INTEGRATION

Area and Estimating Finite Sums

UPPER SUM
The below is an example of computing an upper sum for an area under the curve.

LOWER SUM
What is a lower sum?

Midpoint Rule
What is the midpoint rule?

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Average Value of a Nonegative Continous Function
The average value of a function on [a, b] is the area beneath its graph divided by b − a.

Example
Consider the function y = 2x + 4 between [0, 4]. What is the average value of this function in this interval?

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 Sigma Notation and Finite Sums

Denition
Sigma notation enables us to write a long sum in a short compact form.
n
X
= a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an−1 + an
k=1

Sum Rule
n
X n
X n
X
(ak + bk ) = ak + bk
k=1 k=1 k=1

Dierence Rule
n
X n
X n
X
(ak − bk ) = ak − bk
k=1 k=1 k=1

Constant Multiple Rule

n
X n
X
cak = c · ak
k=1 k=1

Constant Value Rule

n
X
c=n·c
k=1

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CHANGING LIMITS
You can change the limits of summation
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X 4
X 7
X
2i = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 = (2j + 2) = (2k − 4)
i=1 j=0 k=3

Theorem
Some summation formulas are
• (a)
Pn n(n+1)
k=1 k = 1 + 2 + ··· + n = 2

• (b)
Pn 2 2 2 2 n(n+1)(2n+1)
k=1 k = 1 + 2 + · · · + n = 6
h i2
• (c)
Pn 3 3 3 3 n(n+1)
k=1 k = 1 + 2 + · · · + n = 2

Example
Express + k)2 in closed form.
Pn
k=1 (3

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Riemann Sums
Consider an arbitrary function bounded in the interval [a, b]. We partition the interval into n subintervals with n − 1
points between a and b.

a < x1 < x2 < · · · < xn−1 < b (1)

We call the partition of [a, b] the set P = {x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn−1 , xn } where a = x0 and xn = b.

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Example
Find a formula for the Riemann sum obtained by dividing the interval [0, 1] into n subintervals for the function below.
Then take the limit as n → ∞.

f (x) = 1 − x2

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 The Denite Integral

Denition
A function f is said to be integrable on a nite closed interval [a, b] if the limit
n
X
lim f (x∗k ) ∆xk
max ∆xk →0
k=1

exists and does not depend on the choice of the partitions. In this case we denote the limit with an integral symbol as
follows:
Z b n
X
f (x)dx = lim f (x∗k ) ∆xk
a max ∆xk →0
k=1

Theorem: Integrability of Continous Functions

If a function f is continuous over the interval [a, b], or if f , has at most nitely many jump discontinuities there, then
the denite integral ab f (x)dx exists and f is integrable over [a, b].
R

Theorem
If a function f is continous on an interval [a, b], then f is integrable on [a, b], and the net signed area A between the
graph of f and the interval [a, b] is
Z b
A= f (x)dx
a

Denition
If y = f (x) is nonnegative and integrable over a closed interval [a, b], then the area under the curve y = f (x) over [a, b]
is the integral of f from a to b
Z b
A= f (x)dx
a

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Example
Sketch the region whose area is represented by the denite integral, and evaluate the integral using an appropriate
formula from geometry.
Z 2
(x + 2)dx
−1

Denite Integral Rules

Z a Z b
f (x)dx = − f (x)dx (2)
b a

Z a
f (x)dx = 0 (3)
a

Z b Z b
kf (x)dx = k f (x)dx (4)
a a

Z b Z b Z b
(f (x) ± g(x))dx = f (x)dx ± g(x)dx (5)
a a a

Z b Z c Z c
f (x)dx + f (x)dx = f (x)dx (6)
a b a

Z b
min f · (b − a) ≤ f (x)dx ≤ max f · (b − a) (7)
a

Z b Z b
f (x) ≥ g(x) on [a, b] ⇒ f (x)dx ≥ g(x)dx (8)
a a

Z b
f (x) ≥ 0 on [a, b] ⇒ f (x)dx ≥ 0 (9)
a

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Example √
Suppose that 2. Find
R0
−3
g(t)dt =

• (a)
R −3
0
g(t)dt
• (b)
R0
−3
g(u)du
• (c)
R0
−3
[−g(x)]dx
• (d)
R0 g(r)
√ dr
−3 2

Denition
If f is integrable on [a, b] then its average value on [a, b], also called its mean, is
Z b
1
av(f ) = f (x)dx
b−a a

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 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
The Mean Value Theorem for Denite Integrals
If f is continuous on [a, b], then at some point c in [a, b],
Z b
1
f (c) = f (x)dx
b−a a

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,R xPart 1

If f is continuous on [a, b], then F (x) = a
f (t)dt is continuous on [a, b] and dierentiable on (a, b) and its derivative is
f (x) :
Z x
d
0
F (x) = f (t)dt = f (x) (10)
dx a

Example
Use the Fundamental Theorem to nd the derivative dy/dx:
Rx

• y= a
t3 + 1 dt
R x2
• y= 1
cos tdt

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The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2
If f is continuous at every point in [a, b] and F is any antiderivative of f on [a, b], then,
Z b
f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a) (11)
a

The Relationship Between Integration and Dierentiation

Z x
d
f (t)dt = f (x)
dx a
Z x (12)
F 0 (t)dt = F (x) − F (a)
a

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Example
Find the total area between the region and the x*-axis for the function below

y = x3 − 3x2 + 2x, 0≤x≤2

Example
Find the total area between the region and the x*-axis for the function below
Z π
1
(cos x + | cos x|)dx
0 2

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