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EHB465E Lecture 5 - Polarization Optics

This document discusses polarization optics and covers several key topics: 1. It describes the polarization of light waves and defines linear and circular polarization. 2. Matrix representations are introduced to model the transmission of polarized light through optical systems. 3. Common polarization components are described including polarizers, wave retarders, and polarization rotators. 4. The reflection and refraction of light at interfaces is analyzed using Fresnel equations and Snell's law. Reflection coefficients are derived for TE and TM polarizations. 5. Power reflectance and transmittance are defined in terms of the incident, reflected, and transmitted light intensities.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
74 views15 pages

EHB465E Lecture 5 - Polarization Optics

This document discusses polarization optics and covers several key topics: 1. It describes the polarization of light waves and defines linear and circular polarization. 2. Matrix representations are introduced to model the transmission of polarized light through optical systems. 3. Common polarization components are described including polarizers, wave retarders, and polarization rotators. 4. The reflection and refraction of light at interfaces is analyzed using Fresnel equations and Snell's law. Reflection coefficients are derived for TE and TM polarizations. 5. Power reflectance and transmittance are defined in terms of the incident, reflected, and transmitted light intensities.

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FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

EHB 465E

- POLARIZATION OPTICS -

Onur Ferhanoğlu

1  
Polarization of Light
Consider  an  Electromagne8c  wave  with  frequency  w,  traveling  in  z  direc8on:      

polariza+on  ellipse  
At  a  fixed  z,  the  +p  of  the  electric  
field  rotates  periodically  in  x-­‐y  plane  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  Polariza8on  OPTICS  -­‐   2  


Polarization of Light

•  The  state  and  polariza+on  of  a  wave  is  determined  by  the  shape  and  orienta+on  of  the  
polariza+on  ellipse  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  Polariza8on  OPTICS  -­‐   3  


Linearly Polarized Light

•  If  one  component  vanishes  (ax  =  0)  the  light  is  linearly  polarized  (LP)  in  the  direc+on  of  other  component  
•  The  wave  is  also  LP  when  the  phase  difference  is  0  or  180o  
•  In  both  cases  the  ellipse  collapses  into  a  line  
•   if  ax  =  ay  the  plane  of  polariza+on  makes  45o  angle  with  x  axis    
•  If  ax  =  0  the  plane  of  polariza+on  is  the  y-­‐z  plane  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  Polariza8on  OPTICS  -­‐   4  


Circularly Polarized Light

Right  hand  vs.  LeM  hand  


circular  polarized  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  Polariza8on  OPTICS  -­‐   5  


Matrix Representation

Jones  vector  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  Polariza8on  OPTICS  -­‐   6  


Matrix Representation
•  Transmission  of  a  plane  wave  with  arbitrary  polariza8on  through  an  op8cal  system  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  Polariza8on  OPTICS  -­‐   7  


Linear Polarizers
•  Transforms  a  wave  (A1x,A1y)  into  another  wave  (A1x,  0  )  by  elimina8ng  the  y  component  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  Polariza8on  OPTICS  -­‐   8  


Wave Retarders
•  Transforms  a  wave  (A1x,A1y)  into  (A1x,  A1yexp(-­‐jΓ)  :  delaying  y  component  by  a  phase  Γ:    
while  keeping  x  component  unchanged.  x:  fast  axis,  y:  slow  (retarded)  axis  

Quarter-­‐wave  retarder   Half-­‐wave  retarder  


Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  Polariza8on  OPTICS  -­‐   9  
Polarization Rotators
•  Polariza8on  rotators  maintain  linear  polariza8on,  but  rotates  the  polariza8on  by  a  par8cular  angle:    

•  In  combina8on  with  linear  polarizers,  polariza8on  rotators  are  used  to  control  the  power  of  a  light  source  
•  Rotator  (Faraday  Rotator  is  a  type  of  polariza8on  
rotator),  rotates  linearly  polarized  light  
•  Polarizer  (Linear  polarizer)  filters  out  one  of  the  
polariza8on  components  
•  Depending  on  the  rotator  angle,  frac8on  of  the  
incoming  light  is  transmi^ed  
Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  Polariza8on  OPTICS  -­‐   10  
Reflection and Refraction
-­‐  Snell’s  Law  -­‐  

t,r  :  Jones  Matrices  describing  transmission  and  reflec8on    

x  (or  s)  polariza8on:  transverse-­‐electric  (TE)  


y  (or  p)polariza8on:  transverse-­‐magne8c  (TM)  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  Polariza8on  OPTICS  -­‐   11  


Reflection and Refraction

Applying  boundary  condi8ons  


•  Equa8ng  tangen8al  electric  field  components  
•  Equa8ng  tangen8al  magne8c  field  components   x  (or  s)  polariza8on:  transverse-­‐electric  (TE)  
y  (or  p)polariza8on:  transverse-­‐magne8c  (TM)  

TE  polariza8on  

TM  polariza8on  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  Polariza8on  OPTICS  -­‐   12  


TE polarization
•  External  reflec8on  (n1  <  n2)   Reflec8on  coefficient  

(n2/n1  =  1.5)  

•  Internal  reflec8on  (n1  >  n2)  

(n1/n2  =  1.5)  
Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  Polariza8on  OPTICS  -­‐  
cri8cal  angle   13  
TM polarization
•  External  reflec8on  (n1  <  n2)   Reflec8on  coefficient  

Brewster  angle  

(n2/n1  =  1.5)  

•  Internal  reflec8on  (n1  >  n2)  


Brewster    
&  
Cri8cal  
angles  

(n1/n2  =  1.5)  
Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  Polariza8on  OPTICS  -­‐   14  
Power Reflectance and Transmittance
•  Power  reflectance  (R)  and  power  transmi^ance  (T)  are  the  ra8os  of  power  flow  of  
the  reflected  and  transmi^ed  waves  to  that  of  the  incident  wave.  

At  normal  incidence  
-­‐>  What  is  R  for  glass?  

Air  /  GaAs  surface  


Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  Polariza8on  OPTICS  -­‐   15  

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