = (20.833)(45) + ½ (-0.1389)(45) 2
S = 796.87 m

Problem 3
 A car rest starting from rest moves with a constant acceleration of 10 km/hr 2 for 1 hour, then
decelerates at a constant -5 km/hr2 until it comes to a stop. How far has it travel?
a. 10 km c. 12km
b. 15 km d. 20 km

Solution:
From the velocity-time curve:
From 0 to 1:
V1 = 0 + 10(1) = 10 km/hr
From 1 to 2:
V2 = 10 – 5t2 = 0; t2 = 2 hrs.
S = Total area of the curve = ½ (1 + 2)(10) = 15 km

Problem 4
A train upon passing point A at a speed of 72 kph accelerates at 0.75 m/s 2 for one minute along
a straight path then decelerates at 1.0 m/s2. How far in kilometers from point A will be 2 minutes after
passing point A. a. 4.95
c. 4.75 b. 4.85
d. 4.65

Solution:
From A to B:
S1 = Va t1 + ½ a1t12
S1 = 20(60) + ½(0.75)(60)2
S1 = 2550 m

VB = VA + a1t1
VB = 20 + 0.75(60) = 65 m/s

From B to C:
S2 = VBt2 + ½ a2t2 = 65(60) + ½ (-1)(60)2 = 2100 m
S = S1 + S2 = 2550 + 2100 = 4650 m = 4.65 km
REVERSE EFFECTIVE FORCE
1. A block weighing 2 kN is being dragged along a rough horizontal plane by a force P = 500 N. The line of
the force P makes an angle of 12 above the horizontal plane. Compute the velocity of the block when it
has traveled a distance of 5 m. from rest. Coefficient of friction is 0.10.

a. 1.474 m/s c. 2.984 m/s

b. 1.264 m/s d. 3.84 m/s

2. A flywheel 6 ft. in diameter accelerates from rest at a constant rate of 4 rpm/sec . Compute the
normal component of the acceleration of a particle on the rim of the flywheel after 10 sec.

a. 59.22 fps2 c. 25.92 fps2

b. 52.92 fps2 d. 29.22 fps2

3. A box weighing 200 N placed on the floor of a truck moving at 72kph horizontally coefficient of friction
between the box and the floor of the truck is 0.5. determine the acceleration of the box.

a. 4.91 m/s2 c. 9.41 m/s2

b. 4.08 m/s2 d. 8.04 m/s2

4. A car is being towed up on incline with an angle of 15o with the horizontal, Find the force (parallel to
the incline) needed to pull the car with an acceleration of 1.2m/s 2. The car weight 20 kN. Neglect
friction.

a. 5.18 kN c. 7.62 kN
b. 8.36 kN d. 2.45 kN
Solution: 1.

a) ∑ Fv=0
N = 2000 – 500 Sin 12o
N = 1906.31 N

b) ∑ Fh=0
F + F1 = 500 cos 12O
F= 500 cos 12o – 0.10(1906.31)
F = 300.51 N

W
F= a
g
2000
300= a
9.81
a = 1.474
V2 = Vp2 + 2a S
V2 = 0 + 2(1.474)(5)
V= 3.84 m/s
2. r = 3 ft.
4 (2 π )
α=
60
= 0.42 rad/sec2

An = rω 2
ω=ω 0+ αt

ω=0+ ( 0.42 )(10) = 4.2 rad/sec

An = rω 2
An = 3(4.2)2
= 52. 92 fps2
3. Velocity of the box upon contact with the truck floor.
72000
V= = 20 m/s
3600
Friction force causing the truck decelerate:
F=μN
F = 0.5 (200) = 100 N
W
F= a
g
200
100 = a
9.81
a = 4.91 m/s2
 Shear on Reinforced Concrete Beam

1. Determine the minimum cross section required for a rectangular beam from a shear standpoint so that
no web reinforcement is required by the Code if Vu = 142 kN and f’c = 27.6 MPa. Assume d = 1.7b.
a) bw = 499.4 mm, d = 849 mm
b) bw = 499.4 mm, d = 839 mm
c) bw = 599.4 mm, d = 829 mm
d) bw = 599.4 mm, d = 819 mm

2. A rectangular beam has bw = 280 mm, d = 510 mm. Determine the maximum factored shear can this
beam section carry. Use f’c = 24 MPa.
a) Vu = 433.485 kN
b) Vu = 434.485 kN
c) Vu = 435.485 kN
d) Vu = 436.485 kN
3. A reinforced concrete beam has the following properties:
Beam width, b = 320 mm
Effective depth, d = 640 m
Concrete strength, f’c = 21 MPa
Reinforcing steel strength, fy = 400 MPa
If the factored shear force at the critical section is 210, 000 N, compute the nominal shear carried by
the shear reinforcement.

a) Vs = 159.568 kN
b) Vs = 120.453 kN
c) Vs = 161.411 kN
d) Vs = 136.874 kN
4. Determine the required stirrup spacing for a 10mm diameter U-stirrups in a reinforced concrete beam
with effective beam depth of 400 mm to carry the net shear of 154 kN, if f yh = 270 MPa.

a) s = 98.7 mm
b) s = 101.5 mm
c) s = 109.3 mm
d) s = 112.2 mm
Work – Energy
Situation 1. A block weighing 100N shown at A is subjected to a horizontal force P = 100N. If the velocity of the block at A
is 10 m/s.

i. Compute the velocity of the block at B. Ans. 17.21 m/s

ii. Compute the velocity of the block at C. Ans. 19.82 m/s
iii. If the force P is released at C, what is the total distance that the block has travelled until it will stop. Ans.
46.17m

Situation 2. A constant force P = 750N acts on the block as shown during only on the first 6m of its motion starting from
rest. Coefficient of friction between the block and the horizontal plane is 0.20.

i. Compute the velocity of the block after it has moved a total distance of 9m.Ans. 3.93 m/s
ii. Compute the time that the block moves at a total distance of 9m. Ans. 12.82 sec.
iii. Compute the total distance that the block has moved until it will stop. Ans. 11.94m
Situation 3. A 400N block slides on a horizontal plane by applying a horizontal force of 200N and reaches a velocity of 10
m/s in a distance of 30m from rest.

i. Compute the coefficient of friction between the floor and the block. Ans. 0.33
ii. Compute the total distance that the block will move until it stops if the 200N force is removed when it reaches
30m from rest. Ans. 45.43m
iii. Compute the time that the block moves at a distance of 30m from rest. Ans. 6 sec.

Situation 4. A 110N car in figure starting from rest rolls without friction down the left incline, then up the right incline to
the horizontal surface.

i. Determine the velocity of the car at B in m/s. Ans. 10.85 m/s

ii. Determine the velocity of the car at D in m/s. Ans. 7.67 m/s
iii. If the coefficient of friction along the pane DE is 0.4, determine the distance DE that the car will travel before it
comes to rest. Ans. 7.5m

SOLUTION:

Situation 1.
Situation 2.
Situation 3.
Situation 4.
 T - BEAMS
Situation 1
The T – beam shown in the figure is to resist a factored moment of 1500 kN.m. Using fy = 344.8 MPa and f’c =
20.7 MPa, what is the tension steel requirement?

a. 7864.27 mm2 c. 7879.60 mm2

b. 7664. 27 mm2 d. 6864.30 mm2

SOLUTION:

C1
C2

Mu1 Mu2

T2
T1

M u=1500 kN . m

( t2 )
M u 1=ϕ 0.85 f ' c t f bf d− f

100 mm
(
M u 1=(0.90)( 0.85)(20.7 MPa)(100 mm)(1100 mm) 700 mm−
2 )
M u 1=1132.24 kN . m

M u 1< M u →Case 2( a>t)

M u=M u 1+ M u 2
M u 2=M u−M u 1=1500 kN . m−1132.24 kN . m
M u 2=367.76 kN . m
z
(
M u 2=ϕ 0.85 f ' cz bw d−t f −
2 )
z
367.76 kN . m=(0.90)(0.85)( 20.7 MPa)(z )(300 mm)(700 mm−100 mm− )
2
z=147.04 mm
A s= A s1 + A s 2

T 1=C1
A s1 fy =0.85 f ' c t f b f
A s1 (344.8 MPa)=0.85 (20.7 MPa)(100 mm)(1100 mm)
A s1 =5613.25 mm2

T 2=C2
A s 2 fy=0.85 f ' cz b w
A s 2(344.8 MPa)=0.85(20.7 MPa)(147.04 mm)(300 mm)
A s1 =2251.02mm 2

A s= A s1 + A s 2=5613.25 mm2 +2251.02 mm2

A s=7864.27 mm2

Situation 2
A reinforced concrete T-beam has the following properties:
Width of flange, bf = 1370 mm
Thickness of flange, tf = 130 mm
Width of web, bw = 300 mm
Effective depth, d = 610 mm
As = 2950 mm2
f’c = 28 MPa
fy = 414 MPa

1. Which of the following most nearly gives the depth of the compression block (a) from the top of the
beam?
a. 37.5 mm c. 95.5 mm
b. 45.8 mm d. 115.4 mm

2. Which of the following most nearly gives the total compressive force in concrete?
a. 1380 kN c. 1220 kN
b. 1840 kN d. 1540 kN
3. Which of the following most nearly gives the ultimate moment capacity of the section in kN.m?
a. 450 c. 550
b. 750 d. 650

SOLUTION:
1. Depth of the compression block (a)
Assume a < t
T=C
A s f y =0.85 f ' c a b
2950 mm2 ( 414 MPa ) =0.85 ( 28 MPa )( a )( 1370 mm )
a=37.46 mm<130 mm(OK )
 2. Total compressive force in concrete
C=0.85 f ' c a b=0.85 ( 28 MPa ) ( 37.46 mm ) ( 1370 mm )
C=1221421 N
C=1221 kN

( a2 )=ϕA fy (d − a2 )
3. Ultimate moment capacity of the section M u=ϕT d − s

37.46 mm
M =0.90 (2950 mm )( 414 MPa)( 610 mm− )
2
u
2
M n=649.91 x 106 N . mm
M n=649.91 kN . m

Situation 3
Reinforced concrete T beam has an effective depth of 650 mm and is reinforced with 8 – 25 mm Ø bars. The
web width is 330 mm and has a flange thickness of 115 mm. The beam has a span of 8 m and has a spacing
center to center equal to 4 m. f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 350 MPa.
1. Which of the following gives the effective width of the flange?
a. 2000 mm c. 4000 mm
b. 2170 mm d. 2330 mm

2. Which of the following gives the depth of the compression block?

a. 48.12 mm c. 38.90 mm
b. 38.50 mm d. 40.91 mm

3. Which of the following gives the nominal moment capacity of the beam?
a. 860 kN.m c. 850 kN.m
b. 867 kN.m d. 865 kN.m

SOLUTION:

1. Effective width of the flange

L 8m
b= = =2 m=2000 mm
4 4
b=16 t+ bw =16 ( 115 mm ) +330 mm=2170 mm
 b=spacing center ¿ center=4 m

use b=2000 mm

2. Depth of the compression block

π
A s= ( 25 mm )2 ( 8 )=3927 mm2
4

C=T
0.85 f ' cab= A s fy
0.85 ( 21 MPa )( a )( 2000 mm )=(3927 mm 2)(350 MPa)
a=38.50 mm

3. Nominal moment capacity

a a
( ) ( )
M n=T d − = A s fy d−
2 2
38.50mm
M =(3927 mm )(350 MPa) ( 650 mm− )
2
n
2
M n=867 x 106 N . mm
M n=867 kN .m

Situation 4
Typical T – section results from the monolithic construction of the slab and its supporting beams, as shown in
the figure. f’c = 24 MPa & fy = 350 MPa.

1. What is the nominal bending strength for positive moment?

a. 515.25 kN.m c. 512.72 kN.m
b. 285.50 kN.m d. 514.64 kN.m

2. What is the nominal bending strength for negative moment?

a. 254.6 kN.m c. 285.5 kN.m
b. 313.2 kN.m d. 310.5 kN.m

3. What is the shear stress in the beam if it is subjected to a factored shear force Vu of 180 kN?
a. 1.05 MPa c. 0.96 MPa
b. 1.11 MPa d. 0.97 MPa
SOLUTION:
1. Nominal bending strength for positive moment

π
A s= ( 20 mm )2 ( 5 ) =1570.796 mm2
4

T = Cc
A s f s=0.85 f ' cab → Assume steel yields (f s=f y )
1570.796 mm2 ( 350 MPa )=0.85 ( 24 MPa ) ( a ) ( 1250 mm )
a=21.56 mm

a 21.56 mm
c= = =25.4 mm
β 0.85
600 ( d−c ) 600 ( 530 mm−25.4 mm )
f s= =
c 25.4 mm
f s=11 919.7 MPa

C c =0.85 f ' cab=0.85 ( 24 MPa ) ( 21.56 mm ) ( 1250 mm )

C c =549780 N

a 21.56 mm
z=d − =530 mm− =519.22 mm
2 2

M n=C c z=( 549 780 N ) (519.22 mm )

M n=285.5 kN . m

2. Nominal bending strength for negative moment

 π
A s= ( 25 mm )2 ( 3 ) =1472.62mm 2
4

T = Cc
A s f s=0.85 f ' cab → Assume steel yields ¿
2
1472.62 mm ( 350 MPa ) =0.85 (24 MPa ) ( a ) (350 mm )
a=72.19 mm

a 72.19 mm
c= = =84.9 mm
β 0.85
600 ( d−c ) 600 ( 530 mm−84.9 mm )
f s= =
c 84.9 mm
f s=3145.6 MPa

C c =0.85 f ' cab=0.85 ( 24 MPa ) ( 72.19 mm ) ( 350mm )

C c =515 436.6 N

a 72.19 mm
z=d − =530 mm− =493.91 mm
2 2

M n=C c z=( 515 436.6 N )( 493.91mm )

M n=254.6 kN . m

3. Shear stress in the beam

 Vu 180000 N
f vu = =
A v 530 mm(350 mm)
f vu =0.97 MPa

Situation 1
A rectangular footing is 3 m along y- axis and 4 m along x- axis. The footing has a total thickness of 900 mm and supports
the following loads:
Axial Loads: Moment about y- axis
D= 1080 kN D= 1080 kN
L= 480 kN L= 480 kN
E= 140 kN E= 140 kN

The height of the fill above the footing is 1.8 m, unit weight of soil is 17 kN /m3 and of concrete is 23.6 kN /m3 .
Determine the following:
1. The eccentricity of the load measured from the y- axis.
A. 438 mm
B. 228 mm
C. 325 mm
D. 287 mm
2. The maximum soil pressure due to loads.
A. 206 kPa
B. 190 kPa
C. 181 kPa
D. 228 kPa
3. The minimum required allowable soil bearing pressure.
A. 268 kPa
B. 214 kPa
C. 243 kPa
D. 227 kPa
Situation 2
A 2.4 meter square footing with a thickness of 0.8 m supports a 450 mm square column. The base of the footing is
situated 2.2 m below the ground level with a soil back fill above its footing with unit weight of 17 kN /m3 . The column
carries a service dead load of 2800 kN and live load of 4200 kN. Concrete cover to the center of reinforcement is 100
mm. Determine the following:
 1. The required nominal wide beam shear strength.
A. 0.754 MPa C. 0.923 MPa
B. 0.887 MPa D. 1.058 MPa
2. The factored punching shear stress.
A. 2.65 MPa C. 2.79 MPa
B. 2.31 MPa D. 2.96 MPa
3. The required number of 22 mm bars in each direction. Assume f’c= 21 MPa and fy= 414 MPa
A. 13 C. 19
B. 24 D. 16

Situation 3
A square footing is shown in the figure. The footing is to
support a 350 mm x 400 mm column that carried an
axial dead load of 740 kN and an axial live load of 460
kN. Use f’c= 20.7 MPa and fy= 275 MPa, main bar diameter
is 20 mm, concrete cover from centroid of main bars= 90
mm.
1. Calculate the factored shear on footing at
A. 435 kN
B. 612 kN
C. 504 kN
D. 587 kN
2. The maximum soil pressure due to loads.
A. 1432 kN
B. 1873 kN
C. 1648 kN
D. 1265 kN
3. The minimum required allowable soil bearing pressure.
A. 15
B. 17
C. 13
D. 11
Situation 4
A 2.4 meter square footing concentrically supports a 350 mm x 400 mm rectangular column. The footing has an effective
depth of 650 mm. Use f’c= 20.7 MPa and fy= 275 MPa.
1. Calculate the maximum factored load that the footing can support considering wide- beam shear stress.
A. 6435 kN C. 7056 kN
B. 6125 kN D. 6895 kN
2. Calculate the maximum factored load that the footing can support considering two- way (punching) shear stress.
A. 4201 kN C. 4160 kN
B. 4450 kN D. 5350 kN
3. Using the load in the second part, calculate the equired number of 22-mm diameter reinforcing bars to resist
moment at critical section along the 400 mm side of the column.
 A. 28 C. 21
B. 18 D. 24

SOLUTIONS:
SITUATION 1
SITUATION 1
Part 1:

P= P D + PL + PE

P= 1700 kN

M y= M D + M L+ M E
P= 388 Kn-m

e= M y / P

e= 388/1700
e= 0.228 m or 288 mm
Part 2:
Since e< B/6

−P 6 M y
q max = −
LB LB2

−1800 6(388)
q max = −
3 (4) 3( 4)2
q max =−190.167 kPa
Part 3:
q e= q a−γ c hc −γ s h s
190.167 = q a−(23.6)(0.9)−(17)(0.9)

q a=226.71 kPa

SITUATION 2
SITUATION 3
SITUATION 4
Problem
A reinforced concrete cantilever beam 4 m long has a cross-sectional dimensions of 400 mm by 750 mm. It is to
carry a superimposed load of 29.05 kN/m including its own weight. The steel reinforcement has an effective
depth of 685 mm. Use f’c = 21 MPa, fs = 165 MPa, and n = 9. Determine the required number of 28 mm ø
reinforcing bars using Working Stress Design method.

Maximum Moment
Mmax=29.05(4)(2)=232.4 kN⋅mMmax=29.05(4)(2)=232.4 kN⋅m
 

 
For Balanced Capacity
fc=0.45f′c=0.45(21)=9.45 MPafc=0.45fc′=0.45(21)=9.45 MPa
fs=165 MPa fs=165 MPa
 

 
xbalfc=dfc+fs/nxbalfc=dfc+fs/n
xbal9.45=6859.45+165/9xbal9.45=6859.45+165/9
xbal=233 mmxbal=233 mm
 
Cbal=12fcbxbal=12(9.45)(400)(233)Cbal=12fcbxbal=12(9.45)(400)(233)
Cbal=440.37 kNCbal=440.37 kN
 
Mbal=Cbal(d−13xbal)=440.37[0.685–13(0.233)]Mbal=Cbal(d−13xbal)=440.37[0.685–13(0.233)]
Mbal=267.45 kN⋅mMbal=267.45 kN⋅m
 
Mmax < Mbal, thus, the beam is singly-reinforced.
 
For Singly Reinforced Section
fs=165 MPafs=165 MPa
fc= ?fc= ?
 

Mmax=T(d−13xbal)Mmax=T(d−13xbal)
Mmax=Asfs(d−13xbal)Mmax=Asfs(d−13xbal)
As=Mmaxfs(d−13xbal)As=Mmaxfs(d−13xbal)
As=232.4(10002)165[685−13(233)]As=232.4(10002)165[685−13(233)]
As=2319.13 mm2As=2319.13 mm2
 
Number of bars
N=AsAb=2319.1314π(282)N=AsAb=2319.1314π(282)
N=3.76N=3.76
Use 4 - 28 mm ø bars    

Problem
A propped beam 8 m long is to support a total load of 28.8 kN/m. It is desired to find the steel reinforcements at
the most critical section in bending. The cross section of the concrete beam is 400 mm by 600 mm with an
effective cover of 60 mm for the reinforcements. f’c = 21 MPa, fs = 140 MPa, n = 9. Determine the required
number of 32 mm ø tension bars and the required number of 32 mm ø compression bars.

The most critical section in bending is at the fixed support

 
 
Mmax=woL28=28.8(82)8Mmax=woL28=28.8(82)8
Mmax=230.4 kN⋅mMmax=230.4 kN⋅m
 
For Balanced Capacity
fc=0.45f′c=0.45(21)=9.45 MPafc=0.45fc′=0.45(21)=9.45 MPa
fs=140 MPafs=140 MPa
 

 
xbalfc=dfc+fs/nxbalfc=dfc+fs/n
xbal9.45=5409.45+140/9xbal9.45=5409.45+140/9
xbal=204 mmxbal=204 mm
 
Cbal=12fcbxbal=12(9.45)(400)(204)Cbal=12fcbxbal=12(9.45)(400)(204)
Cbal=385.56 kNCbal=385.56 kN
 
Mbal=Cbal(d−13xbal)=385.56[0.540−13(0.204)]Mbal=Cbal(d−13xbal)=385.56[0.540−13(0.204)]
Mbal=181.98 kN⋅mMbal=181.98 kN⋅m
 
Mmax > Mbal, thus, the beam is doubly-reinforced
 
For Doubly-Reinforced Beam Section
Solve for As1 from Balanced Condition
Mbal=Tbal(d−13xbal)Mbal=Tbal(d−13xbal)
Mbal=fsAs1(d−13xbal)Mbal=fsAs1(d−13xbal)
181.98(10002)=140As1[540−13(204)]181.98(10002)=140As1[540−13(204)]
As1=2753.93 mm2As1=2753.93 mm2
 
Solve As2 from the excess of Mmax and Mbal
Mexcess=Mmax−Mbal=230.4−181.98Mexcess=Mmax−Mbal=230.4−181.98
Mexcess=48.42 kN⋅mMexcess=48.42 kN⋅m
 
Mexcess=T2(d−d′)Mexcess=T2(d−d′)
Mexcess=fsAs2(d−d′)Mexcess=fsAs2(d−d′)
48.42(10002)=140As2(540−60)48.42(10002)=140As2(540−60)
As2=720.54 mm2As2=720.54 mm2
 
Total steel area in tension
As=As1+As2=2753.93+720.54As=As1+As2=2753.93+720.54
As=3474.47 mm2As=3474.47 mm2
 

 
Number of 32-mm tension bars
N=AsAb=3474.4714π(282)N=AsAb=3474.4714π(282)
N=4.32N=4.32
 Use 5 - 32 mm ø bars           answer
 
Solve As' from the balanced condition using Mexcess
(Note: if fs' > fs, use fs' = fs)
f′s/2nxbal−d′=fcxbalfs′/2nxbal−d′=fcxbal
f′s=2nfc(xbal−d′)xbalfs′=2nfc(xbal−d′)xbal
f′s=2(9)(9.45)(204−60)204fs′=2(9)(9.45)(204−60)204
f′s=120.07 MPafs′=120.07 MPa
 
 
fs' < (fs = 140 MPa), use fs' = 120.07 MPa
Mexcess=T′2(d−d′)Mexcess=T2′(d−d′)
Mexcess=A′s(2n−1)(f′s/2n)(d−d′)Mexcess=As′(2n−1)(fs′/2n)(d−d′)
48.42(10002)=A′s[2(9)−1][120.07/(2×9)](540−60)48.42(10002)=As′[2(9)−1][120.07/(2×9)](540−60)
A′s=889.55 mm2As′=889.55 mm2
 
Number of 32-mm compression bars
N=A′sAb=889.5514π(322)N=As′Ab=889.5514π(322)
N=1.1N=1.1
Use 2 - 32 mm ø bars      

Problem
A rectangular concrete beam is reinforced in tension only. The width is 300 mm and the effective depth is 600
mm. The beam carries a moment of 80 kN·m which causes a stress of 5 MPa in the extreme compression fiber
of concrete. Use n = 9.
1. What is the distance of the neutral axis from the top of the beam?
2. Calculate the required area for steel reinforcement.
3. Find the stress developed in the steel.

Distance of the neutral axis from the top of the beam

M=CyM=Cy
M=12fcbx(d−13x)M=12fcbx(d−13x)
80(10002)=12(5)(300x)(600−13x)80(10002)=12(5)(300x)(600−13x)
250x2−450000x+80000000250x2−450000x+80000000
x=1600 and 200x=1600 and 200
 
Use x=200 mmx=200 mm           answer
 
 
Required steel area
Qabove NA=Qbelow NAQabove NA=Qbelow NA
300x(12x)=nAs(d−x)300x(12x)=nAs(d−x)
150x2=nAs(d−x)150x2=nAs(d−x)
150(2002)=9As(600−200)150(2002)=9As(600−200)
As=1666.67 mm2As=1666.67 mm2           answer
 
Stress developed in the steel
fs/nd−x=fcxfs/nd−x=fcx
fs/9600−200=5200fs/9600−200=5200
fs=90 MPafs=90 MPa 
PROBLEM
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm and d =490 mm. Concrete compressive strength 𝑓′𝑐 = 27.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
and steel yield strength 𝑓𝑦 = 276 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Calculate the required tension steel area if the factored moment 𝑀𝑢is (a)
20 kN-m, (b) 140 kN-m, (c) 485 kN-m.
 PROBLEM
A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall depth of 480 mm. The beam is simply
supported over span of 5 m. Steel strength 𝑓𝑦 = 415 MPa and concrete𝑓′𝑐 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Concrete cover is 70 mm
from the centroid of the steel area. Unit weight concrete is 23.5kN/𝑚3 .Other than the weight of the beam, the
beam carries a superimposed dead of 18 kN/m and a live load of 14 kN/m. Use the strength design method.
a) Determine the maximum factored moment on the beam.
b) If the design ultimate moment capacity of the beam is 280 kN-m, determine the required number of
20 mm tension bars.
c) If the beam will carry a factored load of 240 kN at midsPan, determine the required number of 20
mm tension
 COLUMNS
Situation 1

A reinforced concrete tied column carries a dead axial load of 600 kN and a live axial load of 800 kN. f’c=28
MPa, fy=400 MPa

1. Which of the following gives the final factored load?

a. 2000 kN c. 3000 kN
b. 2200 kN d. 3300 kN

2. Which of the following gives the smallest dimension of the column section if the steel ratio is 2%.
a. 360 x 360 c. 250 x 250
b. 450 x 450 d. 460 x 460

3. Which of the following gives the no. of 20 mm diameter bars?

a. 10 c. 8
b. 9 d. 7

Solution :

1. Final factored load

Pu = 1.4PDL + 1.7PLL
Pu = 1.6(600) + 1.7(800)
Pu = 2200 kN

2. Pu = ∅ 0.80(0.85 f ' c ( Ag−As )+ fyAs)

Pu = ∅ 0.80 ¿
2200(1000) = (0.70)(0.80)[(0.85)(28)( Ag−0.02 Ag) + (400)(0.02Ag)]
Ag = 125417.2976 mm2
√ 125417.2976 = 354.14
Use 360 x 360
 3. No. of 20 mm diameter bars
Ag = 360 x 360
Ag = 129600 mm2
Pu = ∅ 0.80(0.85 f ' c ( Ag−As )+ fyAs)
2200(1000) = ( 0.70 ) 0.80[0.85 ( 28 ) ( 129600− As ) + ( 400 )( As ) ]
As = 2244 mm2

Using 20 mm diameter bars:

2244
N= π = 7.14 = 8-20 mm diameter bars
(20)2
4

Situation 2
A tied column having the given cross section shown is reinforced with six-32 mm diameter bars.
f’c = 21 MPa
fy= 415 MPa

1. Which of the following gives the reinforcement ration in percent

a. 1.97% c. 3.23%
b. 2.5% d. 4.12 %
2. Which of the following gives the ratio of e/h if the eccentricity is 250 mm.
a. 0.45 c. 0.50
b. 0.36 d.0.67

Solution:
As
1. p =
bd
π 2
As = (32) (6) =4825.5 mm2
4
4825.5
p= = 0.0197 =1.97%
(350)(700)

250
2. Ratio = = 0.357
700
Situation 3
A spiral column has a diameter of 600 mm as shown with f’c = 21 MPa, fy=275 MPa.

1. Which of the following gives the minimum diameter of spiral reinforcement?

a. 15 mm c. 10 mm
b. 5 mm d. 20 mm
2. Which of the following gives the percentage of spiral ratio?
a. 1.139 % c. 1.545%
b. 1.278% d.1.211%
3. Which of the following gives the spacing of spirals?
a. 60 mm c. 55 mm
b. 52 mm d. 40 mm

Solution:
1. Minimum diameter of spiral is 10 mm
2. Percentage of spiral ratio:
Dc = 600-(2)(40) = 520 mm
π 2
Ag = (600) = 282743.3388 mm2
4
π 2
Ac = (520) = 212371.6634 mm2
4
Ag f ' c
Ps = 0.45( -1)
Ac fy
282743 21
Ps = 0.45( -1)
212372 275
Ps = 0.01139 = 1.139 %
3. Spacing of spirals
π 2
As = (10) = 78.54mm2
4
4 As(Dc−Db) 4 (78.54)(520−10)
S= = = 52 mm
ps Dc2 ( 0.01139 ) ¿ ¿
Situation 4:
A spiral column having a diameter of 500 mm is reinforced with 8-22 mm diameter vertical bars. The diameter
of spiral is 12 mm diameter and clear steel covering is 40 mm. using f’c=28 MPa, fy = 415 MPa.

1. Which of the following gives the steel ratio in percent?

a. 1.75% c. 1.80%
b. 1.55% d. 1.65%
2. Which of the following gives the ratio of the center to center reinforcement diameter to the diameter of
the column.
a. 0.5 c. 0.85
b. 0.45 d. 0.75
Solution:
As
1. p =
Ag
π
As = (22)2 (8) = 3041.061689 mm2
4
π
Ag = (500)2 = 196349.5408 mm2
4
3041.06
p= =0.0155=1.55%
196349.5408

2. Dm = 500-(2)(40)-(2)(12)-22 =374 mm
Dm 374
Ratio: = = 0.748=0.750
D 500
 DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
Situation 1:

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 450 mm. The beam is reinforced with 6-
32mm diameter bars at the bottom and 2-28mm diameter bars at the top located 65mm from the maximum
compression fiber. fc’ = 34.5 MPa , fy= 345 MPa. Assume that the contribution of the compression steel may not be
neglected and that compression steel yields.

1. Which of the following gives the balanced steel ratio if it is considered singly reinforced only
a. 0.0344 c. 0.434
b. 0.0434 d. 0.0443
2. Which of the following gives the balanced steel ratio if it is doubly reinforced considering the effect of
compression steel
a. 0.056 c. 0.053
b. 0.063 d. 0.035
3. Which of the following gives the ultimate moment capacity.
a. 570.6 kN.m c. 650.7 kN.m
b. 560.7 kN.m d. 670.5 kN.m

Solution:

1. Balanced steel ratio:

0.05(f c' −28)
β = 0.85 -
7
0.05 (34.5−28 )
β = 0.85 –
7
β = 0.804

0.85 f c ' β (600)

ρb =
fy(600+fy )
0.85 (34.5)( 0.804)(600)
ρb =
345(600+345)
ρb =0.0434

2. ρbal =ρ b+ ρ'
'
0.85 f c ' β (600) A s
ρb = +
fy(600+fy) bw d
π
ρb =0.0434+ ¿ ¿
4
ρb =0.053
3.

C 1=T 1

0.85 f c ' ab= A s 1 fy

As1 ¿ As− As '

0.85 f c ' ab=( As− As ' )fy
0.85 ( 34.5 ) ( a ) ( 300 )={¿
a=¿ 140.90 mm

( a2 )+ A s fy(d−d )
M n= A s 1 fy d− ' '

a
M =( As− A s ) fy ( d − ) + A s fy (d −d )
' ' '
n
2
M n={¿
+¿
M n=634 x 106 N . mm
M n=634 kN . m

M u=Φ M n
M u=(0.9)(634 kN . m)
M u=5 70.6 kN . m
Situation 2:

A rectangular beam has a width of 375 mm and has an effective depth of 450 mm. fc’ = 25 MPa, fy = 300 MPa.

1. Determine the moment capacity if it is reinforced with steel area in tension As = 6000 mm 2. Use 0.9 as moment
reduction factor.
a. 564 kN.m c. 654 kN.m
b. 546 kN.m d. 645 kN.m

2. Determine the depth of stress block if steel in compression As’= 3000 mm 2 is added with steel covering of 60
mm below the top of the beam.
a. 119.24 mm c. 121.49 mm
b. 102.94 mm d. 112.94 mm

3. Determine the moment capacity of the beam reinforced for tension and compression.
a. 634.66 kN.m c. 663.44 kN.m
b. 364.44 kN.m d. 64.366 kN.m

Solution:
Situation 3

A beam section is limited to b = 250 mm and a total depth h = 500 mm. It is subjected to a factored moment
Mu= 448 kN.m, fc’ = 27.6 MPa, fy = 415 MPa. Use 80 mm concrete covering to the center of the reinforcing bars.
Balanced steel ratio is 0.028.

1. Determine the ultimate moment capacity that is allowed for the section as singly reinforced.
a. 218.7 kN.m c. 288.17 kN.m
b. 281.7 kN.m d. 211.8 kN.m
2. Determine the total required area of reinforcement for tension if compression bars are needed.
a. 3515 mm2 c. 3551 mm2
2
b. 3115 mm d. 5135 mm2

Solution:
Situation 4

Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in the figure, where fc’ = 20.7 MPa and
fy = 345 MPa.

a. 655.56 kN.m c. 665.56 kN.m

b. 566.56 kN.m d. 556.66 kN.m

Solution: