Physics Module Form 4

Chapter 4: Heat

CHAPTER 4: HEAT
4.1 : UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
By the end of this subtopic, you will be able to
 Explain thermal equilibrium Thermal equilibrium
:Keseimbangan terma
 Explain how a liquid-in glass thermometer works

Faster. rate of energy transfer

B
Equivalent to Equivalent to

Hot Cold
object object

Slower rate of energy transfer No net heat transfer

1.AThe net heat will flow from A to B until the temperature of A is the ( same , zero as the
temperature of B. In this situation, the two bodies are said to have reached thermal
equilibrium.
2.AWhen thermal equilibrium is reached, the net rate of heat flow between the two bodies is
(zero, equal
3.AThere is no net flow of heat between two objects that are in thermal equilibrium. Two objects
in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature.
4.)The liquid used in glass thermometer should
(a)Be easily seen
(b)Expand and contract rapidly over a wide range of temperature
(c)Not stick to the glass wall of the capillary tube
5.AList the characteristic of mercury
(a)Opaque liquid
(b)Does not stick to the glass
(c)Expands uniformly when heated
0
(d) Freezing point -39C
0
(e) Boiling point 357C

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 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

6.A( Heat, Temperature ) is a form of energy. It flows from a hot body to a cold body.
7.AThe SI unit for ( heat , temperature) is Joule, J.
8.A( Heat , Temperature ) is the degree of hotness of a body
9.AThe SI unit for (heat , temperature) is Kelvin, K.
10.Lower fixed point (l 0)/ ice point : the temperature of pure melting ice/0C0
11.Upper fixed point( l )/steam
100 point: the temperature of steam from water that is boiling
0
under standard atmospheric pressure /100C

l - l 0
Temperature, θ = θ 0 x 100C
l100 - l0
l0 : length of mercury at ice point
l100 : length of mercury at steam point
lθ : length of mercury at θ point

Exercise 4.1
Section A: Choose the best answer
1.AThe figure shows two metal blocks. A. It warms the surroundings
Which the following statement is false? B.It warms the water of the tea
C.It turns into heat energy and
disappears.

3.AWhich of the following temperature

corresponds to zero on the Kelvin scale?
.P and Q are in thermal contact .273 C0
B. P and Q are in thermal B.0C0
equilibrium C.-273 C0
C.Energy is transferred from P to Q D.100 C0
D.Energy is transferred from Q to P
4.AHow can the sensitivity of a liquid- in –
glass thermometer be increased?
2.AWhen does the energy go when a cup of .Using a liquid which is a better
hot tea cools? conductor of heat

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 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

B.Using a capillary tube with a

narrower bore. 6.AWhen shaking hands with Anwar, Kent
C.Using a longer capillary tube Hui niticed that Anwar’s hand was cold.
D.Using a thinner-walked bulb However, Anwar felt that Kent Hui hand
was warm. Why did Anwar and Kent
5.AWhich instrument is most suitable for Hui not feel the same sensation?
measuringA AaA ArapidlyA Achanging .Both hands in contact are in
temperature? thermal equilibrium.
. lcohol-in –glass thermometer B. Heat is flowing from Kent Hui’s
B. Thermocouple hand to Anawr’s hand
C.Mercury-in-glass thermometer C.Heat is following from Anwar’s
D.Platinum resistance thermometer hand to Kent Hui hand.

Section B: Answer all the questions by showing the calculation

1.AThe length of the mercury column at the ice point and steam point are 5.0 cm and 40.0cm
respectively. When the thermometer is immersed in the liquid P, the length of the mercury
column is 23.0 cm. What is the temperature of the liquid P?
0
Temperature, θ = l)θ – l0 x 100)C
l100 – l)0
0
θ = 23 – 5 x 100)C
40 - 5
0
θ = 51.42)C

2.AThe length of the mercury column at the steam point and ice point and are 65.0 cm and
5.0cm respectively. When the thermometer is immersed in the liquid Q, the length of the
mercury column is 27.0 cm. What is the temperature of the liquid Q?

0
Temperature, θ = l)θ – l0 x 100)C
l100 – l)0
0
θ = 27 – 5 x 100)C
65 - 5
0
θ = 36.67)C

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 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

3.AThe distance between 0C0 and 100C0 is 28.0 cm. When the thermometer is put into a beaker
of water, the length of mercury column is 24.5cm above the lower fixed point. What is the
temperature of the water?

0
Temperature, θ = l)θ – l0 x 100)C
l100 – l)0
0
θ = 24.5 – 0 x 100)C
28 - 0
0
θ = 87.5)C

0
4.AThe distance between 0C and 100C0 is 25 cm. When the thermometer is put into a beaker of
water, the length of mercury column is 16cm above the lower fixed point. What is the
temperature of the water? What is the length of mercury column from the bulb at
0
temperatures i) 30C
0
Temperature, θ = l)θ – l0 x 100)C
l100 – l)0
0
θ = 16 – 0 x 100)C
25 - 0
0
θ = 64.0)C

0
Temperature, θ = l)θ – l0 x 100)C
l100 – l)0
0 0
30)C = x – 0 x 100)C
25 - 0
x = 7.5cm

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 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

SECTION C: Structured Questions

1.ALuqman uses an aluminium can, a drinking straw and some plasticine to make a simple
thermometer as shown in figure below. He pours a liquid with linear expansion into the can.

(a) Suggest a kind of liquid that expands linearly. (1m)

Alkohol
…………………………………………………………………………………………
….
(b) He chooses two fixed points of Celsius scale to calibrate his thermometer. State them
(2m)
Lower fixed point = freezing point of water.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Upper fixed point = boiling point of water
……
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) If the measurement length of the liquid inside the straw at the temperature of the lower
fixed point and the upper fixed point are 5cm and 16 cm respectively, find the length of
0
the liquid at 82.5C.
100 = 82.5
16-5 x–5
100x – 500 = 907.5
x = 14.08cm

(d) Why should he use a drinking straw of small diameter?

To increases the sensitivity of the thermometer
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……
(e) What kind of action should he take if he wants to increase the sensitivity of his
thermometer?
Use a copper can instead of the aluminum can because it is a better thermal
conductor
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 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

…………………………………………………………………………………………
……
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……
2.A What do you mean by heat and temperature?
Heat is the energy that transfers from one object to another object because of a
……………………………………………………………………………………………....
temperature difference between them.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Temperature is a measure of degree of hotness of a body.
………………………………………………………………………………………………

4.2 : UNDERSTANDING SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

By the end of this subtopic, you will be able to
 Define specific heat capacity
Heat capacity
 State that c = Q/MCθ Muatan haba

 Determine the specific heat capacity of a liquid Specific heat capacity

Muatan haba tentu
 Determine the specific heat capacity of a solid
 Describe applications of specific heat capacity
 Solve problems involving specific heat capacity

1.AThe heat capacity of a body is the amount of heat that must be supplied to the body to
0
increase its temperature by 1C.
2.AThe heat capacity of an object depends on the
Temperature of the body
(a) ……………………………………………………………………………………….
Mass of the body
(b) ……………………………………………………………………………………….
Type of material
(c) ………………………………………………………………………………………

3.AThe specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat that must be supplied to
0 -1 -1
increase the temperature by 1 C for a mass of 1 kg of the substance. Unit JkgDK
Q__
Specific heat capacity , c =
m∆θ
4.AThe heat energy absorbed or given out by an object is given by Q = mc∆O.

6
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

5.AHigh specific heat capacity absorb a large amount of heat with only a small temperature
increase such as plastics.

6.AConversion of energy

Heater
Electrical energy Heat energy
Power = P Pt = mc

Object falls from

Potential energy Heat energy
high position mgh= mc

Moving object stopped

Kinetic energy Heat energy
2
due to friction ½ mv= mc

7. pplications of Specific Heat Capacity

Faster increase Slower increase

in temperature in temperature

Small value of c Two object of Big value of c

equal mass

Equal rate of
heat supplied

Explain the meaning of above application of specific heat capacity:

(a Water as a coolant in a car engine
(i) Water is a good example of substance with a high specific capacity. It is used as a
cooling agent to prevent overheating of the engine .Therefore, water acts as a
heat reservoir as it can absorb a great amount of heat before it boils.

7
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

(b) Household apparatus and utensils

………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………...
(c) Sea breeze
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
…………………

(d) Land breeze

……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
………………

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 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

Exercise 4.2
SECTION A : Choose the best answer
1.AThe change in the temperature of an The temperature of the ethanol rises
object does not depend on faster. This is because the ethanol..
.the mass of the object .is denser than water
B.the type of substance the object is B.is less dense than water
made of C.has a larger specific heat capacity
C. the shape of the object than water
D.the quantity of heat received D.has a smaller specific heat capacity
than water
2.AWhich of the following defines the
specific heat capacity of a substance 4.AIn the experiment to determine the
correctly? specific heat capacity of a metal block,
.The amount of heat energy required some oil is poured into the hole
to raise the temperature of 1kg of the containing thermometer. Why is this
substance done?
B.The amount of heat energy required A. To ensure a better conduction of
0
to raise 1kg of the substance by 1C. heat
C.The amount of heat energy required B.To reduce the consumption of
to change 1kg of the substance from electrical energy
the solid state to the liquid state. C.To ensure the thermometer is in an
upright position.
3.AHeat energy is supplied at the same rate D.To reduce the friction between the
to 250g of water and 250g of ethanol. thermometer and the wall of the
block.

SECTION B: Answer all questions by showing the calculation

1.AHow much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of a 4kg iron bar from 32C to0
0 -1 0 -1
52C? (Specific heat capacity of iron = 452 JkgAC).
mount of heat energy required, Q = mcθ
= 4 x 452 x (52-32)

9
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

= 36 160J
2.ACalculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 0.8 kg of copper from 35C0
0 -1 -1
to 60C. (Specific heat capacity of copper = 400 J kg C).

mount of heat required, Q = mcθ

= 0.8 x 400 x (60-35)
= 8 000J
0
3.ACalculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 2.5 kg of water from 32C
0 -1 -1
to 82C. (Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg C).

mount of heat required, Q = mcθ

= 2.5 x 4200 x (82-32)
= 525, 000J

4.A750g block of a aluminium at 120C is0cooled until 45C. Find0 the amount of heat is
released. . (Specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900 J kg-1C).-1

mount of heat released, Q = mcθ

= 0.75 x 900 x (120-45)
= 50 625J
0
5.A0.2 kg of water at 70C is mixed with 0.6 kg of water at 30C.0 Assuming that no heat is lost,
find the final temperature of the mixture. (Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1C) -1

mount of heat required, Q = Amount of heat released, Q

mcθ = mcθ
0.2 x 4200 x ( 70- θ) = 0.6 x 4200 x (θ - 30)
0
θ = 40C

SECTION C: Structured questions

10
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

0
1.AIn figure below, block A of mass 5kg at temperature 100C is in contact with another block B
0
of mass 2.25kg at temperature 20C.

5kg
2.25kg

B
0 0
100C 20C

ssume that there is no energy loss to the surroundings.

(a) Find the final temperature of A and B if they are in thermal equilibrium. Given the
specific heat capacity of and B are 900 Jkg C-1 and
-1 -1 -1
400 Jkg C respectively.
Amount of heat required, Q = Amount of heat released, Q
mcθ = mcθ
5.0x 900 x ( 100- θ) = 2.25 x 400 x (θ - 20
0
θ = 86.67)C

(b) Find the energy given by during the process.

Energy given = mcθ
= 5 x 900 x (100 – 86.67
= 60 000J

(c) Suggest one method to reduce the energy loss to the surroundings.
Put them in a sealed polystyrene box.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..

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 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

4.3 UNDERSTANDING SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT

By the of this subtopic, you will be able to
 State that transfer of heat during a change of phase does not cause a change in temperature
 Define specific latent heat
 State that l = Q/m
 Determine the specific latent heat of fusion and specific latent heat of vaporisation
 Solve problem involving specific latent heat.

1.AFour main changes of phase.

Gas

Boiling
Latent heat absorbed Condensation
Latent heat released

Solidification
Solid Latent heat released Liquid

2.AThe heat absorbed or the heat released at constant temperature during a change of
phase is known as latent heat. Q= ml

3.AComplete the diagrams below and summarized.

(a) Melting

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 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

………………………………………
Temperature
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
……………………………………….
Time
(b Boiling
………………………………………
Temperature
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
……………………………………….
Time

(c Solidification
Temperature ………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
Time ……………………………………….

(d Condensation
………………………………………
Temperature
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
13
……………………………………….
Time
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

Latent heat of fusion

4.A…………………………………is the heat absorbed by a melting solid. The specific latent
heat of fusion is the quantity of the heat needed to change 1kg of solid to a liquid at its
temperature
melting point without any increase in ……………………….. The S.I unit of the specific
latent heat of fusion is Jkg.-1

Latent heat absorbed

( melting

ice water

heat lost
( freezing

Latent heat of vaporisation

5.A…………………………………... is heat of vaporisation is heat absorbed during boiling.
The specific latent heat of vaporisation is the quantity of heat needed to change 1kg of liquid
temperature
into gas or vapour of its boiling point without any change in …………………….. The S.I
unit is Jkg.-1

Latent heat absorbed

( boiling

gas
water

heat lost
14
( condensation
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

6.AExplain the application of Specific Latent Heat above:

:
(d Cooling of beverage
When ice melts, its large latent heat is absorbed from surroundings. This property
……………………………………………………………………………………………
makes ice a suitable substance for use as a coolant to maintain other substance at a
…
low temperature. Beverage can be cooled by adding in several cubes of ice. When the
……………………………………………………………………………………………
ice melts a large amount of heat (latent heat) is absorbed and this lowers the
…
temperature of the drink.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…
(e Preservation of Food
The freshness of foodstuff such as fish and meat can be maintain by placing
……………………………………………………………………………………………
them in contact with ice. With its large latent heat, ice is able to absorb a large
…
quantity of heat from the foodstuff as its melts. Thus food can be kept at a low
……………………………………………………………………………………………
temperature for an extended period of time.
…
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…

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 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

……………………………………………………………………………………………
…
(f Steaming Food
Food is cooked faster if steamed. When food is steamed, the condensed water
……………………………………………………………………………………………
vapour releases a quantity of latent heat and heat capacity. This heat flows to the
…
food. This is more efficient than boiling the food.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…
(g Killing of Germs and Bacteria
Steam that releases a large quantity of heat is used in the autoclave to kill germs
……………………………………………………………………………………………
and bacteria on surgery equipment in hospitals.
…
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…

EXERCISE 4.3
Section A:
1.AThe graph in figure below shows how section of the graph would the wax be a
the temperature of some wax changes as mixture of solid and liquid?
it cools from liquid to solid. Which

16
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

.More heat energy can be supplied to

the pressure cooker
B.Heat loss from the pressure cooker
can be reduced.
.PQ C. Boiling point of water in the
B. QR pressure cooker is raised
C.RS D.Food absorbs more heat energy from
D.ST the high pressure steam

2.AFigure show a joulemeter used for

measuring the electrical energy to melt 4.AWhich of the following is not a
some ice in an experiment. To find the characteristics of water that makes it
specific latent heat of fusion of ice, what widely used as a cooling agent?
must be measured? .Water is readily available
B.Water does not react with many other
substance
C.Water has a large specific heat
capacity
. Water has a large density

.The time taken for the ice to melt

B.The voltage of the electricity supply
C. The mass of water produced by
melting ice
D.The temperature change of the ice.
5.AFigure below shows the experiment set
up to determine the specific latent heat
of fusion of ice. A control of the
3.AIt is possible to cook food much faster experiment is set up as shown in Figure
with a pressure cooker as shown above. (a) with the aim of
Why is it easier to cook food using a
pressure cooker?

17
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

6.AScalding of the skin by boiling water is

less serious then by steam. This is
because…
.the boiling point of water is less than
the temperature of steam
B.the heat of boiling water is quickly
.determining the rate of melting of ice lost to the surroundings
B.ensuring that the ice does not melt C. steam has a high specific latent
too fast. heat.
C.determining the average value of the D.Steam has a high specific heat
specific latent heat of fusion of ice. capacity.
. determining the mass of ice that
melts as a result of heat from the
surroundings

SECTION B: Answer the question by showing the calculation

0
2.A300g of ice at 0C melts. How much energy is required for this
Q = ml
= 0.3 x 330 000 kJ kg)-1
= 99 000kJ
Question 2-7 are based on the following information
 Specific heat capacity of water = 4 200 J kg-1C -1

 Specific heat capacity of ice = 2 100 J kg-1C -1

 Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.34 X 10J5 kg -1

 Specific latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.26 X 106J kg -1
3. n immersion heater rated at 500 W is fitted into a large block of ice at 0C.0 How long does
it take to melt 1.5kg of ice?
Q = ml
Pt = 1.5 x 3.34 x 10)5
500 x t = 501 000
t = 1002s
4.A300 g of water at 40C 0is mixed with x g of water at 80C. The0 final temperature of the
0
mixture is 70C. Find the value of x

18
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

0 0
5.ACalculate the amount of heat released when 2 kg of ice at 0C is changed into water at 0C.

0 0
6.ACalculate the amount of heat needed to convert 3 kg of ice at 0C to water at 30C.

0
7.AFind the amount of heat needed to convert 0.5 kg of ice at —15C into steam at 100C0

0 0
8.ACalculate the amount of heat needed to convert 100 g of ice at 0C into steam at 100C.

9.AThe specific latent heat of vaporization of water is 2300 kJ kg-’. How much heat will be
absorbed when 3.2 kg of water is boiled off at its boiling point.

4.4 UNDERSTANDING THE GAS LAW

By the end of this subtopic; you will be able to :

 Explain gas pressure, temperature and volume in terms of the behavior of gas molecules.

19
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

 Determine the relationship between

(i) pressure and volume
(ii) volume and temperature
(iii) pressure and temperature
 Explain absolute zero and the absolute/Kelvin scale of temperature
 Solve problems involving pressure, temperature and volume of a fixed mass of gas

1.AComplete the table below.

Property of gas Explanation

Volume,V  The molecules move freely in random motion and fill up the
 m3 whole space in the container.
 The volume of the gas is equal to the volume of the container

Temperature,T  The molecules are in continuous random motion and have an

 K (Kelvin) average kinetic energy which is proportional to the
temperature.

Pressure,P  The molecules are in continuous random motion.

 Pa(Pascal)  When a molecules collides with the wall of the container and
bounces back, there is a change in momentum and a force is
exerted on the wall
 The force per unit area is the pressure of gas

2.AThe kinetic theory of gas is based on the following assumptions:

(a) The molecules in a gas move freely in random motion and posses kinetic energy
(b) The force of attraction between the molecules are negligible.
(c) The collisions of the molecules with each other and with the walls of the container are
elastic collisions

20
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

4.4.1 Boyle’s Law

Pα1
V
That is PV = constant Small volume
molecules hit wall
Or P)V) = P)V more often, greater
1 1 2 2
pressure

Relationship between pressure and volume

1.ABoyle’s law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is inversely
proportional to its volume when the temperature is kept constant.
2.ABoyle’s law can be shown graphically as in Figure above
P
P

0 V 0 1/V

(a) P(b)inversely
P directly
proportional
proportional
to V
to 1/V

3.AThe volume of an air bubble at the base of a sea of 50 m deep is 250cm.3 If the atmospheric
pressure is 10m of water, find the volume of the air bubble when it reaches the surface of the
sea.

P)= 10m
2
P)V)
1 1 = P)V
2 2
60m (250 x 10)m) 3= 10m x V
-6
2
P)=50m
I
+ 10m 1.5 x 10)-3 m)3 = V2
4.4.2 Charles’s Law
3
V)=250cm
1

VαT
that is V = constant
T Higher temperature,
Relationship between faster molecules,
21
volume and temperature larger volume to keep
the pressure constant

Lower temperature
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

1.ACharles’ law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the volume of the gas is directly proportional
to its absolute temperature when its pressure is kept constant.
0
2.AThe temperature -273C is the lowest possible temperature and is known as the absolute zero
of temperature.
3.AFill the table below.
0
Temperature Celsius scale ()C Kelvin Scale(K
bsolute zero -273 0
Ice point 0 273
Steam point 100 373
Unknown point ( θ + 273 )

4.AComplete the diagram below.

0
-273 100 θ/)C

4.4.3 Pressure’s Law

PαT
That is P = constant
Higher temperature
T
molecules move
faster, greater
22 pressure
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

Relationship between pressure

and temperature

1.AThe pressure law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature when its volume is kept constant.

EXERSICE 4.4Gas Law

1. mixture of air and petrol vapour is injected into the cylinder of a car engine when the
cylinder volume is 100 cm3. Its pressure is then 1.0 atm. The valve closes and the mixture is
compressed to 20 cm3. Find the pressure now.

2.AThe volume of an air bubble at the base of a sea of 50 in deep is 200 cm3. If the atmospheric
pressure is 10 in of water, find the volume of the air bubble when it reaches the surface of
the sea.

3.AThe volume of an air bubble is 5 mm3 when it is at a depth of h in below the water surface.
Given that its volume is 15 mm3 when it is at a depth of 2 in, find the value of h.
(Atmospheric pressure = 10 m of water)

23
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

4. n air bubble has a volume of V cm3 when it is released at a depth of 45m from the water
surface. Find its volume (V) when it reaches the water surface. (Atmospheric pressure = 10
m of water)

5. gas of volume 20m at3 37C is0 heated until its temperature becomes 870C at constant
pressure. What is the increase in volume?

6.AThe air pressure in a container at 33C0 is 1.4 X 1O N 5m2. The container is heated until the
0
temperature is 55C. What is the final air pressure if the volume of the container is fixed?

7.AThe volume of a gas is 1 cm at3 15C. 0The gas is heated at fixed pressure until the volume
becomes triple the initial volume. Calculate the final temperature of the gas.

24
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

8. n enclosed container contains a fixed mass of gas at 25C0 and at the atmospheric pressure.
The container is heated and temperature of the gas increases to 98C.0 Find the new pressure
5
of the gas if the volume of the container is constant.(Atmospheric pressure = 1.0 X 10N
rn)2

5
9.AThe pressure of a gas decreases from 1.2 x 10 Pa to 9 x 10 Pa5 at 40C. If
0
the volume of the
gas is constant, find the initial temperature of the gas.

PART A: CHAPTER 4

0
1. 5kg iron sphere of temperature 50C is D. iron sphere will have a
put in contact with a 1kg copper sphere temperature of 273K
of temperature 273K and they are put E.AThe copper sphere will have a
0
inside an insulated box. Which of the temperature of 50C.
following statements is correct when F.ABoth the sphere have the same
they reach thermal equilibrium? temperature.

25
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

G.The temperature of the iron B.The energy needed to increase

0
sphere will be lower than 50C the temperature of 1 kg of this
sample is 5000 J.
2.AIn the process to transfer heat from one C.The energy needed to increase
object to another object, which of the the temperature of 0.5kg of this
following processes does not involve a sample is 2500J.
transfer to material? D.The temperature of this sample
.Convection will increase 1C0 when 5 000 J
B.Vaporisation energy is absorbed by this
C.Radiation sample.
D.Evaporation
6.AWhich of the following statement is
3.AWhen we use a microwave oven to heat correct?
up some food in a lunch box, we should .The total mass of the object is
open the lid slightly. Which of the kept constant when fusion
following explanations is correct? occurs.
.To allow microwave to go inside B.The internal energy of the object
the lunch box is increased when condensation
B.To allow the water vapors to go occurs
out, otherwise the box will C.Energy is absorbed when
explode condensation occurs.
C.To allow microwave to reflect D.Energy is absorbed when
more times inside the lunch box vaporization occurs.
D.To allow microwave to penetrate
deeper into the lunch box.

7.AWater molecules change their states

4.AWater is generally used to put out fire. between the liquid and gaseous states
Which of the following explanation is .only when water vapour is
not correct? saturated
.Water has a high specific heat B.at all times because evaporation
capacity and condensation occur any time
B.Steam can cut off the supply of C.only when the vapour molecules
oxygen produce a pressure as the same as
C.Water is easily available the atmospheric pressure
D.Water can react with some D.only when the water is boiling
material
8.ABased on the kinetic theory of gas which
5.AGiven that the heat capacity of a certain one of the following does not explain the
0 -1
sample is 5000 JC. Which of the behaviour of gas molecules in a
following is correct? container?
.The mass of this sample is 1kg. .Gas molecules move randomly
B.Gas molecules collide elastically
with the walls of the container

26
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

C.Gas molecules move faster as 10.A plastic bag is filled with air. It is
temperature increases immersed in the boiling water as shown
D.GasA AmoleculesA Acollide in diagram below.
inelastically with each other

9. cylinder which contains gas is

compressed at constant temperature of
the gas increase because
.the average speed of gas Which of the following statements is
molecules increases false?
B.the number of gas molecules .The volume of the plastic bag
increases increases.
C.the average distance between the B.The pressure of air molecules
gas molecules increases increases
D.the rate of collision between the C.The air molecules in the bag
gas molecules and the walls move faster
increases D.The repulsive force of boiling
water slows down the movement
of air molecule

PART B;
1. research student wishes to carry out an investigation on the temperature change of the
substance in the temperature range -50C to0 50C. The
0
instrument used to measure the
temperature is a liquid in glass thermometer.

27
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

Thermometer A B C D
Liquid Mercury Mercury lcohol lcohol
0
Freezing point of liquid (C) -39 -39 -112 -112
0
Boiling point of liquid (C) 360 360 360 360
Diameter of capillary tube Large Small Large Small
Cross section

Table 1
(a) (i) State the principle used in a liquid- in –glass thermometer.(1m)
Principle of thermal equilibrium

........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Briefly explain the principle stated in (a)(i) (3m)
A system is in a state of thermal equilibrium if the net rate of heat flow between
………………………………………………………………………………………….
the component of the system is zero. This means that the component of the system
………………………………………………………………………………………….
are at the same temperature
………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Table 1 shows the characteristic of 4 types of thermometer: A,B C and D. On the basis
of the information given in Table 1, explain the characteristics of, and suggest a suitable
thermometer for the experiment.(5 m)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Alkohol – freezing point is less than -50C, boiling point higher than 50C.Thus the
……………………………………………………………………………………………
alcohol will not boil.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Capillary tube has small diameter will produce a large change in the length thus
……………………………………………………………………………………………
making the change clearly visible.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Small diameter increases sensitivity of the thermometer

28
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………..
(c) The length of the mercury column in uncalibrated thermometer is 6.0cm and 18.5 cm at
00C and 100C.
0
respectively. When the thermometer is placed in a liquid, the length of
the mercury column is 14.0cm
(i) Calculate the temperature of the liquid
The temperature of the liquid = 8.0 x 100
12.5
0
= 64 )C
(ii) State two thermometric properties which can be used to calibrate a thermometer. (6m)
 Change of volume of gas with temperature
………………………………………………………………………………………………
 Change of electrical resistance with temperature
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

2.A A metal block P of mass 500 g is heated is boiling water at a temperature of 1000C. Block P
is then transferred into the water at a temperature of 300C in a polystyrene cup. The mass of
water in the polystyrene cup is 250 g. After 2 minutes, the water temperature rises to 420C.

Figure 2

ssuming that the heat absorbed by the polystyrene cup and heat loss to the
surroundings are negligible.{Specific heat capacity of water 4 200 j kg-1C) -1
Calculate
(a) the quantity of heat gained by water the polystyrene cup
Q = mcθ
= 0.250 x 4200 x (42-30
= 12 600J

29
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

(b) the rate of heat supplied to the water

Rate of heat supplied to the water = 12 600J
120s
= 105 Js-1

(c) the specific heat capacity of the metal block P

Heat supplied by metal block P = heat gained by water
0.500 x c x(100 -42) = 12 600J
c = 434 J kg)-1 C -1

3. student performs an experiment to investigate the energy change in a system. He prepares a

cardboard tube 50.0 cm long closed by a stopper at one end. Lead shot of mass 500 g is
placed in the tube and the other end of the tube is also closed by a stopper. The height of the
lead shot in the tube is 5.0 cm as shown in Figure 3.1. The student then holds both ends of
the tube and inverts it 100 times (Figure 3.2).

Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2

(a) State the energy change each time the tube is inverted.
Gravitational potential energy → kinetic energy → heat energy
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) What is the average distance taken by the lead shot each time the tube is inverted?
45.0 cm
(c) Calculate the time taken by the lead shot to fall from the top to the bottom of the tube.

30
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

S = ut + ½ at2
0.45 = 0 + ½ (10)t2
t = 0.3s

(d) fter inverting the tube 100 times, the temperature of the lead shot is found to have
increased by 30C.
i. Calculate the work done on the lead shot.
Work done = (100) mgh
= 100 x 0.500 x 10 x 0.45
= 225 J
ii. Calculate the specific heat capacity of lead.
mc θ = 225 J
c = 225
(0.500 x 3
= 150 Jkg)-1 C -1

iii. State the assumption used in your calculation in (d)ii.

……………………………………………………………………………………………...
No heat loss to the surroundings/All the gravitational potential energy is converted
………………………………………………………………………………………………
into heat energy
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

PART C: EXPERIMENT

1.ABefore travelling on a long journey, Luqman measured the air pressure the tyre of his car as
shown in Figure (a) He found that the air pressure of the tyre was 200 kPa. After the journey,
Luqman measured again the air pressure of the tyre as shown in Figure (b) He found that the
air pressure had increase to 245 kPa. Luqman also found that the tyre was hotter after the
journey although the size of the tyre did not change.
Using the information provided by Luqman and his observations on air pressure in the
tyre of his car:

31

Figure (a) Figure (b)

 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

(a) State one suitable inference that can be

made. [1 mark]
(b) State appropriate hypothesis for an
investigation. [1 mark]
(c) Design an experiment to investigate the Choose suitable apparatus
hypothesis stated in (b). such as pressure gauge, a
round-bottomed flask and any other apparatus that may he necessary. In your description,
state clearly the following:
i. Aim of the experiment,
ii. Variables in the experiment,
iii. List of apparatus and materials,
iv. Arrangement of the apparatus,
v. The procedure of the experiment including the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable,
vi. The way you would tabulate the data,
vii. The way you would analyse the data. [10 marks]

32
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

Inference At constant volume, the air pressure depends on the temperature

Hypothesis At constant volume, the air pressure increase as the temperature
increases
Aim To investigate the relationship between the air pressure and the
temperature at constant volume.
Variable Constant variable : Air temperature
Manipulate variable : Air pressure
Responding variable : Volume of air
Material and Apparatus Round-bottom flask, rubber tube, Bourdon gauge, beaker, stirrer,
thermometer, wire gauze, tripod stand and Bunsen burner.
Arrangement of
apparatus

Procedure  The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram above.

 The beaker is filled with ice-cold water until the flask is
completely immersed.
 The water is stirred and the initial temperature reading
taken. The pressure reading from the bourdon gauge is also
taken.
 The water is heated and constant stirred. When the water
temperature increases by 100C, the Bunsen burner is
removed and the stirring of water is continued. The
temperature and pressure readings of the trapped air are
recorded in the table

33
 Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat

 The above procedure is repeated until the water temperature

almost reaches boiling point.
Tabulation of Data

Analysis of Data

34