2010 SECTION IX

test specimen that contains the start and stop of the weld with a suitable etchant (see QW-470) to give a clear defini-
shall be fracture tested in accordance with QW-182. A cut tion of the weld metal and heat affected zone. In order to
end of one of the remaining test specimens shall be macro- pass the test
examined in accordance with QW-184. (a) visual examination of the cross section of the weld
(b) Pipe-to-Shape metal and heat-affected zone shall show complete fusion
(1) The mockup for pipe-to-shape shall be cut trans- and freedom from cracks, except that linear indications at
versely to provide two quarter sections approximately the root not exceeding 1⁄32 in. (0.8 mm) shall be acceptable
opposite to each other. The test specimen that contains (b) the weld shall not have a concavity or convexity
the start and stop of the weld shall be fracture tested in greater than 1⁄16 in. (1.5 mm)
accordance with QW-182. A cut end of the other quarter (c) there shall be not more than 1⁄8 in. (3 mm) difference
section shall be macro-examined in accordance with in the lengths of the legs of the fillet
QW-184. When qualifying pipe-to-shape in the 5F posi-
tion, the fracture specimen shall be removed from the lower
90 deg section of the mockup. QW-190 OTHER TESTS AND EXAMINATIONS
QW-191 Volumetric NDE (10)
QW-182 Fracture Tests QW-191.1 Radiographic Examination
The stem of the 4 in. (100 mm) performance specimen QW-191.1.1 Method. The radiographic examination
center section in figure QW-462.4(b) or the stem of the in QW-142 for welders and in QW-143 for welding opera-
quarter section in figure QW-462.4(c), as applicable, shall tors shall meet the requirements of Article 2, Section V,
be loaded laterally in such a way that the root of the weld except as follows:
is in tension. The load shall be steadily increased until the (a) a written radiographic examination procedure is not
specimen fractures or bends flat upon itself. required. Demonstration of density and image quality
If the specimen fractures, the fractured surface shall requirements on production or technique radiographs shall
show no evidence of cracks or incomplete root fusion, and be considered satisfactory evidence of compliance with
the sum of the lengths of inclusions and porosity visible Article 2 of Section V
on the fractured surface shall not exceed 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) (b) final acceptance of radiographs shall be based on
in figure QW-462.4(b) or 10% of the quarter section in the ability to see the prescribed image and the specified
figure QW-462.4(c). hole of a hole-type image quality indicator (IQI) or the
designated wire of a wire-type IQI. The acceptance stan-
QW-183 Macro-Examination — Procedure dards of QW-191.1.2 shall be met.
Specimens
QW-191.1.2 Acceptance Criteria
One face of each cross section of the five test specimens QW-191.1.2.1 Terminology
in figure QW-462.4(a) or four test specimens in figure (a) Linear Indications. Cracks, incomplete fusion,
QW-462.4(d), as applicable shall be smoothed and etched inadequate penetration, and slag are represented on the
with a suitable etchant (see QW-470) to give a clear defini- radiograph as linear indications in which the length is more
tion to the weld metal and heat affected zone. The examina- than three times the width.
tion of the cross sections shall include only one side of (b) Rounded Indications. Porosity and inclusions such
the test specimen at the area where the plate or pipe is as slag or tungsten are represented on the radiograph as
divided into sections i.e., adjacent faces at the cut shall rounded indications with a length three times the width or
not be used. In order to pass the test less. These indications may be circular, elliptical, or irregu-
(a) visual examination of the cross sections of the weld lar in shape; may have tails; and may vary in density.
metal and heat-affected zone shall show complete fusion
and freedom from cracks QW-191.1.2.2 Qualification Test Welds. Welder
and welding operator performance tests by radiography of
(b) there shall be not more than 1⁄8 in. (3 mm) difference
welds in test assemblies shall be judged unacceptable when
in the length of the legs of the fillet
the radiograph exhibits any imperfections in excess of the
limits specified below
QW-184 Macro-Examination — Performance (a) Linear Indications
Specimens (1) any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion
The cut end of one of the end plate sections, approxi- or penetration
mately 1 in. (25 mm) long, in figure QW-462.4(b) or the (2) any elongated slag inclusion which has a length
cut end of one of the pipe quarter sections in figure greater than
QW-462.4(c), as applicable, shall be smoothed and etched (a) 1⁄8 in. (3 mm) for t up to 3⁄8 in. (10 mm), inclusive

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 2010 SECTION IX

(b) 1⁄3t for t over 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) to 21⁄4 in. (57 mm), (c) Alternatively, the ASN T Central Certification
inclusive Program (ACCP) or CP-1891 may be used to fulfill the
(c) 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) for t over 21⁄4 in. (57 mm) examination and demonstration requirements of SN T-TC-
(3 ) any group of slag inclusions in line that have an 1A and the employer’s written practice.
aggregate length greater than t in a length of 12t, except (d) Provisions for the training, experience, qualification,
when the distance between the successive imperfections and certification of N DE personnel shall be described in
exceeds 6L where L is the length of the longest imperfection the M anufacturer’s Quality Control System.
in the group QW-191.2.3 Acceptance Criteria for Qualification
(b) Rounded Indications Test Welds. Indications shall be sized using the applicable
(1) The maximum permissible dimension for rounded technique(s) provided in the written procedure for the
indications shall be 20% of t or 1⁄8 in. (3 mm), whichever examination method. Indications shall be evaluated for
is smaller. acceptance as follows:
(2) For welds in material less than 1⁄8 in. (3 mm) in (a) All indications characterized as cracks, lack of
thickness, the maximum number of acceptable rounded fusion, or incomplete penetration are unacceptable regard-
indications shall not exceed 12 in a 6 in. (150 mm) length less of length.
of weld. A proportionately fewer number of rounded indi- (b) Indications exceeding 1⁄8 in. (3 mm) in length are
cations shall be permitted in welds less than 6 in. (150 mm) considered relevant, and are unacceptable when their
in length. lengths exceed
(3 ) For welds in material 1⁄8 in. (3 mm) or greater in (1) 1⁄8 in. (3 mm) for t up to 3⁄8 in. (10 mm).
thickness, the charts in Appendix I represent the maximum (2) 1⁄3t for t from 3⁄8 in. to 21⁄4 in. (10 mm to 57 mm).
acceptable types of rounded indications illustrated in typi- (3 ) 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) for t over 21⁄4 in. (57 mm), where
cally clustered, assorted, and randomly dispersed configu- t is the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable
rations. R ounded indications less than 1⁄32 in. (0.8 mm) in reinforcement. For a butt weld joining two members having
maximum diameter shall not be considered in the radio- different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of these
graphic acceptance tests of welders and welding operators two thicknesses. If a full penetration weld includes a fillet
in these ranges of material thicknesses. weld, the thickness of the throat of the fillet shall be
QW-191.1.2.3 Production Welds. The acceptance included in t.
criteria for welders or welding operators who qualify on QW-191.2.4 Acceptance Criteria for Production
production welds by radiography as permitted in QW-304.1 Welds. The acceptance criteria for welders or welding
or QW-305.1 shall be per QW-191.1.2.2. operators who qualify on production welds by ultrasonic
examination as permitted in QW-304.1 or QW-305.1 shall
QW-191.2 U ltrasonic Examination
be per QW-191.2.3.
QW-191.2.1 Method
(a) The ultrasonic examination in QW-142 for welders QW-191.3 Record of Tests. The results of welder and
and in QW-143 for welding operators may be conducted welding operator performance tests evaluated by volumet-
on test welds in material 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) thick or greater. ric N DE shall be recorded in accordance with QW-301.4.
(b) U ltrasonic examinations shall be performed using a
written procedure verified by the manufacturer to be in QW-192 Stud-Weld Tests
compliance with paragraph T-150, Article 1, Section V QW-192.1 Procedure Qualification Specimens
and the requirements of Article 4, Section V for methods,
procedures, and qualifications. QW-192.1.1 Req uired Tests. Ten stud-weld tests
are required to qualify each procedure. The equipment used
(c) U ltrasonic examination personnel shall meet the
for stud welding shall be completely automatic except for
requirements of QW-191.2.2.
manual starting.
QW-191.2.2 Personnel Qualifications and E very other welding stud (five joints) shall be tested
Certifications either by hammering over until one-fourth of its length is
(a) The M anufacturer shall verify all personnel per- flat on the test piece, or by bending the stud to an angle
forming ultrasonic examinations for welder and welding of at least 15 deg and returning it to its original position
operator qualifications have been qualified and certified in using a test jig and an adapter location dimension that are
accordance with their employer’s written practice. in accordance with figure QW-466.4.
(b) The employer’s written practice for qualification and The remaining five welded stud joints shall be tested in
certification of examination personnel shall meet all appli- torque using a torque testing arrangement that is substan-
cable requirements of SN T-TC-1A1 for the examination tially in accordance with figure QW-466.5. Alternatively,
method and technique. where torquing is not feasible, tensile testing may be used,

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 2010 SECTION IX

APPENDIX I
ROUNDED INDICATION CHARTS
(See QW-191.2)

T y p ic a l Q u a n t it y a n d S iz e P e r m it t e d
in 6 in . (15 0 m m ) L e n g t h o f W e ld
1/ in . (3 m m ) t o 1/ in . (6 m m )
8 4
T h ic k n e s s

T y p ic a l Q u a n t it y a n d S iz e P e r m it t e d
in 6 in . (15 0 m m ) L e n g t h o f W e ld
O v e r 1/4 in . (6 m m ) t o 1/2 in . (13 m m )
T h ic k n e s s

T y p ic a l Q u a n t it y a n d S iz e P e r m it t e d
in 6 in . (15 0 m m ) L e n g t h o f W e ld
O v e r 1/2 in . (13 m m ) t o 1 in . (25 m m )
T h ic k n e s s

T y p ic a l Q u a n t it y a n d S iz e P e r m it t e d
in 6 in . (15 0 m m ) L e n g t h o f W e ld
O v e r 1 in . (25 m m ) T h ic k n e s s

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