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Bearing Capacity Equation

This document summarizes methods for calculating the bearing capacity of soils and settlement of shallow foundations. It describes Terzaghi's and Meyerhof's bearing capacity equations, factors that influence bearing capacity, and how to determine allowable bearing capacity and settlement from in-situ tests like the SPT, CPT, and plate load tests. Settlement is discussed, including immediate, consolidation, and methods to estimate it from field tests for coarse-grained soils. Eccentric loads and their effects on stress and capacity are also summarized.

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313 views

Bearing Capacity Equation

This document summarizes methods for calculating the bearing capacity of soils and settlement of shallow foundations. It describes Terzaghi's and Meyerhof's bearing capacity equations, factors that influence bearing capacity, and how to determine allowable bearing capacity and settlement from in-situ tests like the SPT, CPT, and plate load tests. Settlement is discussed, including immediate, consolidation, and methods to estimate it from field tests for coarse-grained soils. Eccentric loads and their effects on stress and capacity are also summarized.

Uploaded by

chongpt
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 7

BEARING CAPACITY OF SOILS AND SETTLEMENT OF


SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

COLLAPSE LOAD FROM LIMIT EQUILIBRIUM


Moment equilibrium equation for a circular failure mechanism
B
Pu × − s u πB × B = 0
2
Collapse load
Pu = 6.28Bs u

Moment equilibrium equation about point O


B
P u (R cos θ - ) − su [(π - 2θ)R]R = 0
2
Collapse load found from the moment about point O
su [(π - 2θ)R ]R su (π - 2θ)R
Pu = =
B B
(R cos θ - ) (cos θ - )
2 2R
Partial derivatives of collapse load equation with respect to R and θ
∂ Pu 4su R (π - 2θ) . (R cos θ - B)
= =0
∂R (2R cos θ - B )
2

∂ Pu 4su R 2 (B - 2R cos θ + πR sin θ - 2Rθ sin θ)


= =0
∂θ (2R cos θ - B )2

Collapse load with R and θ values obtained from partial derivative equations
Pu = 5.52Bs u

More exact collapse load solution using complex analysis


Pu = 5.14Bs u

BEARING CAPACITY EQUATIONS


Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Equations
Ultimate net bearing capacity equations
TSA (Total Stress Analysis): q ult = 5.14s u s c + γD f

ESA (Effective Stress Analysis): q ult = γD f N q s q + 0.5γBN γ s γ


Bearing Capacity Factors
φ′
N q = e π tan φ′ tan 2 (45 o + )
2
N γ = 2( N q + 1) tan φ′

Shape Factors
B B B
s c = 1 + 0 .2 s q = 1 + tan φ′ s γ = 1 − 0.4
L L L
Skempton’s Bearing Capacity Equation
Bearing capacity equation based on a TSA for rectangular and square footings on clay
Df B D
q ult = 5s u (1 + 0.2 )(1 + 0.2 ) + γD f ; f ≤ 2.5
B L B
Meyerhof’s Bearing Capacity Equation
Bearing capacity equation for vertical loads
TSA: q ult = 5.14s u s c d c + γD f

ESA: q ult = γD f N q s q d q + 0.5γBN γ s γ d γ

Bearing capacity equation for inclined loads


TSA: q ult = 5.14s u d c i c + γD f

ESA: q ult = γD f N q d q i q + 0.5γBN γ d γ i γ

Meyerhof’s bearing capacity factors


φ′
N q = e π tan φ′ tan 2 (45 o + ) ; Nq is the same as Terzaghi.
2
N γ = ( N q − 1) tan(1.4φ′)

Shape and depth factors


B B
s c = 1 + 0 .2 s q = s γ = 1 + 0.1K p
L L
Df Df
d c = 1 + 0.2 d q = d γ = 1 + 0.1 K p
B B
φ′ 1 + sin φ′
where K p = tan 2 (45 o + )=
2 1 − sin φ′
Load inclination factor for loads inclined at an angle θ to the vertical in the direction of
footing width
2 2
⎛ θo ⎞ ⎛ θo ⎞
i c = i q = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ i γ = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟
⎝ 90 ⎠ ⎝ φ′ ⎠

Load inclination factor for loads inclined at an angle θ to the vertical in the direction of
the footing length for a surface footing (Df = 0)
⎡ ⎛ α ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ sin θ ⎞
i c = cos θ⎢1 − ⎜1 − a ⎟ sin θ⎥ i q = i γ = cos θ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟
⎣ ⎝ π+2⎠ ⎦ ⎝ sin φ′ ⎠

ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY AND FACTOR OF SAFETY


Allowable bearing capacity
q ult
qa =
FS
Factor of safety
q ult
FS =
σd

ECCENTRIC LOADS
Modified width and length for a rectangular footing
B′ = B − 2e B and L′ = L − 2e L
Eccentricities in the directions of width and length
My Mx
eB = ;eL =
P P
Stresses due to a vertical load at an eccentricity
P My P Pey P Pe
σ= ± = ± = ±
A I A I A Z
Maximum and minimum vertical stresses along the X-axis
P Pe P ⎛ 6e B ⎞ P Pe P ⎛ 6e B ⎞
σ max = + = ⎜1 + ⎟ ; σ min = − = ⎜1 − ⎟
A Z BL ⎝ B ⎠ A Z BL ⎝ B ⎠
Maximum and minimum vertical stresses along the Y-axis
P Pe P ⎛ 6e L ⎞ P Pe P ⎛ 6e L ⎞
σ max = + = ⎜1 + ⎟ ; σ min = − = ⎜1 − ⎟
A Z BL ⎝ L ⎠ A Z BL ⎝ L ⎠
Ultimate load
Pu = q ult B′L′

SETTLEMENT
Maximum tolerable settlement
⎛δ⎞
ρ max = R ⎜ ⎟
⎝ A ⎠ max

SETTLEMENT CALCULATIONS
Immediate Settlement
Elastic settlement

ρe =
P
EuL
( )
1 − ν 2u µ s µ emb µ wall

Shape, embedment (trench), and side wall factors


−0.38
⎛A ⎞
µ s = 0.45⎜ b2 ⎟
⎝ 4L ⎠

D f ⎧ 4 ⎛ A b ⎞⎫
µ emb = 1 − 0.04 ⎨1 + ⎜ ⎟⎬
B ⎩ 3 ⎝ 4L2 ⎠⎭
0.54
⎛A ⎞
µ wall = 1 − 0.16⎜⎜ w ⎟⎟
⎝ Ab ⎠
Elastic settlement modified to account for embedment
q s B′(1 − ν 2u )
ρe = I s µ ′emb
Eu

Df 4 B′
where µ ′emb = 1 − 0.08 (1 + )
B′ 3 L′
Primary Consolidation Settlement
Method to modify the one-dimensional consolidation equation to account for lateral
stresses but not lateral strains

(ρ )
pc SB
H
= ∫ m v ∆u o dz
O

Excess pore water pressure


⎡ ∆σ 3 ⎤
∆u = ∆σ1 ⎢A + (1 − A )⎥
⎣ ∆σ1 ⎦
One-dimensional primary consolidation settlement
⎡ ∆σ 3 ⎤
(ρ ) H
= ∫ m v ∆σ1 ⎢A + (1 − A )⎥ dz = ∑ (m v ∆σ z H)µ SB = ∑ ρ pc µ SB
∆σ1
pc SB
O
⎣ ⎦

DETERMINATION OF BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT OF


COARSE-GRAINED SOILS FROM FIELD TESTS
Bearing Capacity and Settlement from the Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
Correction factor for overburden pressures
1
⎛ 95.8 ⎞ 2
c N = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; c N ≤ 2 (Liao and Whitman, 1985)
σ ′
⎝ z ⎠
⎛ 1916 ⎞
c N = 0.77 log10 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ; c N ≤ 2 , σ′z > 24kPa (Peck et. al., 1974)
σ
⎝ z ⎠′

Groundwater correction factor


1 1 z
cW = +
2 2 (D f + B)
Corrected N value
Ncor = CN CW N
Allowable bearing capacity for a shallow footing
q a = 0.41N cor ρ a (kPa)

Settlement of a footing in a normally consolidated sand at the end of construction


ρ = f s f1q ap B0.7 I c

Compressibility index
1.71
Ic = compressibility index =
N 1 .4
Settlement if the sand is overconsolidated
⎛ 2 ⎞
ρ = f 1f s ⎜ q ap − σ′c ⎟B 0.7 I c , if q ap > σ′zc
⎝ 3 ⎠
Ic
ρ = qB0.7 , if q ap < σ′zc
3
Settlement from Cone Penetration Test
Settlement proposed by Schhmertmann et al. 1978
cDct n
(I )
ρ= q net ∑ co i ∆z i
β i =1 (q c )i

σ′z t
where cD = depth factor = 1 − 0.5 ≥ 0.5 and ct = creep factor = 1.0 + A log 10
q net 0 .1
Influence factor for axisymmetric conditions: L=B

I co = 0.1 + 2 ( I cp − 0.1)
z z 1
for ≤
B B 2
2⎛ z 1⎞ z 1
I co = 1 − ⎜ − ⎟ for 2 ≥ >
3⎝ B 2⎠ B 2
Influence factor for plane strain conditions: L > 10B

I co = 0.2 + ( I cp − 0.2 )
z z
for ≤1
B B
⎡ 1 ⎛ z ⎞⎤ z
I co = I cp ⎢1 − ⎜ − 1⎟ ⎥ for 4 ≥ > 1
⎣ 3 ⎝ B ⎠⎦ B
Settlement from Plate Load Tests
Plate settlement when sand behaves like an elastic material
1 − (ν ′) 2
ρ p = q ap B p Ip
E′
Relationship between settlement and plate settlement
2
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
2
ρ = ρp ⎜ ⎟
⎜ Bp ⎟
⎜1+ ⎟
⎝ B ⎠

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