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Introduction To Ground Modification PDF

The document provides an introduction to a course on principles and techniques of ground improvement, outlining the learning outcomes, relevant resources, teaching methods, and weekly schedule. The course will cover various ground improvement techniques including compaction, consolidation, chemical and physical stabilization, reinforcement, foundations on problematic soils, and emerging technologies. Assessment will include assignments, quizzes, a midterm exam, and a final exam.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
318 views18 pages

Introduction To Ground Modification PDF

The document provides an introduction to a course on principles and techniques of ground improvement, outlining the learning outcomes, relevant resources, teaching methods, and weekly schedule. The course will cover various ground improvement techniques including compaction, consolidation, chemical and physical stabilization, reinforcement, foundations on problematic soils, and emerging technologies. Assessment will include assignments, quizzes, a midterm exam, and a final exam.

Uploaded by

Ali naveed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

26‐Jan‐20

CV5014
Principles and Techniques
of Ground Improvement

Introduction to Ground Modification

DR. MUBASHIR AZIZ


Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES) Lahore Pakistan

Course Learning Outcomes

• Recognize various Ground Improvement Techniques
used in civil engineering applications.

• Recommend a suitable ground improvement method 
for a range of problematic soils.

• Design the foundations on difficult soils.

• Comprehend the design of reinforced earth.

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26‐Jan‐20

Relevant Resources:
No textbooks are required as the topics covered in this course can be 
found in many books on ground improvement techniques.

• Principles and Practice of Ground Improvement, Han, J. (2015), Wiley.
• Soil Improvement and Ground Modification Methods, Nicholson, P. G. 
(2015), Elsevier.
• Ground Improvement by Kirsch, K. and Bell, A. (2013), CRC Press
• Ground Improvement: Case Histories by Indraratna, B. and Chu, J. 
(2005), Elsevier.
• Ground Control & Improvement by Xanthakos, Abramson, and Bruce 
(1994), John Wiley.
• Engineering Principles of Ground Modification by Hausmann, M.P. 
(1990), McGraw Hill.

Additional materials will be provided during the lectures.

Teaching & Learning Methods:

• Lectures/classroom discussions and self‐learning 
through relevant resources. 

• Course material will be uploaded and available to 
students at: https://bit.ly/2vaoEqR

• Case Studies available at ISSMGE: 
https://www.geocasehistoriesjournal.org/pub

• Guest speaker from the industry. 

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26‐Jan‐20

Weekly Schedule:
Week  Topics to be covered 
Introduction to Ground Modification: Unsuitable ground conditions and objectives of soil 
stabilization, General principles of soil improvement. 
1‐2 
Densification and Compaction: Shallow and deep compaction, Dynamic compaction, 
Compaction quality control and assessment. 
Consolidation: Precompression, Sand drains, Prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs), Stone 
3‐4 
columns, Vacuum preloading, Electro‐osmosis. 
Physical and Chemical Stabilization: Chemical admixtures, Grouting, Thermal treatment, 
5‐6 
Ground freezing, Electro‐cementation. 
7  Midterm Exam 
8‐9  Reinforcement by Inclusions: Reinforced earth, Ground anchors, nails and micro‐piles. 
10  Guest Lecture by Engr. Sohail Kibria (NESPAK): Use of vibroflotation at Chashma Plant. 
Foundations on Problematic Grounds: Design principles for foundations on collapsible soils, 
11‐12 
expansive soils and sanitary landfills.  
Construction Dewatering and Groundwater Control: Construction problems related to 
13‐14 
groundwater table, Dewatering methods for various ground conditions, Common problems. 
Emerging Technologies, Trends, and Materials: Lightweight fill materials, utilization of wastes, 
15‐16 
bioremediation. 

Course Assessment Policy:

Assessment Tools: Nos. Weightage (%)

Assignments / Reports 2 15

Quizzes 2 15

Midterm Exam 1 20

Final Exam 1 50

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INTRODUCTION
Ground Modification

Problematic Geomaterials and 
Potential Problems (Han, 2015)
Natural

Fill

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26‐Jan‐20

The Need for Ground Improvement

As more and more land becomes subject to 
urban or industrial development, 

Good Construction Sites & Borrow Areas 

are difficult to find and the soil improvement 
alternatives becomes the best option, 
technically and economically.

Alternatives for Difficult Ground Conditions

Abandon the site 

Bypass the poor soil

Remove and replace the unsuitable soils 

Designing the structure to accommodate 
the poor/marginal soils 

Modify (improve) the existing soils

10

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26‐Jan‐20

Current Trends
• Availability of a wide‐variety of modern ground 
improvement and geoconstruction technologies
is making the Ground Modification an 
economically preferred solution in many cases. 

• In essence, the modern builders have the option 
to fix the poor ground conditions and to make 
them suitable for the project’s needs.

11

Ground Treatment, Ground Improvement 
or Ground Modification?

Process of altering the ground is Ground Treatment

Purpose of the process is Ground Improvement 

Result of the process is Ground Modification

12

6
26‐Jan‐20

Typical Objectives of Ground Modification
Increase shear 
strength and 
bearing resistance
Increase  Improve volume 
resistance to  stability 
liquefaction (shrink/swell)

Decrease 
Provide lateral 
permeability / 
stability
improve drainage

Increase stiffness 
Accelerate 
(control 
consolidation
deformations) 
13

Ground Modification means … 

Geotechnical 
Modification of the relevant 
Engineer's  engineering properties 
Point of View

Contractor’s  Reduction in construction 
Point of View  time and/or costs

Both points of view are valid reasons to consider the 
use of ground modification techniques.
14

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26‐Jan‐20

Categories of Ground Modification
(1) IMPROVEMENT 
Modification without the addition of any other material

(2) TREATMENT 
Modification including adding certain materials to the  
soil/ground
(3) REINFORCEMENT
Modification by providing reinforcement or “inclusions” 
into the soil/ground.
(4) REPLACEMENT
Remove and replace with a good quality soil
15

Ground Modification Phases
(1) Pre‐Construction
Most desirable and cost‐effective (e.g. densification, pre‐consolidation, 
drainage, dewatering and modification of hydraulic flows, planned 
underpinning, and various grouting techniques).

(2) Part‐of‐Construction
Done during the construction and could become permanent components 
of a project (e.g. compacted gravel columns, gradation control, shallow 
compaction, treatment with admixtures, ground freezing, geosynthetics, 
soil nails, tie‐backs and anchors for cuts, etc.).
(3) Post‐Construction
Can be very costly, but are used as last choice alternatives to rectify 
problems encountered after (or long after) the completion of a project or 
to stabilize natural features that have failed or become hazardous (e.g. 
settlement problems, failed or near‐failure slopes, seepage Problems).
16

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26‐Jan‐20

Basic Stages of the Implementation of 
Ground Treatment Burland et al. (1976)

Define the required ground behavior 
for a particular use of the ground.

Identify any deficiencies in the 
ground behavior.

Design and implement appropriate 
ground treatment to remedy any 
deficiencies.

17

Suitability, Feasibility, Desirability
(Choice of a method of ground improvement)

Type, depth and degree of improvement required

Type of soil, geological structure

Seepage conditions

Cost (the size of the project may be decisive)

Availability of equipment/materials and quantity of work
18

9
26‐Jan‐20

Continued …
Construction time available

Possible damage to adjacent structures or 
pollution of ground water resources

Durability of the materials involved

Toxicity or corrosivity of any chemical additives 
(government regulations may restrict the choice of additives)

19

Continued …
Reversibility or irreversibility of the process

Reusability of components

Reliability of methods of analysis and design

Feasibility of construction control and performance 
measurements

20

10
26‐Jan‐20

Most Liquefiable Soils Range

Soil improvement methods applicable to different ranges of soil sizes 
(Nicholson, 2015) 21

Types of Problems in Hand

A foundation
An embankment on soft ground
An unstable slope
An excavation
An earth‐retaining structure
A leaking dam or reservoir
A weak subgrade 

22

11
26‐Jan‐20

Geotechnical Problems and Possible Causes

1. Problem: 2. Problem:
Bearing Failure Large total and differential 
settlements
Theoretical Basis:
Theoretical Basis:
Applied pressure is higher 
than ultimate bearing  Hooke’s law and particle re‐
capacity of soil arrangement
Possible Causes: Possible Causes:
• High applied pressure • High applied pressure
• Inclined load • Large loading area
• Small loading area • Highly compressible soil
• Low‐strength soil • Non‐uniform soil
• Large creep deformation
23

Continued …

3. Problem: 4. Problem:
Hydrocompression Ground Heave
Theoretical Basis: Theoretical Basis:
High applied pressure is  Swelling pressure is higher 
higher than threshold  than applied pressure
collapse stress
Possible Causes:
Possible Causes:
• High applied pressure • Water
• Collapsible soil • Expansive soil
• Water • Frozen soil
• Low temperature

24

12
26‐Jan‐20

Continued …
5. Problem: 6. Problem:
Instability (sliding, overturning, and  Liquefaction
slope failure)
Theoretical Basis: Theoretical Basis:

Shear stress is higher than shear  Effective stress becomes zero 
strength; driving force is higher than  due to increase of excess pore 
resisting force; driving moment is  water pressure
higher than resisting moment
Possible Causes: Possible Causes:

• High earth structure • Earthquake
• Steep slope • Loose silt and sand
• High water pressure • High groundwater table
• Soft foundation soil
• High surcharge
• High loading rate
25

Continued …
7. Problem: 8. Problem:
Erosion Seepage
Theoretical Basis:
Theoretical Basis:
Shear stress induced by 
water is higher than  Darcy’s Law
maximum allowable shear 
strength of soil Possible Causes:
Possible Causes: • High water head
• Running water • Permeable soil
• High speed of water flow
• Highly erodible soil (silt 
and sand)
26

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26‐Jan‐20

Classification of Ground Modification 
Methods
Reference – Criterion – Categories 
Mitchell (1981) – Construction/function  
1. In situ deep compaction of cohesionless soils
2. Precompression
3. Injection and grouting
4. Admixtures
5. Thermal
6. Reinforcement

27

Continued …
Reference – Criterion – Categories 

Hausmann (1990) – Process 

1. Mechanical modification

2. Hydraulic modification

3. Physical and chemical modification

4. Modification by inclusions and confinement

28

14
26‐Jan‐20

Continued …

Reference – Criterion – Categories 


Ye et al. (1994) – Function 
1. Replacement
2. Deep densification
3. Drainage and consolidation
4. Reinforcement
5. Thermal treatment
6. Chemical stabilization

29

Continued …
Reference – Criterion – Categories 

ISSMGE TC17 (Chu et al., 2009) ‐ Soil type and inclusion

1. Ground improvement without admixtures in 
noncohesive soils or fill materials
2. Ground improvement without admixtures in 
cohesive soils
3. Ground improvement with admixtures or 
inclusions
4. Ground improvement with grouting type 
admixtures
5. Earth reinforcement
30

15
26‐Jan‐20

Continued …
Reference – Criterion – Categories 
Schaefer and Berg (2012) – Application 
1. Earthwork construction
2. Densification of cohesionless soils
3. Embankments over soft soils
4. Cutoff walls
5. Increased pavement performance
6. Sustainability
7. Soft ground drainage and consolidation
8. Construction of vertical support elements
9. Lateral earth support
10. Liquefaction mitigation
11. Void filling
31

Continued …

Reference – Criterion – Categories 


Han (2015) – Function 
1. Densification
2. Replacement
3. Drainage and consolidation
4. Chemical stabilization
5. Reinforcement
6. Thermal and biological treatment

32

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26‐Jan‐20

Options for Foundations (Han 2015)

33

Options for Earth Retaining Structures (Han 2015)

34

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26‐Jan‐20

SELECTION PROCEDURE

For a large and important project, use of a new technology, 
and/or improvement of a complicated geotechnical site, it is 
recommended to have a field trial on a representative area
on the site so that the design parameters can be verified or 
adjusted to achieve better performance.

The online interactive technology selection system developed 
by the Strategic Highway Research Program 
(www.trb.org/SHRP2) can be used to assist the selection of 
ground improvement methods. http://www.geotechtools.org/

35

Flowchart for selection of 
ground improvement method

36

18

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