3.
Diode Rectifiers
EE405 – Power Electronics
Spring 2019
1
Introduction to diode rectifier
• Converts AC signal into a unidirectional signal
• Uncontrolled DC-AC converter
• Two types:
▪ Single phase
➢Single Phase Half-wave Rectifier
➢Single Phase Full-wave Rectifier
▪ Three phase
• Ideal diodes considered
• Reverse Recovery Time and Forward Voltage drop negligible
2
Single Phase Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifiers
• Simplest rectifier design
• Contains only one diode
• During +ve HC, diode conducts, output produced across load
• During –ve HC, diode stops conducting, no output produced across the
output
• Not used in industrial applications
3
Is = Vm/R
D ->ON D ->OFF
4
Performance Parameters
• Output is not continuous and contains harmonics
• Harmonics in power systems result in increased heating in the
equipment and conductors, misfiring in variable speed drives, and
torque pulsations in motors.
• Performance of a rectifier is evaluated in terms of the following
parameters:
• Output DC power
• Output AC power
• Efficiency
• Form Factor
• Ripple Factor
5
Output DC Power (HWR) [VDC / Vavg]
• The average value of the output (load) voltage, 𝑉𝑑𝑐 (Area under the voltage
curve)
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 =
𝜋
1 𝜋 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 0.318𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑑𝑡
2𝜋 0
𝑉𝐿 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑇Τ2 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇
• The output dc power
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝐼𝑑𝑐
• The average value of the output (load) current, 𝐼𝑑𝑐
𝑉𝑑𝑐ൗ
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 𝑅
6
Output AC Power (HWR)
• The RMS value of the output voltage, 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
1 𝑇 2 For Sinusoidal Input:
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑣 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0 𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇ൗ2
1 𝑇/2 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 0.5𝑉𝑚
𝑇 0
2
• The output ac power
𝑃𝑎𝑐 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
• The RMS value of the output current, 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = =
𝑅 2𝑅
7
Efficiency (HWR)
• Rectification ratio
• Defines as the ratio of dc power available a the load to the input ac power
• Figure of merit for comparing the effectiveness of rectification
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝝶% = × 100%
𝑃𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑑𝑐
𝝶=
𝑃𝑎𝑐
• For HWR: 40.5%
8
AC Component of Output Voltage
• Output voltage composed of two components:
• The DC value
• The AC component or ripples
• Effective (rms) Value of AC component of output voltage is:
𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 − 𝑉𝑑𝑐 2
9
Form Factor (FF) of HWR
• It is the measure of the shape of the output voltage
• Defined as the ratio of the rms load voltage and the average load voltage
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐹𝐹 =
𝑉𝑑𝑐
• FF ≥ 1, as rms voltage is always greater or equal than average voltage
• For HWR:
• For a square wave FF =1
0.5𝑉𝑚
𝐹𝐹 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 1.57𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚
0.318𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝑉𝑚
𝐹𝐹 = 1.57 𝐹𝐹 = 1
10
Ripple Factor (RF) of HWR
• Output contains both ac and dc components
• Measures the percentage of ac component in the rectified output
• The measure of the ripple content
• Ideal value should be zero. AC component should be zero
𝑉𝑎𝑐
𝑅𝐹 = 𝑅𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹 2 − 1
𝑉𝑑𝑐
2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅𝐹 = 1.572 − 1
𝑅𝐹 = −1 𝑅𝐹 = 1.21 or 121%
𝑉𝑑𝑐
• 121% of ac component in the output of a HWR
11
Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)
• TUF measures the merit of a rectifier circuit
• Defined as the ratio of the dc output power to the transformer volt-ampere
(VA) rating required by the secondary winding
• Indicates how effectively the transformer capacity is used in delivering dc
power to load for a given ac power
𝑑𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑇𝑈𝐹 =
𝑎𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟
Where 𝑉𝑠 and 𝐼𝑠 are the voltage and
current ratings of the secondary
transformer
12
TUF for HWR
• For HWR, the TUF:
The value of the transformer
secondary current Is is the same as
that of the load current IL.
• Power rating: 1/TUF
• Poor TUF signifies the transformer used should have a 3.496VA rating
(1/0.286) in order to deliver 1W dc output power to the load
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 0.286𝑃sec 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
13
An ideal HWR should have: The practical HWR has:
• 𝝶 = 100% • 𝝶 = 40.5%
• 𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 0 • 𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 0.38𝑉𝑚
• 𝑅𝐹 = 0 • 𝑅𝐹 = 121%
• 𝑇𝑈𝐹 = 1 • 𝑇𝑈𝐹 = 0.286
▪ The performance of a Half Wave Rectifier is poor.
▪ The output voltage is discontinuous and contains harmonics at multiples
of the supply frequency.
14
