SUPPLEMENT TO THE WELDING JOURNAL APRIL 2005

Sponsored by the American Welding Society and the Welding Research Council

Influence of Molybdenum on Ferritic High-

Strength SMAW All-Weld-Metal Properties
As molybdenum increased, hardness, yield, and tensile strengths increased

BY E. SURIAN, M. RAMINI DE RISSONE, AND L. DE VEDIA

ABSTRACT. The investigation described strength structural steels leading to a re- 2,5, 6). At higher strength levels, obtained
in this paper is part of a long-term study on quirement for adequate welding consum- through increased alloying, acicular fer-
the influence of alloying elements on the ables for such materials. This resulted in a rite tends to be replaced by other micro-
mechanical properties and microstructure significant advance in electrode formula- constituents such as ferrite with second
of high-strength SMAW electrode weld tion to obtain weld deposits with high val- phases. Thus maintaining a satisfactory
metal of the ANSI/AWS A5.5-96 ues of strength and toughness (Ref. 1). combination of strength and toughness re-
E10018/11018/12018M type. The objective Structural safety and a tolerance to dis- quires a precise chemical composition of
of this work was to study the influence of continuities in welded joints are obtained the weld metal.
Mo variations from nominal 0 to 0.90% for by imposing requirements on toughness. This investigation is part of a long-term
an all-weld metal alloyed with C 0.05%, Ni This is done by setting minimum Charpy study on the influence of alloying ele-
1.8%, and two values of Mn: 1 and 1.5% in V-notch levels at a specified temperature, ments on the mechanical properties and
both the as-welded and stress-relieved and minimum CTOD values at the lowest microstructure of high-strength weld
conditions in order to contribute to a com- design temperature (Ref. 2). The achieve- metal deposited with SMAW using an
prehensive picture on the influence of al- ment of adequate CTOD values becomes electrode of the ANSI/AWS A5.5-96
loying elements on high-strength weld de- increasingly difficult as the weld metal E10018/11018/12018M (Ref. 7) type. Pre-
posits. Tensile, impact, and CTOD testing tensile strength increases. One way to ob- vious studies on the influence of Mn (Ref.
were employed to assess the mechanical tain improved weld metal toughness is 8), C (Ref. 9), and Cr (Refs. 10 and 11) re-
properties. Full chemical and microstruc- through the control ofthe microstructure, vealed that optimum toughness was
tural analyses were conducted and com- which requires taking into account the achieved with a Mn content between 1.0
plemented with a hardness survey. It was weld metal chemistry, lt is generally ac- and 1.4%, very low C content (less than
found that as Mo increased, hardness, cepted that acicular ferrite is the optimum 0.05%), Ni 2.0%, and Mo 0.30%. With
yield, and tensile strengths increased. The microstructure for as-welded C-Mn weld higher C (up to 0.10%) and Mn (up to
same effect was achieved with an incre- metal (up to approximately 650 MPa of 1.70%), or by adding Cr (up to 0.75%), it
ment of Mn. As a general tendency, Mo tensile strength), leading to an adequate is still possible to have good toughness val-
was deleterious for toughness for 1 % Mn, combination of strength and fracture ues that satisfy ANSI/AWS A5.5-96 (Ref.
but a maximum of toughness was achieved toughness at low temperature (Refs. 3, 4). 7) requirements, which are 27 J minimum
at 0.25% Mo for 1.5% Mn. Postweld heat Acicular ferrite has a very fine grain size at -51°C (-60°F). This work studied the in-
treatment (PWHT) produced a drop in and a high concentration of dislocations fluence of Mo variations from nominal 0
tensile properties and a benefit on tough- that are responsible for its toughness and to 0.90% for an all-weld metal alloyed with
ness, especially for Mo contents up to ductility (Ref. 5). Several workers have re- C 0.05%, Ni 1.8%, and 1 and 1.5% Mn. In
0.5%. Some suggestions concerning the ported that a low transition temperature order to contribute to a comprehensive
electrode formulation to obtain an opti- can be obtained in a C-Mn weld deposit picture on the influence of alloying ele-
mum combination of tensile strength and provided the proportion of acicular ferrite ments on high-strength weld deposits,
toughness are presented. is maintained at a high level, and if the they were studied in the as-welded (AW)
amount of grain boundary ferrite with and stress-relieved (SR) conditions,.
Introduction aligned M-A-C is sufficiently low (Refs. 1,
Experimental Procedure
In recent years there has been an in-
crease in the use of medium- and high- Electrodes
KEY WORDS
E. SURIAN is with Research Secretary, Engineer- Eight low-hydrogen iron powder ex-
ing Faculty, with National University of Lamas de perimental electrodes were designed vary-
ZamoralDeytema, Regional Faculty San Nicolas. Acicular Ferrite
ing the amount of metallic molybdenum
National Technological University, Buenos Aires, Heat Treatment
powder in the coating, in such a way as to
Argentina. M. RAMINI DE RISSONE is with High-Strength Alloys
Deytema-Material Development and Technology obtain in the all-weld metal nominal 0,
Mechanical Properties
Center. Regional Faculty San Nicolas, National 0.25,0.50, and 0.90% Mo for two values of
SMAW
Technological University, Buenos Aires, Ar- Mn at 1 and 1.5%. Ni was maintained in
gentina. L. DE VEDIA is with Sabato Institute,
Toughness
1.8% and no Cr was added. The core wire
National University of San Marlin-CNEA, CIC. diameter was 4 mm and the coating factor
Buenos Aires, Argentina.

WELDING JOURNAL
 19.05

poiwr or
TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT
150

r r- ;ii I"\ 1
v T,
— Z.7mn
— IK

WELD DIRECTION

1.65 in all cases. To ensure identical start-

ing conditions, the electrodes were re-
dried for one hour at 350°C (662°F) before
being used.

All-Weld-Metal Test Coupons

With each of the eight electrodes, two Fig. 1 — A — Test plate showing coupon design and locations of test speci-
all-weld-metal test coupons were welded mens; B — location of impact test specimen and Charpy V-notch test loca-
according to ANSI/AWS A5.5-96 (Ref. 7) tion: C — location of all-weld-metal tension test specimen.
using a carbon steel base plate of % in. (19
mm) thickness — Fig. 1. Welding was per-
formed in the flat position, changing the
Table 1 -- Welding Parameters Used in ANSI/AWS A5.5- 96 All-Weld-Metal Coupons
welding direction after each bead and
using two beads per layer, except for the Number Number Interpass Intensity Tension Welding Heat
last layer where only one bead was de- of of temperature (A) (V) speed input
posited, but with the same heat input so as layers passes (mm/s) (kJ/mm)
to obtain a center bead for metallographic eq
study. No evidence of weld cracking was 7 15 103 170 24 1.9 2.2
found. Table 1 shows the welding parame-
ters used on all weld coupons.

Mechanical Testing Metallographic Study purpose, full-thickness, single-edge-

notched, three-point bend specimens
After conducting an X-ray examina- Examination of cross sections (etched were extracted from each weld, with the
tion, the following test specimens were ex- with Nital 2%) was carried out in the top notch in the through-thickness direction
tracted from each test coupon (Fig. 1): beads and the adjacent reheated zones as as indicated in Fig. 3. An initiating fatigue
minitrac (Ref. 12) specimen (total length described previously (Ref. 13). The per- crack, with initial crack depth-to-width
= 55 mm, gauge length = 25 mm, reduced centages of columnar and reheated zones ratio of a/w = 0.5, was used in all cases. In
section diameter = 5 mm, gauge length to were measured at 500x at the notch loca- order to promote plane strain conditions
diameter ratio = 5:1), to measure tensile tion for the Charpy test — Fig. 2. The av- at the crack tip, 25% side grooving of the
properties; a cross section to conduct a erage width of the columnar grain size specimens were adopted (Ref. 14). Testing
hardness survey and to perform a metallo- (the prior austenite grains) was measured was conducted at-10°C (14°F) according
graphic study; bend specimens for CTOD in the top bead ofthe samples at lOOx. To to ASTM 1820 (Ref. 15).
determination; and approximately 20 quantify the microstructural constituents
Charpy V-notch impact specimens in of the columnar zones in each weld. 10 Results and Discussion
order to assess the absorbed energy vs. test fields of 100 points were measured in the
temperature curve. All specimens were top bead at 500x by light microscopy. The Chemical Composition
tested in the as-welded condition and after reheated fine-grain size was measured in
a postweld stress relief heat treatment of 1 the heat-affected zone of the top bead, ac- Table 2 shows the all-weld-metal chem-
h at 621 ± 14°C (1150 ± 25°F) (cooling cording to the Linear Intercept Method ical composition analysis results. It can be
rate: 100°C/h). Tensile properties were de- (ASTM El 12 standard). X-ray diffraction observed that the values for each element
termined at room temperature after a hy- was employed to detect the presence of re- were fairly uniform, except for the two lev-
drogen removal treatment at 100°C tained austenite in the columnar zone. els of Mn (1 and 1.5%) and the Mo, which
(212°F) during 24 hours, and impact ener-
varied systematically from 0.01 to 0.87%.
gies were measured at temperatures be- CTOD Testing Nitrogen and O contents were within the
tween 20°C (68°F) and -70°C (-94°F).
normal values for this type of electrode
Vickers hardness (HV10) was measured
Fracture toughness of the as-welded (Refs. 16, 17). The observed variations in
in the top down direction along the cen-
and stress-relieved specimens was as- the values among the different specimens
terline of the weld cross section — Fig. 2.
sessed by means of CTOD testing. For this were within the range accepted for this de-

APRIL2005
 !^TO!W? i i l l i n i u m

Hardness test
location

Charpy-V
notch location L
( see Figure 1B )

Fig. 2 — Schematic drawing of all-weld-metal test assembly cross section. Fig. 3 — Schematic drawing of CTOD test specimen and dimensions: W
and B.

Table 2 — All-Weld-Metal Chemical Composition

Element
All weld
metal samples C P S Si Mn Ni Mo O N
lMnOMo 0.06 0.012 0.009 0.37 1.03 1.93 0.01 399 107
lMn25Mo 0.06 0.018 0.009 0.40 l.ll 1.91 0.28 340 100
LMn50Mo 0.06 0.019 0.012 0.39 1.03 1.85 0.58 406 108
lMn90Mo 0.05 0.019 0.010 0.37 0.95 1.82 0.87 421 119
15MnOMo 0.05 0.018 0.009 0.58 1.54 1.87 0.01 310 95
15Mn25Mo 0.05 0.020 0.011 0.41 1.48 1.89 0.27 327 100
15Mn50Mo 0.06 0.019 0.010 0.45 1.43 1.79 0.57 398 93
15Mn90Mo 0.06 0.018 0.011 0.43 1.45 1.84 0.87 407 83
All [he elements in wt- r r except O and N. which arc in ppm.
As, W, Co, V, Nb, Ti, and Al < 0.01%; Cu < 0.07%; Cr < 0.06%.

termination (Ref. 18). It was observed that

Table 3 — Relative Distribution ofthe Columnar and Refined Regions at the Charpy V-Notch
as Mn increased, O levels decreased due
Location
to the deoxidizing effect of Mn. Increasing
Mo led in general to higher oxygen values Refined Reg ons (%)
although no explanation could be ad- Columnar Regions (%) Coarse Grains Fine Grains
vanced to account for this effect. In gen- All Weld AW SR AW SR AW SR
eral, it can be observed that a "very clean" Metal
alloy base was achieved with these elec-
trodes, with the level of residual elements lMnOMo 22 20 32 32 46 48
being very low. Carbon values were also lMn25Mo 28 27 27 27 45 46
lMn50Mo 48 45 19 IN 33 37
very low, as intended, according to previ- lMn90Mo 54 52 17 31 31
15
ous results (Ref. 9). 15Mn0Mo 14 22 44 42 42 36
15Mn25Mo 30 30 32 31 38 39
Metallographic Study 15Mn50Mo 55 57 IS 16 27 27
15Mn90Mo 59 59 16 16 25 25
General

Macrographs of multirun weldments tion, was found in the samples with 0 to Table 3 shows the distribution of the
containing 0 and 0.90% Mo and 1.5% Mn 0.90% Mo for both Mn values. However, columnar and reheated zones along the
are shown in Fig. 4. They depict the ob- this effect was less marked than in the case vertical central line for the Charpy V-
served difference in etching response mentioned by Evans due to the fact that in notch location of the all-weld-metal spec-
(Nital 2%) on alloying, as previously the present work all the specimens con- imens for AW and SR conditions. It can be
found by Evans (Ref. 19). The "memory" tained 1.8% Ni, and that has a similar, al- seen that as the Mo content increased, the
effect quoted by Evans, which consisted of though less strong, "memory" effect than percentages of columnar zones also in-
retaining the underlying columnar forma- Mo on C-Mn systems (Ref. 20). creased. Manganese seemed to have a

WELDING JOURNAL
 Hill

Fig. 4 — Macrophotographs ofmultirun deposit transverse cuts.

Table 4 — Primary Austenitic Grain Size in

the Columnar Zone ofthe Top Bead and Fine
Grain Size in the Reheated Zone

All Average Average

Weld Columnar Reheated
Metal Grain Width Fine Grain
(Um) Diameter (pm)
IMnOMo 119 5.68
l.Mn25Mo 104 5.10
"IMnOMo 1Mn25Mo lMn50Mo 97 4.40
lMn90Mo 85 4.02
agsg m ISMnOMo 102 4.90
15Mn25Mo 93 4.08
l5Mn50Mo 87 3.70
15Mn90Mo 78 3.58

similar but less marked effect. The per-

1Mn50Mo 1Mn90Mo centage of coarse-grained reheated zones
were lower that fine-grained zones. The
described effect was found in both AW
and SR test specimens, as expected.

As-Deposited Regions

The microstructure of the columnar

zones for the AW condition is shown in
Fig. 5. As Mo and Mn contents increased,
a progressive refinement of the mi-
crostructure was observed, as described
15MnOMo 15Mn25Mo previously (Refs. 19, 21, 22), the effect of
Mn is less marked. The average width of
the columnar grains decreased, as shown
quantitatively in Table 4, with the incre-
ment of both Mo and Mn.
Four main constituents were identi-
fied: acicular ferrite (AF), grain boundary
primary ferrite PF(G), intragranular pri-
mary ferrite PF(I), and ferrite with second
phase (FS). Figure 6 shows that for 1%
Mn, and as Mo increased up to 0.5%, AF
15Mn50Mo increased, and then decreased. This effect
15Mn90Mo
was produced at the expense of FS. Both
Fig. 5 —As-welded condition columnar zone microphotographs. PF(G) and PF(I) decreased with the in-

APRIL2005
Fig. 6 — Top bead microconstituents vs. Mo content. A — 1% Mn; B — 1.5% Mn.

crement of Mo content. For 1.5% Mn, no .:•> \ S C > » 1

- v * • ',y> *• * y^z * vr
PF(I) was measured, and the same behav- '\ .
ior was found for 1 % Mn. Acicular ferrite
increased up to 0.5% Mo, and then de- '.^
creased at the expense of FS. Grain » i.y^,: %•,
ISM*}?*-
boundary primary ferrite decreased with
Mo increment. The same effect was found
by Evans (Ref. 19 and 21).
- yyi BV» i"*
Reheated Zones
i ijfcr
Table 4 also shows that with increasing
Mo and Mn contents there was a progres- jae
sive microstructural refinement in the re- Mn 90 Mo
heated regions subjected to austenitizing 1 Mn 0 Mo
temperature by the subsequent passes, as
previously reported (Refs. 19,21, 22). Fig- *" ~'\ -'•MM

ure 7 shows examples of the fine-grain

areas for the extreme values of both Mo -• — *•£-. :.:•
j
and Mn. Again, a general grain refine-
ment could be observed.
1 ... :y y-y
Retained Austenite
'y
A small amount of retained austenite \ -"- .-'-
was measured in the last run columnar • ' • . £ZK.ME£ggir
zone (Table 5). An increase in the amount M"

of retained austenite was observed for

higher Mn content. The maximum values
for retained austenite for each Mn content
15 Mrl 0 Mo 15 m 90 MO
was found in the absence of Mo. A mini-
mum of retained austenite was found at Rg. 7 — As-welded condition reheated zone microphotographs.
0.25% Mo, but no apparent reason was
detected for this effect.

Mechanical Properties Hardness Survey conditions. As expected, hardness values in-

creased as the Mo and Mn increased in
The 18 all-weld-metal specimen radi- Table 6 shows the average values of agreement with the tensile test results,
ographs were free of defects. hardness measurements in the AW and SR Stress relieving seemed to produce a slight

WELDING JOURNAL
 uuuiriii "I ly

-1MnAW
-1MnSR
-15MnAV
-15MnSR

Distance from top surface (mm)

Fig. 8 — Hardness measurement results.

Fig. 9 — Effect of molybdenum on yield strength.

decrease in hardness for low levels of Mo softening effect of the stress relief heat pies. If an increase in tensile properties in
and the opposite effect for Mo higher than t r e a t m e n t for M o c o n t e n t lower t h a n these deposits was desired, it would be nec-
0.5% — Fig. 8. 0.5%, and hardening effect for higher M o essary either to reduce the heat input (Refs.
values, is in agreement with that reported 23, 24). or to increase the content of alloy-
All-Weld-Metal Tensile Properties by Evans for C-Mn ferritic deposits (Ref. ing elements. In this last case, taking into ac-
19). As expected, an increase in Mn led in count the deleterious effect of increasing
Table 6 and Figs. 9 and 10 show the ten- all cases to a corresponding increase in Mo (Ref. 19) and an excess of Cr (Refs. 10,
sile properties measured for AW and SR tensile properties (Refs. 21, 22). 25, and 26), the content of this element
conditions. It can be seen that in all cases Taking into account the AWS require- should be adjusted for a specific Mo level
an increase in M o led to increased tensile ments for this type of electrode (Ref. 7) like, for example, that found as optimum in
and yield stresses. For M o contents up to (Table 7), it can be seen that the minimum this work for 1.5% Mn and 0.25% Mo. This
0.5%, the postweld heat t r e a t m e n t p r o - tensile strength values needed for the clas- is what is being done in this type of ferritic
duced a m o d e r a t e decrease in tensile val- sification ofthe E10018M weld metal in the deposits in order to obtain electrodes clas-
u e s . H o w e v e r , this effect v a n i s h e s for as-welded condition were achieved onlv bv sified as E11018M and E12018M (Refs.
higher M o contents and even becomes re- the 1.0Mn-0.90Mo and 1.5Mn-0.90Mo 27-30).
versed in the m e a s u r e d values for yield welds, and this is with the maximum Mo lev-
strength, in total accordance with the av- els used in this work, at least with the heat All-Weld-Metal Charpy V-Notch Impact
erage h a r d n e s s values m e a s u r e d . This input employed in the welding of those sam- Properties

T h e individual Charpy V-notch impact

Table 5 — Percentages of Retained Austenite in the Last Bead Columnar Zone, Analyzed by X-ray values and the calculated averages for dif-
ferent test t e m p e r a t u r e s o b t a i n e d from
Retained Austenite (%) the eight coupons are given in Table 8, in
IMnOMo lMn25Mo lMn50Mo lMn90Mo 15MnOMo 15Mn25Mo 15Mn50Mo 15Mn90Mo the as-welded and stress-relieved condi-
0.01185 0.00278 0.00668 0.00723 0.01500 0.00834 0.01542 0.02688 tions, respectively. Values comfortably in
excess of the minimum ANSI/AWS A5.5-
96 requirements, 27 J at -51°C (-60°F),

Table 6 — All-Weld-Metal Tensile Property and Hardness Measurements

As-Welded Condition
Property IMnOMo lMn25Mo lMn50Mo lMn90Mo 15Mn0Mo l.-iMn25Mo 15Mn50Mo 15Mn90Mo
TS (MPa) 515 557 604 652 607 639 657 760
YS (MPa) 438 477 500 575 505 570 562 611
E(%) 36.6 28 30.4 25.0 32.6 25.8 26.6 22.0
Hardnessw 205 227 236 259 215 249 266 288
Stress -Relieved Condit un
Property 1 MnOMo lMn25Mo lMn50Mo lMn90Mo 15MnOMo 15Mn25Mo 15Mn50Mo 15Mn90Mo
TS (MPa) 476 531 600 660 558 ( 652 738
YS (MPa) 447 486 545 598 500 537 593 714
E (%) 35.2 33.4 28.6 25.6 30.0 29.0 23.8 22.2
Hardnessial 18(1 216 248 267 201 242 268 294
(a) Average Vickers 10-kg measurements.

APRIL 2005
were achieved with all the assemblies at thickness specimens
the mentioned temperature. The average extracted from
values were similar to those obtained with the all-weld-metal
commercial E100/110/12018M type elec- welds are shown for
trodes (Refs. 23, 24). Figures 11 and 12 the AW and SR con-
show the curves of absorbed energy vs. test ditions. A general
temperature for each group of electrodes trend toward de-
corresponding to both Mn contents and creasing CTOD val-
both AW and SR conditions. It can be ob- ues with increasing
served that for 1 % Mn, Mo between 0 and Mo content was ob-
0.9% had a deleterious effect on tough- served, for both con-
ness in both AW and SR conditions. The ditions. The same
PWHT produced an improvement in deleterious effect
toughness that decreased as Mo increased was obtained with
and disappeared for 0.9% Mo. For 1.5% Mn, as previouslv
Mn in the AW condition, the best impact found (Ref. 8) in a
values were achieved with 0.25% Mo. In similar alloying sys-
this case, the PWHT had a beneficial ef- tem. PWHT led'to
fect on toughness, especially for low Mo an improvement in
contents. For Mo higher than 0.25%, fracture toughness Fig. 10 — Effect of molybdenum on ultimate tensile strength.
toughness markedly deteriorated in both
AW and SR conditions. All these effects
can be seen in Fig. 13. which compara-
tively shows the transition temperatures
for 100 J of absorbed energy. A B ,=,
Impact values corresponding to 1% Mn 3SO —

were, as a general tendency, larger than AW-VOMn

AW-1.5Mn
200 —
those of 1.5% Mn, but this difference be- $30 -
^
came smaller as the Mo content increased.
Evans (Ref. 19) detected an optimum for Z'JO — /"" 5
g* 150 - #
0.25%> Mo in C-Mn ferritic deposits in the g
s
?> s
AW condition, for Mn content of 1.0%; •q
y *y
this optimum disappeared for higher Mn
values. In the present work, no such max- / y S
•X.
'co —
/
'S
yy

imum was found for 1% Mn, since impact JOO —

toughness deteriorated continuously as 50 —
Mo increased. A relative maximum of SO —

toughness was found for 1.5% Mn at

0
0.25% Mo. This change in the Mn content " i i i i i i i i i n t i i i i i i i i i i
for which a relative maximum was ob- -&J -60 -*0 -2G
Ttf'st t e m p e r a t u r e <*Cl
0 20 -so -so - *.c -ao o ;c
Te&t lemper-aiure t°CJ
tained in this work could be due to the
presence of 1.8% Ni. Coincidently with
Evans (Ref. 19) for PWHT deposits, Mo Fig. 11 — Charpy V-notch impact results for all-weld metals in the as-welded condition. A — 1% Mn;
was deleterious for toughness, especially —1.5% Mn.
for values higher than 0.5%.
Considering the AWS Charpy V-notch
requirement of 27 J at -5TC (-60°F) in the B lS0
as-welded condition, there was not a single ^
value below this requirement. However, for
*so — y
SR-10Mn y ^ S R - 1.5Mn <*/
this type of material, the consumable pro- yoo — -^y
y
ducer commercial catalogs (Refs. 27-30) /
report toughness around 50 J at -51°C. ?50 —
/
z^
/ ^y
Then, to obtain the adequate tensile prop- ? 150 —
// s y
C
erties without compromising toughness val- XQQ — / y
•a
/.-•-' yy<'
ues, Mo content should be maintained not
higher than 0.25%. This conclusion allows •50 — S loo-
^yy
/ „-'.-*•'
,<.-'-•"
to compromise the all-weld-metal Mo con- s / -•"
tent required by ANSI/AWS A5.5-96 for W-0 —| / s op* /''•**
/ * ' ..--•" 50 —
E100/110/12018M electrodes, of 0.25 to
so —
<&&/
0.50% for the two first classifications and
0.30 to 0.55% for the last one, with the op- 0 y'' 0
•**"
timum Mo level for this system. ! 1 1 1 ! "1 1 : 1 | ! 1
-so
1 1 1 ;
-so --C
1
-ZO
i
o
l i i
20
Te-it t E m p c r a l u r e <"CJ Test t e m p e r a t u r e f°C>
CTOD Results

In Table 9 and Fig. 14A and B. average Fig. 12 — Charpy V-notch impact results for all-weld metals in the stress relief condition. A — 1% Mn;
CTOD test results corresponding to the full B—1.5%Mn.

WELDING JOURNAL
 I .
^ramfi;
for Mo up to 0.5% with 1% of Mn, and up low-alloy ferritic system, the problem is ample procedure variations (Refs. 7, 33,
to 0.25% for 1.5% Mn in general agreement not so much good toughness but to 34). On the other side, for deposits of the
with the trend found in impact, hardness, achieve adequate tensile strength levels to same type (high-strength C-Mn-Ni-Mo
and tensile test results. satisfy the requirements in the relevant and C-Mn-Ni-Mo-Cr low-alloy weld de-
standards. Additionally, these materials posits) obtained by different welding
Final Remarks are very sensitive to heat input (Refs. 23, processes (SMAW, FCAW, MCAW, and
24, 31) and the guidelines to produce the SAW), the tensile requirements ofthe rel-
The literature (Refs. 8-10, 23, 24. 31, all-weld metal test coupons for mechani- evant standards differ. For SMAW the
32) has shown that in the high-strength. cal properties determination allow for range of yield strength values are specified
along with minimum tensile strength,
while for FCAW, MCAW, and SAW mini-
Table 7 — AWS Tensile Property Requirement
mum values of yield strength and a range
As-Welded Condition for tensile strength values are given (Refs.
7, 33 and 34). Thus, a stringent welding
procedure must be defined within the lim-
Property E10018M E11018M E12018M
its imposed by the corresponding AWS
TS (MPa) 690 760 830 standard in order to ensure repeatability
YS (MPa) 610-690 680-760 745-830 of the resulting tensile properties of a
20 20 18
im given weld metal in this system.

Table 8 — All-Weld Metal Charpy-V Impact Values

As-Welded Condition
T(°C) IMnOMo lMn25Mo lMnSOMo lMn90Mo 15MnOMo 15Mn25Mo 15Mn50Mo 15MN90Mo
20 336-234 188-194 136-150 120-132 134-140 168-176 132 116
285 191 143 126 137 172
0 318-234 140-132 142-112 110-75 118-118 146-134 116 109
276 136 127 93 118 140
-20 184-184 136-134 110-94 88-64 60-86 108-110 80-94 82-80
184 135 102 76 73 109 87 81
-30 197-157-194 91-93-85 87-81-81 77-70-61 55-63-59 114-89-105 75-70-66 76-76-68
183 90 83 69 59 103 70 73
-40 158-150-90 97-97-83 80-68-75 60-55-70 40-50-55 90-83-90 71-71-70 60-54-58
133 92 74 62 48 88 71 58
-50 139-116-89 55-81-82 36-57-55 42-88-57 27-26-27 90-63-60 34-61-61 60-38-56
115 73 49 62 27 71 52 51
-60 77-102-104 47-73-57 36-50-43 40-62-44 25-44-55 47-69-45 40-59-47 48-50-93
94 59 43 49 41 54 49 49
-70 77-103 52-60 37-27 36-24 12-13 25-30 27-21 30-40
90 56 32 30 13 28 24 35

Stress-Relieved Condition
TCP) IMnOMo lMn25Mo lMn50Mo lMn90Mo 15Mn0Mo 15Mn25Mo 15Mn50Mo 15MN90Mo
20 356-344 198 156-158 120-132 230 168-190 132 116
350 157 126 179
0 352-272 174-158 132-132-132 110-76 178-190 156-144 120-102 109
312 166 132 93 184 150 111
-20 269-289 160-160 108-116 8-64 146-140 143-121 90-96 82-80
279 160 112 76 143 132 93 81
-30 232-249-239 153-150-150 92-65-85 77-70-61 130-130-146 136-101-123 84-99-82 76-76-68
240 151 81 69 135 120 88 73
-40 224-234-174 139-144-128 83-65-90 60-55-70 158-129-126 129-120-108 82-32-53 60-54-60
211 137 79 62 138 119 56 58
-50 178-203-26 144-124-127 55-60-62 42-88-57 120-114-130 120-101-102 59-66-70 60-38-56
202 12 59 62 121 108 65 51
-60 124-176-175 124-108-128 64-62-57 40-62-44 96-88-74 75-88-70 35-32-17 48-50-93
158 120 61 49 86 78 28 64
-70 140-144 100-67 48-72 35-24 81-95 77-91 30-34 30-41
142 84 60 30 88 84 32 36

Table 9 — All-Weld Metal CTOD Values

Critical Displacement 8, (mm)

Condition MnOMo lMn25Mo lMnSOMo lMn90Mo 15MnOMo 15Mn25Mo 15Mn50Mo 15MN90MO
AW 1.22 0.73 0.44 0.35 0.77 0.39 0.34 0.24
SR 1.30 1.01 0.53 0.22 0.80 0.57 0.17 0.07

1 g | APRIL 2005
 :=W=M:M
Conclusions A B
When Mo content was increased from 50 —
0 to 0.9%, for Mn contents of 1 and 1.5%, 50 -

in 1.8%Ni, Cr-free ferritic all-weld metal, u

1.0Mn-100J u
the following was found: 1.5Mn-100J
o o
o
1) As Mn increased, O levels decreased yy
o
/
-s o —
due to the deoxidizing effect of Mn. In- JS
creasing Mo led in general to higher oxy-
Qj
N^ ^fr"'~
gen values, although no explanation could Q.
E -50 —
^-"*""/ Ol
/
E -50-
be advanced to account for this effect. > •
" / / S y^-^
2) As the Mo content increased, the >» &y >
percentages of columnar zones also in- -C ty nj

u
° -100- -100-
creased. Manganese seemed to have a
similar but less marked effect. Coarse- i i
i i I
grained reheated zones were lower that 0 0.50 1.00
0 0.50 1.00
Mo inweld (%]
fine-grained zones. Mo in w e l d ( % )

3) As Mo and Mn contents increased,

a progressive refinement of the mi-
crostructure was observed in the columnar Fig. 13— Test temperature for 100 J absorbed energy. A — 1% Mn; B— 1.5% Mn.
regions, with the effect of Mn less marked.
The average width of the columnar grains
decreased with the increment of both Mo Mo and Mn increased in agreement with trodes. For 1% Mn, Mo between 0 and
and Mn. For 1% Mn and as Mo increased, the tensile test results. Stress relieving 0.9% had a deleterious effect on toughness
AF increased up to 0.5% Mo and then de- seemed to have produced a slight decrease in both AW and SR conditions. The
creased. This effect was produced at the in hardness for low levels of Mo and the PWHT produced an improvement in
expense of FS. Both PF(G) and PF(I) de- opposite effect for Mo higher than 0.5%. toughness that decreased as Mo increased
creased with the increment of Mo content. 7) In all cases, an increase in Mo led to and disappeared for 0.9% Mo. For 1.5%
For 1.5% Mn, no PF(I) was measured and increased tensile and yield stresses. For Mn, in the AW condition the best impact
the same behavior was found for 1% Mn. Mo content up to 0.5%, the postweld heat values were achieved with 0.25% Mo. In
Acicular ferrite increased up to 0.5% Mo treatment produced a moderate decrease this case, the PWHT had a beneficial effect
and then decreased at the expense of FS. in these values. However, this effect van- on toughness, especially for low Mo con-
Granular primary ferrite decreased with ishes for higher Mo contents and even be- tents. For Mo higher than 0.25%, tough-
Mo increment. comes reversed in the measured values of ness markedly deteriorated in both AW
4) As a result of the increasing Mo and yield strength, in total accordance with the and SR conditions.
Mn contents, there was also a progressive average hardness values measured. As ex- 9) Impact values corresponding to 1%
microstructural refinement in the re- pected, an increase in Mn led in all cases Mn were as a general tendency larger than
heated regions subjected to austenitizing to a corresponding increase in tensile those of 1.5% Mn, but this difference be-
temperature by the subsequent passes. properties. came smaller as the Mo content increased.
5) Small amounts of retained austenite 8) Values comfortably in excess of the 10) A relative maximum of toughness
were measured in the last run columnar minimum ANSI/AWS A5.5-96 require- was found for 1.5% Mn at 0.25% Mo.
zone. An increase in the amount of re- ments of 27 J at -51°C (-60°F) were 11) A general trend toward decreasing
tained austenite was observed for higher achieved with all the assemblies. The aver- CTOD values with increasing Mo content
Mn content. age values were similar to those obtained was observed, for both AW and SR condi-
6) Hardness values increased as the with commercial E100/110/12018M elec- tions. The same deleterious effect was ob-

? 1.2- DAW
£ HSR

1
-J
.placement

1
CO
Ol

1
H5 • SI

l _*•__
B 0.4 -
o
g 0.2

0 - 1 I
~hm
0.25 0.5 0.9
Mo(%)

Fig. 14 — CTOD test results:A — 1% Mn; B — 1.5 % Mn.

WELDING dOURNAL
 LW=UJI!M:]=W=M:M!
tained with Mn variation. Postweld heat crostructure ofweld metal from a high strength 27. Catalog of Conarco manual electrodes
treatment led to an improvement in frac- SMAelectrode. IIW-IIS Doc. 11-1204-92. Weld- (F-C-CO-001-001).
ture toughness for M o up to 0.5 % with 1 % ing Journal 73(3): 45-s to 53-s. 28. Welding consumables ESAB SeAH
of M n , and up to 0.25% for 1.5% M n , 11. Bott, I. de S.. Souza, L.. lorge. 1.. and Corp., catalog SS-03-E. Rev. 7. 0101.
which is in general a g r e e m e n t with the Surian, E. Microstructural evaluation of a high 29. SAF welding consumable catalog, edi-
trend found in impact, hardness, and ten- strength weld metal with varying Cr content by tion 2000.
sile test results. means of scanning electron microscopy. IIW- 30. Welding consumables catalog, Kobe
IIS Doc. II-A-936-94. Steel, Kobelco.
12. Schnadt. H. M.. and Leinhard. E. W. 31. Surian. E.. and Verccsi, J. 1997. The ef-
Acknowledgments 1963. Experimental investigation ofthe sharp- fect of heat input on all-weld metal mechanical
notch behavior of 60 steels at different temper- properties of AWS A5.29-80 EXXXT5-K3/K4
T h e authors wish to express their grat- ature and strain rates. 1963. IIW-IIS Doc. 196- types flux cored wires. Presented at the Profes-
itude to Conarco Alambres y Soldaduras 343-63. sional Program, AWS Show and Annual Con-
SA for the fabrication of the experimental 13. Guide to the light microscope examina- vention, Los Angeles, Calif.
electrodes, to Air Liquide Argentina SA tion of ferrite steel weld metals. IIW Doc. IX- 32. Ramini de Rissone, M., Svoboda, H.,
for the facilities to weld the test speci- 1533-88. Surian. E.. and Vedia. L. 2004. Influence of pro-
mens, to Fundacion Latinoamericana de 14. Gordon. 1. R. 1985. The Welding Insti- cedure variables on C-Mn-Ni-Mo metal cored
Soldadura for the facilities to weld and to tute procedure for the determination of the wire ferritic all-weld metal. Presented at the
p e r f o r m m e c h a n i c a l testing, and to fracture resistance of fully ductile metals. The Professional Program. AWS Annual Conven-
A N P C y T Argentina, for the funding sup- Welding Institute Research Report, p. 275. tion. Chicago. 111.
port. They are also very grateful to Eng. 15. Standard Test Method for Measurement of 33. ANSI/AWS A5.5-96. Specification for
E d m u n d o Tolabin, Jujuy National Univer- Fracture Toughness. ASTM E 1820-96. Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal
sity, Argentina, for carrying out the metal- 16. Blake, P. D. 1979. Nitrogen in weld met- Arc Welding. Miami, Fla.: American Welding
lographic study and the supervision of me- als. Metal Construction, April. Society.
chanical testing. 17. Boniszewski, T. 1992. Self-Shielded Arc 34. ANSI/AWS A5.23-97. Specification for
Welding. (Tables 2.1 and 2.2). Cambridge. Eng- Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Sub-
land: Abington Publishing. merged Arc Welding. Miami, Fla.: American
References 18. Raitcr. V. and Timerman. R. 1985. Welding Society.
Chemical analysis of N and O in weld metal,
1. George. M.. Still. 1., and Terry, P. 1981. round robin Test. IIW Doc. 11-10459-85.
Gas metal arc welds for high toughness appli- 19. Evans. G. M. 1988. The influence of
cations — microstructure and other factors. molybdenum on the microstructure and prop-
Metal Construction 13(12): 730-737. erties of C-Mn all-weld-metal deposits. Join.
2. Keeler, T. 1981. Innershield welding, part Mat. 1(5): 239-s to 246-s.
i — development and applications. Metal Con- 20. Evans, G. 1991. The effect of nickel on
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3. Garland. 1. C . and Kirkwood, P. R. 1975. weld metal deposits. Joining Sciences 1(1): 2-s
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4. Garland. 1. C , and Kirkwood. P. R. 1975. 21. Evans. G. 1980. Effect of manganese on Want to be a
Towards improved submerged arc weld metal the microstructure and properties of all-weld Welding Journal
— part 2. Meta! Construction 7 (5): 320-330. metal deposits. IIW Doc. II-A-432-77. Welding Advertiser?
5. Pickering. F. B. 1978. Physical Metallurgy Journal 59(3): 67-s to 75-s.
and the Design of Steels. Materials Science Se- 22. Surian. E.. and Boniszewski. T. 1992. Ef- For information, contact
ries, London: Applied Science Publishers. fect of manganese and type of current on the Rob Saltzstein at
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Effects of alloying elements on the toughness deposited with E7016-1 electrodes. Welding or via e-mail at
and microstructure of high current density gas Journal 71(9): 348-s. [email protected].
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the JWS, 11(4): 29-34. fect of welding parameters on high-strength
7. ANSI/AWS A5.5-96. Specification for SMAW all-weld-metal, part 1: AWS El 1018M.
Low-Alloy Sleel Electrodes for Shielded Metal I1S-1IW Doc II-A-915-94. Weiding Journal
Arc Welding. Miami, Fla.: American Welding 75(6): 191-sto 196-s.
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de Vedia, L. 1987. Influence of Mn content on SMAW all-weld-metal, part 2: AWS E10018M Change of Address?
mechanical properties and microstructure of a and E12018M. IIW-IIS Doc II-A-934-94. Weld-
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IIS Doc. II-A-724-87. 25. Evans. G. M. 1989. The effect of
9. Surian, E., Trotti, J., Herrera. R.. and de chromium on the microstructure and proper- M a k e sure delivery of your Welding
Vedia, L. A. 1991. Influence of C on mechani- ties of C-Mn all-weld-metal deposits. Weld. Met. Journal is not interrupted. Contact the
cal properties and microstructure of weld metal Fab. 57(7): 346-358. M e m b e r s h i p D e p a r t m e n t with y o u r
from a high-strength SMA electrode. Welding 26. Jorge. J. C. E, Souza. L. F. G.. Rebello. new address information — (800) 443-
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10. Surian, E., Trotti. 1.. Cassanelli. L. A., chromium on the microstructure/toughness re-
and de Vedia. L. A. 1994. Influence of lationship in C-Mn-Mo weld deposits. IIW/IIS
chromium on mechanical properties and mi- Doc. II-A-930-94.

APRIL 2005