Designation: C 403/C 403M – 99

Standard Test Method for

Time of Setting of Concrete Mixtures by Penetration
Resistance1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 403/C 403M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope sistance Relationships of Fine Grained Soils3

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the time of E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers4
setting of concrete, with slump greater than zero, by means of E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-
penetration resistance measurements on mortar sieved from the poses5
concrete mixture. 3. Terminology
1.2 This test method is suitable for use only when tests of
the mortar fraction will provide the information required. 3.1 Definitions—Definitions are given in Terminology
1.3 This test method may also be applied to prepared C 125.
mortars and grouts. 4. Summary of Test Method
1.4 This test method is applicable under controlled labora-
tory conditions, as well as under field conditions. 4.1 A mortar sample is obtained by sieving a representative
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units sample of fresh concrete. The mortar is placed in a container
shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in and stored at a specified ambient temperature. At regular time
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each intervals, the resistance of the mortar to penetration by stan-
system must be used independently of the other, without dard needles is measured. From a plot of penetration resistance
combining values in any way. versus elapsed time, the times of initial and final setting are
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the determined.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 5. Significance and Use
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 5.1 Since the setting of concrete is a gradual process, any
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. definition of time of setting must necessarily be arbitrary. In
this test method, the times required for the mortar to reach
2. Referenced Documents specified values of resistance to penetration are used to define
2.1 ASTM Standards: times of setting.
C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete 5.2 This test method can be used to determine the effects of

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Aggregates2 variables, such as water content; brand, type and amount of
C 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Ce- cementitious material; or admixtures, upon the time of setting
ment Concrete2 of concrete. This test method may also be used to determine
C 172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete2 compliance with specified time-of-setting requirements.
C 173 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed 5.3 This test method may also be applied to prepared
Concrete by the Volumetric Method2 mortars and grouts. However, when the setting time of concrete
C 192/C 192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete is desired, the test shall be performed on mortar sieved from
Test Specimens in the Laboratory2 the concrete mixture and not on a prepared mortar intended to
C 231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed simulate the mortar fraction of the concrete; it has been shown
Concrete by the Pressure Method2 that the initial and final setting times may be increased when
C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements using the prepared mortar.
for Test Methods for Construction Materials2 6. Apparatus
D 1558 Test Method for Moisture Content Penetration Re-
6.1 Containers for Mortar Specimens—The containers shall
be rigid, watertight, nonabsorptive, free of oil or grease, and
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-9 on Concrete
and Concrete Aggregatesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.23on
Chemical Admixtures.
3
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1999. Published September 1999. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
4
published as C 403–57 T. Last previous edition C 403/C 403M–97. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
2 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.

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 C 403/C 403M
either cylindrical or rectangular in cross section. Mortar For tests under laboratory conditions, make the concrete in
surface area shall be provided for ten undisturbed readings of accordance with Practice C 192. Determine and record the
penetration resistance in accordance with clear distance re- slump (Test Method C 143) and air content (Test Method
quirements specified in Procedure. The lateral dimension shall C 173 or C 231) of the fresh concrete.
be at least 6 in. [150 mm] and the height at least 6 in. [150 7.5 From the concrete not used in the slump and air content
mm]. tests, select a representative portion of sufficient volume to
6.2 Penetration Needles—Needles shall be provided which provide enough mortar to fill the test container, or containers,
can be attached to the loading apparatus and which have the to a depth of at least 51⁄2 in. [140 mm].
following bearing areas: 1, 1⁄2, 1⁄4, 1⁄10, 1⁄20, and 1⁄40 in.2 [645, 7.6 Using the procedure in Practice C 172, obtain a mortar
323, 161, 65, 32, and 16 mm2]. Each needle shank shall be sample by wet-sieving the selected portion of concrete through
scribed circumferentially at a distance 1 in. [25 mm] from the a 4.75-mm sieve6 and onto a nonabsorptive surface.
bearing area. The length of the 1⁄40 in.2[16-mm2] needle shall be 7.7 Thoroughly remix the mortar by hand methods on the
not more than 31⁄2 in. [90 mm]. nonabsorptive surface. Measure and record the temperature of
6.3 Loading Apparatus—A device shall be provided to the mortar. Place the mortar in the container, or containers,
measure the force required to cause penetration of the needles. using a single layer. Consolidate the mortar to eliminate air
The device shall be capable of measuring the penetration force pockets in the specimen and level the top surface. This may be
with an accuracy of 62 lbf [10 N] and shall have a capacity of accomplished by rocking the container back and forth on a
at least 130 lbf [600 N]. solid surface, by tapping the sides of the container with the
NOTE 1—Suitable loading apparatus can be of the spring-reaction type
tamping rod, by rodding the mortar, or by placing the container
as described in Test Method D 1558, or of other types with a calibrated on a vibrating table (see Note 2). If rodding is used, rod the
force measuring device, such as an electronic load cell or a hydraulic mortar with the hemispherical end of the tamping rod. Rod the
pressure gage. mortar once for each 1 in.2 [645 mm2] of top surface area of the
6.4 Tamping Rod—The tamping rod shall be a round, specimen and distribute the strokes uniformly over the cross
straight, steel rod 5⁄8in. [16 mm] in diameter and approximately section of the specimen. After completion of the rodding, tap
24 in. [600 mm] in length, having the tamping end or both ends the sides of the containers lightly with the tamping rod to close
rounded to a hemispherical tip, the diameter of which is 5⁄8 in. voids left by the tamping rod and to further level the surface of
[16 mm]. the specimen. Upon completion of specimen preparation, the
6.5 Pipet—A pipet or other suitable instrument shall be used mortar surface shall be at least 1⁄2 in. [10 mm] below the top
for drawing off bleed water from the surface of the test edge of the container to provide space for the collection and
specimen. removal of bleed water and to avoid contact between the
6.6 Thermometer—The thermometer shall be capable of mortar surface and the protective covering specified in Section
measuring the temperature of the fresh mortar to 61°F 8.
[60.5°C]. ASTM liquid-in-glass thermometers having a tem- NOTE 2—Sieved mortar is generally of fluid consistency and air pockets
perature range from 0 to 120°F [−20 to 50°C], and conforming are readily removed by the listed consolidation methods. The user should
to the requirements of Thermometer 97F (or 97C) as prescribed exercise judgment in the selection of the consolidation method. Rocking
in Specification E 1 are satisfactory. Other thermometers of the the container or tapping of the sides should be sufficient for fluid mortars.
required accuracy, including the metal immersion type, are Rodding or using a vibrating table may be desirable for stiffer mortars.
When using a vibrating table, use low-amplitude vibration so that portions
acceptable. of the sample are not ejected from the container.
7. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
8. Conditioning
7.1 For tests under field conditions, prepare three specimens
from each sample of concrete. 8.1 For tests under laboratory conditions, the storage tem-
7.2 For tests under laboratory conditions, the requirements perature for specimens shall be within the range 68 to 77°F [20
depend upon the purpose of the tests. to 25°C], or as specified by the user.
7.2.1 For testing to prove compliance of a material with 8.2 For tests under field conditions, store the specimens
performance requirements, make at least three separate con- under ambient conditions, or as specified by the user. Shield the
crete batches for each variable under investigation. Perform specimens from direct sunlight.
one time of setting test on each batch. Make an equal number 8.3 Measure and record the ambient air temperature at the
of batches for each variable on any one day. When it is start and finish of the test. To prevent excessive evaporation of
impossible to perform at least one test for each variable on any moisture, keep the specimens covered with a suitable material
one day, mix the entire series of batches in as few days as such as damp burlap or a tight-fitting, water-impermeable
possible, and repeat one of the mixtures each day as a standard cover for the duration of the test, except when bleed water is
for comparison. being removed or penetration tests are being made.
7.2.2 For other tests, prepare three test specimens from one 9. Procedure
batch of concrete for each test variable.
9.1 Just prior to making a penetration test, remove bleed
7.3 Record the time at which initial contact was made
water from the surface of the mortar specimens by means of a
between cement and mixing water.
7.4 For tests under field conditions, obtain a representative
sample of the fresh concrete in accordance with Practice C 172. 6
Detailed requirements for this sieve are given in Specification E 11.

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pipet or suitable instrument. To facilitate collection of bleed of setting (Note 5). Appendix X1 illustrates the application of
water, tilt the specimen carefully to an angle of about 10° from these procedures.
the horizontal by placing a block under one side 2 min prior to NOTE 5—The plot of penetration resistance versus elapsed time pro-
removal of the water. vides information on the rate of setting. The plot may be used to select the
9.2 Insert a needle of appropriate size, depending upon the time for subsequent penetration tests and it can assist in identifying
degree of setting of the mortar, in the penetration resistance spurious test results. Therefore, it is recommended that the data be plotted
apparatus and bring the bearing surface of the needle into as they are being accumulated.
contact with the mortar surface. Gradually and uniformly apply 9.5.1 Use the following plotting procedure to determine the
a vertical force downward on the apparatus until the needle times of setting by hand-fitting a smooth curve through the
penetrates the mortar to a depth of 1 6 1⁄16 in. [25 6 2 mm], data. Prepare a graph of penetration resistance, as the ordinate,
as indicated by the scribe mark (Note 3). The time required to versus elapsed time, as the abscissa, using a scale such that 500
penetrate to the 1-in. [25-mm] depth shall be 10 6 2 s. Record psi [3.5 MPa] and 1 h are each represented by a distance of at
the force required to produce the 1-in. [25-mm] penetration and least 1⁄2 in. [15 mm]. Plot the values of penetration resistance as
the time of application, measured as elapsed time after initial a function of elapsed time.
contact of cement and water. Calculate the penetration resis- 9.5.2 Use the following plotting procedure to determine the
tance by dividing the recorded force by the bearing area of the times of setting by linear regression analysis of the logarithms
needle, and record the penetration resistance. In subsequent of the data by using a suitable calculator. Using log-log graph
penetration tests take care to avoid areas where the mortar has paper, prepare a graph of penetration resistance, as the ordi-
been disturbed by previous tests. The clear distance between nate, versus elapsed time in minutes, as the abscissa. The limits
needle impressions shall be at least two diameters of the needle of penetration resistance on the ordinate should extend from 10
being used, but not less than 1⁄2 in. [15 mm]. The clear distance psi [0.1 MPa] to 10 000 psi [100 MPa], and the limits of
between any needle impression and the side of the container elapsed time on the abscissa should extend from 10 to 1000
shall be at least 1 in. [25 mm]. min. If slow setting mixtures are used, the time limits may have
to be 100 to 10 000 min. Plot the values of penetration
NOTE 3—To facilitate determination of when the required penetration
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resistance as a function of elapsed time (Note 4).

has been attained, a sliding marker may be attached to the needle shaft.
For example, a paper clip or masking tape may be placed on the shaft so 9.5.3 Use the following procedure if a computer is used to
that it coincides with the scribe mark. The marker should not interfere with plot test results and obtain the times of setting by regression
the penetration of the needle into the mortar. The position of the marker analysis of the data. As the test results are obtained, enter the
should be checked prior to making a penetration. time and penetration resistance into the computer and plot the
9.3 For conventional concrete mixtures at laboratory tem- penetration resistance as the ordinate and the elapsed time as
peratures of 68 to 77°F [20 to 25°C], make the initial test after the abscissa. For software that permits only linear regression
an elapsed time of 3 to 4 h after initial contact between cement analysis, convert the data by taking their logarithms. The
and water. Subsequent tests should be made at 1⁄2- to 1-h converted data will be fitted by a straight line7 (see Eq 1):
intervals. For concrete mixtures containing accelerators, or at Log ~PR! 5 a 1 b Log ~t! (1)
temperatures higher than laboratory, it is advisable to make the
where:
initial test after an elapsed time of 1 to 2 h and subsequent tests
PR 5 penetration resistance
at 1⁄2-h intervals. For concrete mixtures containing retarders, or t 5 elapsed time
at temperatures lower than laboratory, the initial test may be a and b 5 regression constants
deferred until an elapsed time of 4 to 6 h. In all cases, time The data do not have to be converted if the software permits
intervals between subsequent tests may be adjusted as neces- direct fitting of a power function:
sary, depending upon the rate of setting, to obtain the required
number of penetrations. PR 5 ctd (2)
9.4 Make at least six penetrations for each time-of-setting where:
test, with time intervals of such duration as to provide a c and d 5 regression constants
satisfactory curve of penetration resistance versus elapsed time 9.5.4 The procedures in 9.5.2 and 9.5.3 assume that the data
(Note 4). Continue testing until one at least penetration obey (Eq 1) or (Eq 2). Verify that the data obey one of these
resistance reading equals or exceeds 4000 psi [27.6 MPa]. relationships. If the correlation coefficient for the regression
NOTE 4—A satisfactory curve is one which represents the overall
analysis, after removal of outliers (see Note 6), is less than
development of penetration resistance and includes points before and after 0.98, use the procedure in 9.5.1.
the times of initial and final setting to improve the accuracy of the required
interpolation. For normal setting mixtures, test points are usually at 10. Calculation
equally spaced time intervals. Premature penetration testing will result in 10.1 For each variable under investigation, separately plot
too many data points earlier than the initial setting time. This may the results of three or more time-of-setting tests. For each plot
decrease the accuracy of the estimated setting time by biasing the best fit
line when regression analysis is used to analyze the penetration resistance
prepared according to 9.5.1, hand fit a smooth curve to the data
data.
9.5 Plotting Test Results—One of the following alternative 7
Popovics, S., 1971, “Physical Aspects of the Setting of Portland Cement
procedures may be used to plot the test results and obtain times Concrete,” Journal of Materials, JMLSA, Vol. 6, No. 1, March, pp. 150–162.

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points. For each plot prepared according to 9.5.2 or 9.5.3, use test condition, reported in hours and minutes to the nearest 5
the method of least squares to obtain the constants of the min.
best-fit relationship given by (Eq 1) or (Eq 2), whichever is
applicable. Disregard data points that are obvious outliers from 12. Precision and Bias
the trend defined by the rest of the points (Note 6). 12.1 The following precision statements are based on test-
NOTE 6—Outliers may occur because of factors such as: interferences ing of prepared mortar using the inch-pound system and for
due to the larger particles in the mortar; presence of large voids within the data analysis using the hand-plotting procedure (see 9.5.1,
penetration zone; interferences from the impressions created by adjacent 10.1, and 10.2).
penetrations; failure to maintain the instrument perpendicular to the test 12.2 The single-operator coefficient of variation for time of
surface during penetration; errors in reading the load; variations in the initial setting for single tests on each of three batches made on
penetration depths; or variations in rate of loading. Judgement of the
separate days has been found to be 7.1 % (Note 7). Therefore,
operator is required to identify those points that should not be included in
the data analysis. the range of results obtained on three separate batches by the
same operator with the same apparatus, using the same
10.2 For each plot, determine the times of initial and final materials and temperature conditions, on three different days
setting as the times when the penetration resistance equals 500 should not exceed 23 % of their average.
psi [3.5 MPa] and 4000 psi [27.6 MPa], respectively. For plots 12.3 The multilaboratory coefficient of variation for the
made according to 9.5.1, determine times of setting by visual average time of initial setting, based on three tests from
inspection of the drawn curves. For plots made according to separate batches made on separate days, has been found to be
9.5.2 or 9.5.3, determine the times of setting by interpolation 5.2 %. Therefore, the averages of three tests from two different
using the best-fit regression equation. Record the times of laboratories using the same materials and temperature condi-
setting in hours and minutes to the nearest 5 min. tions should not differ by more than 15 % of their average
10.3 For each variable under investigation, calculate the (Note 8).
times of initial and final setting as the average values of the 12.4 The single-operator coefficient of variation for time of
individual test results. Record the average times in hours and final setting for single tests on each of three batches made on
minutes to the nearest 5 min. separate days has been found to be 4.7 % (Note 7). Therefore,
the range of results obtained on three separate batches by the
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11. Report
same operator with the same apparatus, using the same
11.1 Data on Concrete Mixture—Report the following in- materials and temperature conditions, on three different days
formation on the concrete mixture: should not exceed 16 % of their average.
11.1.1 Brand and type of cementitious materials, amounts 12.5 The multilaboratory coefficient of variation for the
(mass) of cementitious materials, fine aggregate and coarse average time of final setting, based on three tests from separate
aggregate per cubic yard [per cubic metre] of concrete, batches made on separate days, has been found to be 4.5 %.
nominal maximum aggregate size, and water-cement or water- Therefore, the averages of three tests from two different
cementitious material ratio, laboratories using the same materials and temperature condi-
11.1.2 The name, type, and amount of admixture(s) used, tions should not differ by more than 13 % of their average
11.1.3 Air content of fresh concrete and method of deter- (Note 8).
mination,
11.1.4 Slump of concrete, NOTE 7—These numbers are in a strict sense not the single-operator
11.1.5 Temperature of mortar after sieving, (1s%) limits described in Practice C 670 because the results were obtained
from separate batches made on different days.
11.1.6 Record of ambient temperature during the test period,
NOTE 8—These numbers represent, respectively, the (1s%) and (d2s%)
and limits as described in Practice C 670.
11.1.7 Date of test.
11.2 Time of Setting Results—Report the following infor- 12.6 The bias of this test method cannot be determined
mation on the time of setting tests: because times of setting can be defined only in terms of the test
11.2.1 A plot of penetration resistance versus elapsed time method.
for each time of setting test,
11.2.2 The times of initial and final setting for each test, 13. Keywords
reported in hours and minutes to the nearest minute, and 13.1 concrete; mortar; penetration resistance; time of final
11.2.3 The average times of initial and final setting for each setting; time of initial setting

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APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

X1.1 The penetration resistance (PR) and the elapsed time

(t) data in Table X1.1 will be used to illustrate the procedures
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for determining times of setting.

X1.2 Hand Fit—Fig. X1.1 is a plot of the penetration
resistance versus elapsed time values in Table X1.1. The
smooth curve was drawn by-hand using a flexible drawing
curve. The curve was drawn so as to achieve the visual best-fit
to the data. Note that the penetration resistance at an elapsed
time of 335 min is an obvious outlier, and this point was
disregarded in drawing the best-fit curve. Horizontal lines are
drawn at penetration resistance values of 500 and 4000 psi. The
intersections of the horizontal lines with the curve define the
times of initial and final setting, which in this case are 289 min
and 389 min, respectively.
X1.3 Regression Analysis:
X1.3.1 Fig. X1.2 is a log-log plot of the penetration resis-
tance versus elapsed time values. The plot shows that, with the
exception of the outlier, there is approximately a straight line
relationship between the logarithms of penetration resistance
and elapsed time. The straight line is obtained by linear
regression analysis using the logarithms shown in the third and
FIG. X1.1 Plot of Penetration Resistance Values Versus Elapsed
fourth columns of Table X1.1. The equation for this line is: Time and Hand Fit Curve Used to Determine Time of Setting
Log ~PR! 5 214.196 1 6.871 Log ~t! (X1.1) (Note: Not drawn to actual scale)

where:
PR 5 penetration resistance, and
t 5 elapsed time.
The correlation coefficient is 0.999, and it is, therefore,
acceptable to use linear regression analysis.
X1.3.2 To obtain the times of setting, the equation is
rewritten as:
Log~PR! 1 14.196
Log ~t! 5 6.871 (X1.2)

X1.3.3 For time of initial setting, substitute the value 500

for PR:
Log~500! 1 14.196 2.699 1 14.196
Log ~t! 5 6.871 5 6.871 5 2.458
(X1.3)

TABLE X1.1 Penetration Resistance

Elapsed Time (t)
Penetration Resistance (PR) (psi)A Log(PR) Log(t)
(min)
44 200 1.643 2.301
110 230 2.041 2.362
216 260 2.334 2.415
540 290 2.732 2.462
1000 320 3.000 2.505 FIG. X1.2 Log-Log Plot Showing Straight Line to Determine
1000 335 3.000 2.525 Times of Setting by Using Regression Analysis
2000 350 3.301 2.544
2560 365 3.408 2.562
3520 380 3.547 2.580
4440 395 3.647 2.597 therefore:
t 5 (10)2.458 5 287 min.
A
MPa 5 psi 3 0.00689.

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X1.3.4 For time of final setting, substitute the value 4000 therefore:
for PR: t 5 (10)2.590 5 389 min.
Log~4000! 1 14.196 3.602 1 14.196
Log ~t! 5 6.871 5 6.871 5 2.590
(X1.4)

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