INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION &

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES.

(Computer Definitions & Basics)

Lecture # 01
By:
M.Nadeem Akhtar.
Lecturer.
Department of CS & IT.

URL:
https://sites.google.com/site/nadeemcsuoliict/home/lectures

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THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION
WHERE CAN YOU FIND COMPUTERS?
 THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION

What is computer literacy?

Computer literacy is the knowledge about computer,
If you are computer literate, you have knowledge and
understanding of computers and their uses.
 WHAT IS COMPUTER?
Definition 1:
Computer is an electronic device which takes
some input, process it, and produces output.
Definition 2:

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

Electronic machine operating under the control
of instructions stored in its own memory.
Accepts data
Manipulates data
Produces results
Stores results
These instructions tell the machine what to do.
Generally, the term is used to describe a
collection of devices that function together as a
system. 4
What Is a Computer?
An electronic machine,
operating under the
control of instructions
stored in its own memory
accepts data
manipulates the data
according to specified
rules
produces results
stores the results for
future use.
What are data and information?

Data
Collection of raw
unprocessed facts,

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

figures, and
symbols.

Information
Data that is
organized,
meaningful,
and useful 6
 WHO IS USER?
Someone that communicates with a computer.
Someone who uses the information it generates.
 DEVICES THAT COMPRISE A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Monitor
(output) Speaker
(output)
System unit
(processor, memory…)

Printer
(output)

Storage devices
(CD-RW,
Floppy, Hard
Mouse disk, zip,…)
(input)
Scanner Keyboard
(input) (input) 8
WHAT DOES A COMPUTER DO?

Computers can perform four

general operations, which comprise
the information process cycle.

1) Input
2) Process
3) Output
4) Storage
 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE.

Computer process data (input) into

information (output).
A Computer often holds data,

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

information, and instruction in storage
for future use.
“The series of input, process, output
and storage activities is the information
process cycle”.

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INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
(CONT.)
The sequence of events in processing
information, which includes:

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

1. Input—entering data into the
computer.
2. Processing—performing operations on
the data.
3. Output—presenting the results.

4. Storage—saving data, programs, or

output for future
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GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF
INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
1. INPUT
Input is any data or instructions entered to
the computer.
Input can be in the form of audio, video and

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

graphics instructions.
Instructions can be
Programs
Commands
User response

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
1. INPUT WITH INSTRUCTION CYCLE.
What are two DATA
types of inputs: Bradley Kinkade 42 hours $12.50 per hour

Data
A collection of raw
unprocessed facts,
figures, and
symbols.
Instructions
a) Programs
b) Commands
c) User
responses

14
hard
INSTRUCTIONS disk
 1. INPUT WITH INSTRUCTION
CYCLE.(CONT.)

a) Programs

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

Program tells a computer what to do and how to
do? These are written instructions in some
specific language. (languages will be describe
future) for example time card program installed
in hard disk for student attendance / presence as
shown in previous slide.

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1. INPUT WITH INSTRUCTION CYCLE.(CONT.)

b) Commands
Command causes a program to perform a
specific action.
Like Ctrl+P for taking Print of Time card

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

entries in previous slide example or Ctrl+ S
for saving a Ms.Word Document in computer.
c) User Response
A user response is an action which is or can be
done by answering any question from
computer.
like You want to save the entries in time card
program? User have two options Yes or No,
that is depend on the user what to response. 16
INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
2. PROCESS

Computer data processing is any process that

uses a computer program to enter data and

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

summarize it analyze it or otherwise convert
data into usable information.
The process may be automated and run on a
computer.

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
2. PROCESS
It involves recording, analyzing,
summarizing, calculating,

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

disseminating and storing data.
Data is most useful when well-
presented and actually informative,
Data-processing systems are often
referred to as information systems.
In computer processing is done by CPU
(Central Processing Unit)
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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
3. OUTPUT

Output is the data that has been

processed in to useful form.

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

The computer takes the input from user
process it and produced output.
Output also can be text, Audio, Video
or graphics .
Output can be in two forms
a) Soft Copy

b) Hard Copy

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
3. OUTPUT

a) Soft Copy.

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

When you are writing a document, playing
a game, watching a video clip, or reading
the latest news.
Soft copy is what you see on the monitor
(Screen).
Soft copy is temporary; after you have
finished with it, there is nothing solid to
hold.
However you can transfer soft copy to a
disk, to transport it 20
 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
3. OUTPUT

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

b) Hard Copy:
Hard copy can be touched and carried.
Hard copy is usually some form of paper output.
It is especially helpful if you need to have a
colleague look at your work or
you need to give your work to a supervisor or
teacher.

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
4. STORAGE

Storage refers to various techniques and

devices for storing large amounts of data.
Examples

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

Hard disks
Floppy Disks
Optical storage (CD, CD-R, CD-RW,
DVD or DVD-R )
Flash Memory/USB

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WHAT IS DATA?

Definition:
“Raw facts, figures, events and
transactions are called data”

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

Examples:
1. Researchers who conduct market
research survey might ask member
of the public to complete
questionnaires about a product or a
service. These completed
questionnaires are data.
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 WHAT IS DATA?
(CONT.)
2. NADRA prepared CNIC of Pakistanis by
collecting data of people who belongs to
Pakistan.

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

3. Some candidates want to take admission in
university they will fill admission forms.
Above all are unprocessed and
unprepared which is needed to process
and work more.

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WHY WE NEED DATA?

Facts, statistics used for reference or analysis.

Numbers, characters, symbols, images etc.,

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

which can be processed by a computer.

Data must be interpreted, by a human or

machine, to derive meaning

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WHAT IS INFORMATION?

Definition:
“Meaning full data is called information”

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

“Processed data is called information”.

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WHY WE NEED INFORMATION?
Knowledge derived from study, experience (by
the senses), or instruction.
"Information is any kind of knowledge that is

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

exchangeable amongst people, about things,
facts, concepts, etc.,
In some context, "Information is interpreted
data"

Data Process Information

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 WHY WE NEED INFORMATION?
(CONTI.)
Detail Example:
Some candidates want to take
admission

Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.

So they will fill an admission form
containing data about their selves.
When this data is organized and
arranged by eligibility criteria and
admission rules.
A merit list will be formulated.
This merit list is in the form of
information of certain students which 28
are eligible for admission.
 Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.
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WHY WE NEED INFORMATION?
(CONTI.)