Mecha BeFthatfon ._ ‘it fs synergistic Fatigration oP mechantea} engineecng with electronics, electrical 4 inrellgent computer contol fn the design and MaMAsecteiTe OF _products and processes .” Aclvantoges : © Greater Flexibility L @ Greater Accuracy, | @ Greater Safety @ More Relfabrifiy © Low maintainance cost: © _Hfgher_produchvPty Resulting 4 in tou product cast @ Eosy redesfgn and reprogramming @_Ability to carry out automated data collechon & reporting - @_ the mechactronfe systems are better and advantagem than tts fndividuol counter parts. Limtratfons:: L © High fitted cost Trafotag. ts required @_Skitled operators are requite_ @_Hfgh ample xity @ tt a) lead to_umemployment. pees c freolfcations : | © Food industry © textte © mechanfeal —» produch’n § foundary = Medfcal © Agriautture appitcation© washtng machine , Refrigerators @® Automobile iil _sie Basic Blements oR Components oF Mechahonics System: _ Sensors Actuators, Signal _cond?rioring Conholler Display Device. OB\Clelo System + A_system can be thought of as a box oR @ block dfagram which has an fnpur eran output and where we are concerned not with What ‘goes on inside ‘ne_box but only with tne relationship betiveen ops tp tapot system | ar Heat i Temp Measurment System’ A Measurement system fsa box whieh fs used For making measurements. Th has at is input. the queutity _befng measured oud ftHs O/p » fs the Value oF that quautty « The measurement SystemEE fs mode oF three basic elements @ Sensors 4 4 @_stynal_condt¥oner @ fr display system. signal Signa) tn Telared fo cufrabie Form OAR qesoni ty as eth Hi measure for display measure sensor Sfgnal | »| Display| Volue Sy | condi Foner | Guemtty Feedback & tne Conhol system! A_conhol system can be tnought oFas a system _whfch Ps used fp conhol_ some varlable ta _partf- cwar value to conhol the Sequence -of -events and control wheter an event occurs Of not. *__conheol system hasa feedback acso-— cated wit ft. The Feedback conkel & exercfoed by the conbo) system by comparing tne -Fed-back achial O[p oF tne system -witn whar ts fequive awd adjusting its op accordingly + The conbol_system.cowld be open loop oR { I closed loop system. | example » | | Requived Femp-Teummace § | Room fee. fs Conhol eae | System Feedback of data about actual temp - |eo ‘Page No. Des] 23[)2]201g k “TradfHona) System Mechatronics System @ the entire process fs ||@ mfcroprocessor oF CONPVIley le cOnbolled by rele logic, provide high degree of \ : "| ntettPgence - | @ Centratised computer cofhol | @ Ptshibuted processing | @) Sequence contyol predominanti® Parts oF process capable oF _fndfuisua conto) i © Inspection oR quality @_2h_ process automatic Gssuramce Stages fowards fnspectfon- tnd oF the process. © Bulky system iS compact system: © Complex mechanism _sfmplifted mechani 6 Nonedj'ustable movements .||@ Programmable movements | @ Constant speed dsfves (@_Varfable speed drfves . @Mechanfeal_synchronisatfon|@ Elechonfc synchronisation | 1 } ! | @manuol conho) _ @_futomane $ programmable | enniiae conhro! : © Low Flexibility, produchiuttd) @ ‘High Flextbiithy , productivity , | Accuracy & reliability. accuracy 8 relfability | © lesser safery$ higher |@ Higher safery § tecser | wyele_tHmes ein 2Bt (me __) leaf TY (© tess tnfHal cost $ high [CB _High Ttttal low maintafn ance cost | mafntafnance cost @_Exonmple' [@_ Example : ty Lotne 1) Robot ii) Ds c- Engine li) ¢Nels iii) Floor mfli Ti) DSLR camera. iv) DVDS @D player | © Mechatrenfus case chidfes: @©-PsiR oR Automatfe Camera @ Batnzvom Scotes _ ¢ weighing machine) wefan i tt ea et Froe t. ElacHc member Bamroom scale tsa simple wefghing machine, the makn requirements arethar a person can Stand on He | plarFom amd tne weight oF tna person will be. Als played on some Torm oF redoubr , The wert Should be aiven with feasonable speed S accuracy, lad be, Independent of where on ine platform tne, person standle A) the mechanfeal somrton For tne same fs as Follows tq constuction fs showh ‘in Fee A. While the mechantsm fs shouon ‘in Qs B |baa 4 far | | (be ) F | #fy»B. Be rT Ser. Be [L B painter fax eres peor | { =) H— Pinton | UL FL F L Paet attached to deFlecting, beam. TH Tneludes two patel leo spring as an elastic member attached betow the platform - the deFlechan fs HansFormed From ITnear moog pp ctfewlar molfen about horfzonfal _axfs bu using Rack 4 pinion alfangement. at Ts the transformeal nro oration amcl vert} cal axty & hence the movement oF poinfer across a Scale by means ofa bevel eat G)|_ mecharronfe solutforn S weigh ~ sheadin gouge | yo Bridge network ¥ | Chomge tn —» OpsAmp—y ADC Fige MolFage, Aub + Pisprag } The platform can be mounted on tre lead cetl ust electrical _esistome, , strain gouges as shown fn ffgec 4 when ne. person stamds on Sve platform j the cougot, surfer shaln & chowge resistance. TF tre qMuged are mounted in Four acm wheatstones bridge Network, then out of botamce voltage ofp f the mafor oFFeo | wefght of me person This voltage f& amplthred operattonad Amplifier converted Snto date and b woe © Analog, to digs convert: Ffn Sven +o fotoprocessoy Which furmer aves an ag Vth fp Bash || Pick amd column lace, Man?pulator EF Robo s+ Gripper 4 End mfero___Dfepla effector —+ KDC processor || 4 aM Base, car park Barriers! — Ufmir switch For parler up (85=o Unit 2+ Sensors (Das Semen Tt erro Pemratfon: “sensor fsah element which produces’ a sighal related #o_quan|fy befng measured. the transducer on other hand are elements trod when subjected to some physfcal cheinge experfence a related change» thus sensors are transducers . A Sensor or a kangducer can be Analog or dfgitad Cany, vawey C_Bfhany onty,) oF @ Some sensors are combine with berween two ‘ Seaumdamny 6 voltages constwub Ke Voltage. input to ptmamy pisplacemenr moves Tod From, centro) pasion +ae Ses $$ _____—_—_——___] GEES SE A magnetic fo core f& moved through the central fons tu tube AS a result Of displacement: being monitored. ~ ELSE. & Vo = £1-E2 and i& fh phasewt Nhen tne core moves toward the coil S Er >£, thus vo =E2—E) § fs inphase wlins| i Thus Ve & a funch’on oF distance moved) by tne. When tne core fs at cenre, Fi=B, § hence W=0 i This fe shown fn me graph above, | tvor & used to meacure free, Wehr, pressure Land acceteation along with liquid level, temperature, _-huruidl fy vfscocity amd $0 on. tt fs an example oF passive sensof- Pneumatfe Sensor i ar I ! tt | j L L Gell oe 2 a aE { | I nue pressure aly inlet oo el | | Job - eer Low press. afr thlek.mts aseq Tor rr where the Afsplacement of proxymit ct being transferred fnto change fin pressure. — Reed Suitch: TLirogner |, +—r | 7 T Springy Ships Blechhcnd combat. EF Consists oF 4WO magneht A1ORd can be measured by the. capactance. je. Thus we can measure dfeplacement, a thickness, accerelations e FEsSue, Flow, lewel , humfathy , viscocfty » wefght ete « by tris Sensor. : : a ||___Capacitance c fs direcHy proportfono) te me overlaps) Alea of the plate but Tnvercaliy proporHonal to tre ditctence betuieen two plates Cd). thus, their fs a nonithear relaHonship between C’ and ‘d) Anis is avotded by using a push-pull diefie| cement sensor o% shown below. cy Ly 5 ie : oF aa a ~ © Fige Push=pall disp Sensor the design includes 3 plates whtn upper pafr Forming one, Capo.citor and lower puke ancmer Copasttor. the dieplacens _||Moves tne central plate. When the centod plake moves _|downwatde ne plotes seperation oF upper capacitor incre amd that oF lower plate decreases, thus, Cr= EA dte Cae GA d-% _|| When c) Ts fn_one arm oF an ac badge and O, fn andl the resuitomating onto balance, vol Is_proportfonal te _|\Such sensors are used For monttoring displacements From) 0 fox to hundreds oF mmA pe Te_& used fh Aigerttps of yobotfc wmg hands to determine When a hand hac come Mnto contact with an object. they are also used Por teuch aisploup screenr where. physital_ contact has to be sensed p PY DF orp y 7 SOPF Piliy, Tare ¢{— pvp CP ae LALS. t One fom oF bachle Sensor uses a piezo etechte | poly vinyleden- Piovlde Cevie) Piims: Too layers oF he Alm Qe Wei and ave seperated by asomrhim oshitch tomemfts the, vibrators: . The lower PVPF has cuternating voltage applied to Tr which seawis tn mechautital occPilaHone oF the Film. The fhtermedqre Fim _hancmits nese _vebratfons to Upper PVOF i T i T i | Rims Due fp piervetechtc effect these vPbratrons caused [waltemating voltage to be preducbol aerass the upper PVDF Film. [when tne pressure &—cpplifed to upper Pype Alm Ut [vibrations atte. apfected ound tne -etutpubs volhage: Br chomaed Xt) || Encoders OR optical Encodecc | An_enceder fs a device tnat provides a Atgrtal output ag a result oF Ifnear or anquar displacement Tr can be grouped fnio two typed, “s @ Eneremental Encoder that detects chi i Tr roratfon From come datum pesitfor. t b) Absolute encoders which gre the 1 actual avqular positon.: Pago ia] 4. || tnerementol Encoder. crght derector OI : [ Boe recelvers, i = ane Receiver sfonals.” i “(5 S\ 5 = Tek LS Pee Wo On ccw G P_Qeal yg He al oe i Light azip. sources. We 5% : [LTT ow Fey =} fn incremental encoder consist oF a difsc. with slots, a beam of ‘Tight passes through slokk ina disc. Zt fs detected by a suitable Ifght sensor. When tne disc 1 rotated a pulse output Is produced by the sensor with the number oF pulses ‘befng proporHonod. to the angle through whlch ne disc rototes. fre the enceder outputs a certain amount oF pulces per tevoluhion. Thus the Angutar poston oF tne'dé&e , tne and hense the Shaft rotating Pk can be Slererm iets by tne NO.OF pulses produced» tn prochse threes cencentrfo tracks with 3 sensors, & 3 LEns are usec, tne inner tack has fut one hole and fis used to siicares tne “home _posttfon of the oe The other two tracks have, a. serfes of equal) Spaced holes that go -completely round tne aise) bur with the holes tntne middie tock offset From tne holes in tHe outer track by V2 widin ofa hole. This opreer enable the dffechon OF fotaton tebe otetermine. an ine clock: wrse direction the pwses inne curer tack lead whit fn the amtichckwise direction they ket-dag . d i)the resolution oF the encoders determine, bo. oF _ Slots - Win 60 Revol”, —» 4 vevolutfon oF a60°, Resolution = 360 = 6° 60 ° Absolute Encoder cH gives an oP intne form oF an binary. number of several difqfis « Each such number Teptesentiny a partfewkar omngua ¢ W ochiPon . the torating dtsc has 2 concentric cffcles OF Slots and $3 sensors to detect the Ifght pulses. ‘The slots: are atranged fnsuch er that the sSequenciad ourpur From tne sensor SQ Number] Tn binary _code- TypReatiy. the encodes have upto 0 oR 12. trocke¥ q / The number oF bits ee Pn_a_binany_humber will be eqdat fo O01" the number oF fracks 0100 thus witty 10 backs thefr_wflt_be 10 bits thus tne humber ~ol10 OF posthen- g'0 = 1024 100) on Ond_tnus tne resolu toh whl be 360 = 0:3S° 1024© __ Proximity Switches: ‘There are number oF Forms oFqQ etal ohh: Lean be act \Ftabed -b presenseOF-an obfect Pr order I to _qtve-an_ pro: irate -sensor_with an Olp which & el'they [on Or OFF. The mfcro cwittch &S small etechtoa) cw itch | whitch -requites phyyafea contact and a small operating | Force, ty cloce contact. I €xq- tn case, SF detechhq a fob on the conveyor | bet Stns might be actuated by the wefght of the fob oh me belt depressing tne belt owl hence a Seng loaded platform under FE, with ine movement oF tnfs platform teh closing tne switch» Burton” ® oT; | e aed | \ T { —— Seer eee enced I Lever operated Roller operaed 0310112020 (Thursday) bh @] Has EFFect Sensor: j i When a beam oF charged particles pacces tniou} G_magneHfe Frald , forces ack on Particles avd beam & Getiecred From_fts sheulghr Mine patn. A current Flowing In__ conductor fs Itke a beam of Moving charges- and tnus can be deflected tthe, magnets Fretd . When te magnebe Feld fs apeifed ab nthe owgle to the plane of tne plate , tne moving dechons ae ideFlected +o one side of ine plate. mating aft move nega!’ charged while tne oppose sBe bedines postu aa This charge seperation preduces elethfe ABA fri ri |= CI NegatPu | PostHvely charged Charged Beam oF elechrons Yelocty Sensore (motion sensor) Tachogenerotor & Pickup cof! eed Ourpuk: Ie Toothed whee} —_ 7 I T a Eachogenerafor I uged fo measure te. | aungislor vetocthy. One Form, tnat & the variable relucram | fachogenerarer consist oF tootned Whee) oF | | Ferronagnet%e matesfou_vuhfch ts attached to ine rotating [shou Ar_pickup cotl_ fs wound en a permouasr ner. As tne wheel rotates so tne teeth Move the. Teaft amd tne afr gap behween coi Pl and wt the wheel chomges Thus we howe oa magnent okt: witnan oct gap Nioblek pert ewe changers tnus chewing tne mu Wnked bi pickup eof}. The resulting _cyelfigp cha | In-tne. i produces om vuliemafe em thine coll. thus cm @ = Emgx +sinwtigs (f= ——) | (bat J Another form -oF -tachogenerator an AC generoh, ah Consists’ ofa coll called Capsules » bellows ond tubes. n'a dfaphragm Sensor when thelr ts dirrerence in Pressure berween two sidess then tne centre oF ine ditphr becomes diSplaceds corroguatone tine dlaphragm reeult ih eater Sens?vIhy. These movement con be _monttored by Some Form oF displacement sensor cated LYDT, chain fauge eto. Z eS Corre: ataphram Copsale Bellow. Capeuler are consider fuse tuo coirgwated Afaghrogm combined wud give even higher sensitfuity_oshlZ i tne stab oP capswte. BS jurt a below, even more rend! 4secondloy coil ig et [ Bettow + LYDT ; on pressure, Page Nol Le ra [Des ) Blaghrag mn The dtaphragm Capsules avd bellows are made From _sheintess steel, phosphor bronze 4 Nitke} while yublser oma nylon cre sometime _prefrered . this sensors are useel for tne wwges oFabout 102 +p 10° Pa Anotner type oF pressure sensor f& a tube with etipheas, Cross 'sectfon When Such a tube is fn tne FormoF Zea CG _Shaped tube Tt & catled_ou Bourdon ) tube? where me co? opens upto some. iw fF = f extends , then pressure _fn the tube thereates | lofo!|qo20 7 ©] Temperature sensor + @ Bimeraltie sbtpt eis Elechfra) == Ah — f connecHons PR 7 oc out expowsivt \ merek op T]e- set temperoiure tr adfustment _Smatl Magneh This device consists oF two different merol shfps bonded togetner the metals have, dtfterent coeFrefents oF expauston curd when tne temp» changes >the composite ships bends frto a curved shtp wltn higher coeffefent merce be the cuter cide oF the curve. ‘the cleformation used 03 o temp. coppol switch as_fn ne simpie tnemo- domeshe heat na Star whfch & commonly. use witn Pn at)a . a ee Eee The small magnet enables tne sensor to exibir hysrerisis_meanfng that the switch contacts open curd Close ar diFFerent temperatures. Thermocouple : moetod 8 * Metal & IF two diFF> metals are Jothed together _a potenti MeO GN corercitel SATE PereR@—Seeure acrose _funchfon Junetfon- the Punctfon whith cepends Upon tne: meteiks used oind tne temp» oF the Junction, TF _botn the functfons areat same temp. tnetr & eo no emp. IF however thay & a aAfererence fn tempemabure between tne hwo sunchYon, thelr & an-emFe usu One functfon tS hetd at-zero degee 6°) amd men the Following relaHfonships hold - — = at +btr Commonly used moten'als For ‘nermoceuples are fron -constantan, Cu-censtantan ) PE- (PE 413°%0 rhodium) ETD C Resfstamce Temp Perector) } : RTD's are simple _resistfve etement in the form OF cofls oF wire made oF piatnum » Nickel om wi_cu ‘With temperature , Such detectors are higfll alleys-and the fesistance oF tnost oF the metals increas! over _limfted temp- range tha reason linear stable & give reproducible responses over long. perids oF tme- U LiPage ta onal (Des! Q@||_Thermister : cthermitstars ate small pieces made OF meta) es oxfles like chromium, cobalt, fron, mangnese Z Nfcke) fee The -thermistors have hegaHve temp. coeFicPent he the resistance decreases witn increase fn the: temperahire- ay | fi Et\ | aN | a . > ctempec © || Force. Sensors } Cistrofn gauge Load cet] { force. Avery commonly used form oF ea forced fansducer Ls based on Ht tne use oF electrtal resi Strain gauges, stance. strain gauges fo ie monftor =the shain produc, 7 in some. member when Shrechded » Compressed OR Bend by tne application oF force. thts arrangement (called a load cei: the Figs shours Ifrdefco} tube to which strain gouges at hove been Attached. Kihen tne -Forces. cre applied to tne: cytinder ‘to . ¢ Compress Tr. The Shatin poses give: tne resistance cha which f& the measure of tne shoulh oud hense tne Qpplied forces./ ie v F suttch Yon core, tron bar 7 ; Ln Connected Fo a Ca) uate G) = A relay fsan elechfeally operated awitch « Relays are used where 4 EPs necessary to accufata, tineartry, maintainability, reitabt hy l?fe + power supply requirements , feiggednescsavazlabilihy, omd cost. Marker cof! DeFine M Ki e Mechotonfes » explatn wy One _mechahrunfas system with a block dfagram-or CE Cutomah'c. wadshing mic _a-mechahonits System > PE bes. Justity Washing machine system: & typfeal washing mic has four operators or_cycles whith occur one after Another, after precemt Hime or the lewel oF pammerers. Each oycle has set oF conhd Gud SpeciFfe operations os shown th tre table beleocycle Operatfons Copkol © Prewash © Cold water wash | O worer level cycle. OR Soaking @® pum. speed @® cycte Hme @_soaking Hme. @ Hot warer wash @.woter levet cycle. ® Matn wash ahd detergent @ woter temperature wash - G_Prum speed @_Detengent level @ onum votahon § Cc ce OR KON) No + oF rotatton @ cyde time. (D Rincfng cycle|@ cold woter wash |O worer level @_ Perergent removable|@ Pram speed 3 @ cycle tme ®_Spinntng ® Drying of clotnes |@ Drum speed cycle. @ cycle me, Block: Pfagram of washing mach?ne cenhol. System: Pectu carpus. Ih pus Element _conbeoller ot pumps moron —pwatst yeh a Detergent Le Ora TADLs [Ue OF uP F— coienol vaiwe| eu ‘Ampltrrer || fuzzy logic a 5 E Clothes _—*1 corner motor | water ——»| COP: Am?) >| a 7 a pes Bie | oe Frat ae = = a ps WiConclusfon statement is IMPsUntt 3 right type oF signal This theanss aiding -the Slqnal_dfyttal or analey . @ Geting tne level oF sfgnod ofght: Operatfoncd cumpliPrers are widely used te convert tne signals fn MV: Froma sony +o volts: Exjfminating oc teducing nofse fs dane by tne Filters. . a @_Sfgned _manipulahor eq making Hr Finear F? of, sane Variiby | Etter C Filterfng) the term Ffitering iS used to describe the process of removing o certain bemd of Frequenciies froma signal § permitting others 40 be transmits the ronge-oF frequencies passed by_a ffiter fs called as pass band itne range. not passed are Called stop bamd_4 the boundary ber? stoping & passing & tne, cut oFF Frequency » the Filters areclassiFitd according to the Frequency ranges they ‘Tangmfts or ceect. |\\\ J @_* low pass Filter has a pass bamd which are all the Frequencies From Zero upte some Frequency fo be, transmttted. | th& (shown in FAy@ . gain i _@ Ahigh pass Filter has a pass baw) b t which atlows all tne Frequencies £ | From Some Value upto infinityte |S \ be transmitted. thé fs shown fn o \ ins Fg -@- Frequency —v @® ow pass. @© Abowd pass Filter allows alltne Frequencies within a pectic bomd_to be transmitted, hie @ bench Stop Biter . @ & bod stop Filter stops alltne Frequencies within aparricwlary| bund From being transmitted 5 fass ¥ ct od Te Rt band T oe [fie fees ah Zhe aL SAT [= _ Ko) fags |\ sot! [eli zach bal Ie [-ofinon af e ie | Frequency, Frequency Frequency), | @ Hign pass ©. Bomd pass @ Sand stop. r I “the Fiters cow be adiive or passive. | “the term passive it used to describe a Filter made up “using only restetor, capacitor § fhductor while, tne active, | Feiter fnuolves an operatonad amplifrer - The lest cost- Filters are very commonty used as a part of signed conditfoning because, mast ef tne useful Info (S feincmftted| is‘me ow Frequency «