Introduction To Ground Modification PDF
Introduction To Ground Modification PDF
CV5014
Principles and Techniques
of Ground Improvement
Course Learning Outcomes
• Recognize various Ground Improvement Techniques
used in civil engineering applications.
• Recommend a suitable ground improvement method
for a range of problematic soils.
• Design the foundations on difficult soils.
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Relevant Resources:
No textbooks are required as the topics covered in this course can be
found in many books on ground improvement techniques.
• Principles and Practice of Ground Improvement, Han, J. (2015), Wiley.
• Soil Improvement and Ground Modification Methods, Nicholson, P. G.
(2015), Elsevier.
• Ground Improvement by Kirsch, K. and Bell, A. (2013), CRC Press
• Ground Improvement: Case Histories by Indraratna, B. and Chu, J.
(2005), Elsevier.
• Ground Control & Improvement by Xanthakos, Abramson, and Bruce
(1994), John Wiley.
• Engineering Principles of Ground Modification by Hausmann, M.P.
(1990), McGraw Hill.
Additional materials will be provided during the lectures.
Teaching & Learning Methods:
• Lectures/classroom discussions and self‐learning
through relevant resources.
• Course material will be uploaded and available to
students at: https://bit.ly/2vaoEqR
• Case Studies available at ISSMGE:
https://www.geocasehistoriesjournal.org/pub
• Guest speaker from the industry.
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Weekly Schedule:
Week Topics to be covered
Introduction to Ground Modification: Unsuitable ground conditions and objectives of soil
stabilization, General principles of soil improvement.
1‐2
Densification and Compaction: Shallow and deep compaction, Dynamic compaction,
Compaction quality control and assessment.
Consolidation: Precompression, Sand drains, Prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs), Stone
3‐4
columns, Vacuum preloading, Electro‐osmosis.
Physical and Chemical Stabilization: Chemical admixtures, Grouting, Thermal treatment,
5‐6
Ground freezing, Electro‐cementation.
7 Midterm Exam
8‐9 Reinforcement by Inclusions: Reinforced earth, Ground anchors, nails and micro‐piles.
10 Guest Lecture by Engr. Sohail Kibria (NESPAK): Use of vibroflotation at Chashma Plant.
Foundations on Problematic Grounds: Design principles for foundations on collapsible soils,
11‐12
expansive soils and sanitary landfills.
Construction Dewatering and Groundwater Control: Construction problems related to
13‐14
groundwater table, Dewatering methods for various ground conditions, Common problems.
Emerging Technologies, Trends, and Materials: Lightweight fill materials, utilization of wastes,
15‐16
bioremediation.
Course Assessment Policy:
Assignments / Reports 2 15
Quizzes 2 15
Midterm Exam 1 20
Final Exam 1 50
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INTRODUCTION
Ground Modification
Problematic Geomaterials and
Potential Problems (Han, 2015)
Natural
Fill
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The Need for Ground Improvement
As more and more land becomes subject to
urban or industrial development,
Good Construction Sites & Borrow Areas
are difficult to find and the soil improvement
alternatives becomes the best option,
technically and economically.
Alternatives for Difficult Ground Conditions
Abandon the site
Bypass the poor soil
Remove and replace the unsuitable soils
Designing the structure to accommodate
the poor/marginal soils
Modify (improve) the existing soils
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Current Trends
• Availability of a wide‐variety of modern ground
improvement and geoconstruction technologies
is making the Ground Modification an
economically preferred solution in many cases.
• In essence, the modern builders have the option
to fix the poor ground conditions and to make
them suitable for the project’s needs.
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Ground Treatment, Ground Improvement
or Ground Modification?
Process of altering the ground is Ground Treatment
Purpose of the process is Ground Improvement
Result of the process is Ground Modification
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Typical Objectives of Ground Modification
Increase shear
strength and
bearing resistance
Increase Improve volume
resistance to stability
liquefaction (shrink/swell)
Decrease
Provide lateral
permeability /
stability
improve drainage
Increase stiffness
Accelerate
(control
consolidation
deformations)
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Ground Modification means …
Geotechnical
Modification of the relevant
Engineer's engineering properties
Point of View
Contractor’s Reduction in construction
Point of View time and/or costs
Both points of view are valid reasons to consider the
use of ground modification techniques.
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Categories of Ground Modification
(1) IMPROVEMENT
Modification without the addition of any other material
(2) TREATMENT
Modification including adding certain materials to the
soil/ground
(3) REINFORCEMENT
Modification by providing reinforcement or “inclusions”
into the soil/ground.
(4) REPLACEMENT
Remove and replace with a good quality soil
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Ground Modification Phases
(1) Pre‐Construction
Most desirable and cost‐effective (e.g. densification, pre‐consolidation,
drainage, dewatering and modification of hydraulic flows, planned
underpinning, and various grouting techniques).
(2) Part‐of‐Construction
Done during the construction and could become permanent components
of a project (e.g. compacted gravel columns, gradation control, shallow
compaction, treatment with admixtures, ground freezing, geosynthetics,
soil nails, tie‐backs and anchors for cuts, etc.).
(3) Post‐Construction
Can be very costly, but are used as last choice alternatives to rectify
problems encountered after (or long after) the completion of a project or
to stabilize natural features that have failed or become hazardous (e.g.
settlement problems, failed or near‐failure slopes, seepage Problems).
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Basic Stages of the Implementation of
Ground Treatment Burland et al. (1976)
Define the required ground behavior
for a particular use of the ground.
Identify any deficiencies in the
ground behavior.
Design and implement appropriate
ground treatment to remedy any
deficiencies.
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Suitability, Feasibility, Desirability
(Choice of a method of ground improvement)
Type, depth and degree of improvement required
Type of soil, geological structure
Seepage conditions
Cost (the size of the project may be decisive)
Availability of equipment/materials and quantity of work
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Continued …
Construction time available
Possible damage to adjacent structures or
pollution of ground water resources
Durability of the materials involved
Toxicity or corrosivity of any chemical additives
(government regulations may restrict the choice of additives)
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Continued …
Reversibility or irreversibility of the process
Reusability of components
Reliability of methods of analysis and design
Feasibility of construction control and performance
measurements
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Most Liquefiable Soils Range
Soil improvement methods applicable to different ranges of soil sizes
(Nicholson, 2015) 21
Types of Problems in Hand
A foundation
An embankment on soft ground
An unstable slope
An excavation
An earth‐retaining structure
A leaking dam or reservoir
A weak subgrade
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Geotechnical Problems and Possible Causes
1. Problem: 2. Problem:
Bearing Failure Large total and differential
settlements
Theoretical Basis:
Theoretical Basis:
Applied pressure is higher
than ultimate bearing Hooke’s law and particle re‐
capacity of soil arrangement
Possible Causes: Possible Causes:
• High applied pressure • High applied pressure
• Inclined load • Large loading area
• Small loading area • Highly compressible soil
• Low‐strength soil • Non‐uniform soil
• Large creep deformation
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Continued …
3. Problem: 4. Problem:
Hydrocompression Ground Heave
Theoretical Basis: Theoretical Basis:
High applied pressure is Swelling pressure is higher
higher than threshold than applied pressure
collapse stress
Possible Causes:
Possible Causes:
• High applied pressure • Water
• Collapsible soil • Expansive soil
• Water • Frozen soil
• Low temperature
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Continued …
5. Problem: 6. Problem:
Instability (sliding, overturning, and Liquefaction
slope failure)
Theoretical Basis: Theoretical Basis:
Shear stress is higher than shear Effective stress becomes zero
strength; driving force is higher than due to increase of excess pore
resisting force; driving moment is water pressure
higher than resisting moment
Possible Causes: Possible Causes:
• High earth structure • Earthquake
• Steep slope • Loose silt and sand
• High water pressure • High groundwater table
• Soft foundation soil
• High surcharge
• High loading rate
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Continued …
7. Problem: 8. Problem:
Erosion Seepage
Theoretical Basis:
Theoretical Basis:
Shear stress induced by
water is higher than Darcy’s Law
maximum allowable shear
strength of soil Possible Causes:
Possible Causes: • High water head
• Running water • Permeable soil
• High speed of water flow
• Highly erodible soil (silt
and sand)
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Classification of Ground Modification
Methods
Reference – Criterion – Categories
Mitchell (1981) – Construction/function
1. In situ deep compaction of cohesionless soils
2. Precompression
3. Injection and grouting
4. Admixtures
5. Thermal
6. Reinforcement
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Continued …
Reference – Criterion – Categories
Hausmann (1990) – Process
1. Mechanical modification
2. Hydraulic modification
3. Physical and chemical modification
4. Modification by inclusions and confinement
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Continued …
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Continued …
Reference – Criterion – Categories
ISSMGE TC17 (Chu et al., 2009) ‐ Soil type and inclusion
1. Ground improvement without admixtures in
noncohesive soils or fill materials
2. Ground improvement without admixtures in
cohesive soils
3. Ground improvement with admixtures or
inclusions
4. Ground improvement with grouting type
admixtures
5. Earth reinforcement
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Continued …
Reference – Criterion – Categories
Schaefer and Berg (2012) – Application
1. Earthwork construction
2. Densification of cohesionless soils
3. Embankments over soft soils
4. Cutoff walls
5. Increased pavement performance
6. Sustainability
7. Soft ground drainage and consolidation
8. Construction of vertical support elements
9. Lateral earth support
10. Liquefaction mitigation
11. Void filling
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Continued …
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Options for Foundations (Han 2015)
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Options for Earth Retaining Structures (Han 2015)
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SELECTION PROCEDURE
For a large and important project, use of a new technology,
and/or improvement of a complicated geotechnical site, it is
recommended to have a field trial on a representative area
on the site so that the design parameters can be verified or
adjusted to achieve better performance.
The online interactive technology selection system developed
by the Strategic Highway Research Program
(www.trb.org/SHRP2) can be used to assist the selection of
ground improvement methods. http://www.geotechtools.org/
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Flowchart for selection of
ground improvement method
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