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EHB465E Lecture 3 - Beam Optics

This document discusses key concepts in beam optics, including: 1) Gaussian beams are a special type of paraxial wave with an intensity profile that decreases as the radial position increases from the center and peaks at the beam waist. 2) The beam width of a Gaussian beam increases as it propagates away from the waist. Important parameters include the waist radius, Rayleigh range which defines the depth of focus, and beam divergence. 3) Beam quality is quantified by the M2 factor, with lower values indicating a beam more closely matching an ideal Gaussian profile. 4) Common optical elements like lenses and mirrors can shape and transform Gaussian beams in predictable ways described by beam optics.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
123 views14 pages

EHB465E Lecture 3 - Beam Optics

This document discusses key concepts in beam optics, including: 1) Gaussian beams are a special type of paraxial wave with an intensity profile that decreases as the radial position increases from the center and peaks at the beam waist. 2) The beam width of a Gaussian beam increases as it propagates away from the waist. Important parameters include the waist radius, Rayleigh range which defines the depth of focus, and beam divergence. 3) Beam quality is quantified by the M2 factor, with lower values indicating a beam more closely matching an ideal Gaussian profile. 4) Common optical elements like lenses and mirrors can shape and transform Gaussian beams in predictable ways described by beam optics.

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FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

EHB 465E

- BEAM OPTICS -

Onur Ferhanoğlu

1  
Paraxial wave
•  Similar  to  a  plane  wave,  but  with  a  slowly  varying  amplitude:  

Wave  amplitude  &  wavefront  shape  changes  slightly  with  distance  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  BEAM  OPTICS  -­‐   2  


Gaussian wave - beam
Paraxial  wave  

Gaussian  beam  
a  special  form  of  a  
paraxial  wave  

•  FuncNon  of  axial  and  radial  posiNon  


•  Intensity  decreases  as  ρ  increases  
•  Peaks  at  z  =  0  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  BEAM  OPTICS  -­‐   3  


Gaussian beam

•  FuncNon  of  axial  and  radial  posiNon  


•  Intensity  decreases  as  ρ  increases  
•  Peaks  at  z  =  0  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  BEAM  OPTICS  -­‐   4  


Gaussian beam - power

Half  of  peak  Intensity  *  beam  area  

The  ra@o  of  power  carried  within  a  circle  of  radius  ρ0  in  
the  lateral  plane  to  the  total  power  at  posiNon  z    

ρ0  –>  ∞                power  raNo  -­‐>  1  (independent  of  z)  


•  FuncNon  of  axial  and  radial  posiNon   power  stays  constant  along  direcNon  of  propagaNon    
•  Intensity  decreases  as  ρ  increases  
•  Peaks  at  z  =  0  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  BEAM  OPTICS  -­‐   5  


Gaussian beam – width

W(z)  is  minimum  at  z=0  =  W0  (waist  radius)  


Waist  diameter  -­‐>  2W0  -­‐>  spot  size  
 
Beam  Intensity  peak,  decreases  to  1/e2  
of  its  original  value  

•  Beam  width  increases  monotonically  with  z,  becomes  √2W0  at  z  =  ±  z0  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  BEAM  OPTICS  -­‐   6  


Gaussian beam – divergence

For  z  >>  z0    -­‐>  W(z)  ≈W0.z/z0  =  ϑ0z                  (cone  half  angle)  
 

Angular  divergence:     Smaller  the  spot  size  


Bigger  the  divergence  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  BEAM  OPTICS  -­‐   7  


Gaussian beam – depth of focus
•  Best  focus  at  z  =  0,  beam  gradually  grows  out  of  focus  
•  Axial  distance  within  which  the  beam  width  <    √2W0    
(beam  area  grows  x2  @mes)  is  the  depth  of  focus  (2z0)  
•  z0  :  Rayleigh  range  
 

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  BEAM  OPTICS  -­‐   8  


Gaussian beam – wavefronts

Plane  wave  

•  ~  plane  wave  for  small  z  

Spherical  wave  

Gaussian  beam  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  BEAM  OPTICS  -­‐   9  


Beam Quality
•  Gaussian  beam  is  an  idealiza@on  of  a  laser  beam  
•  Quality  of  a  laser  beam,  is  the  devia@on  of  its  profile  from  Gaussian  form  
•  Measured  using  M2  factor:    
ra@o  of  waist  diameter  *divergence  product  to  that  expected  from  Gaussian  beam  

•  Helium-­‐Neon  Lasers:  M2  <  1.1  


•  Ion  lasers:  M2  :  1.1  –  1.3  
•  Diode  lasers  (i.e.  laser  pointer):  M2  :  1.3  –  1.7  
•  High  energy  mulNmode  lasers:  M2  >  3    

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  BEAM  OPTICS  -­‐   10  


Beam Shaping
A  lens  is  placed  at  the  waist  of  a  Gaussian  beam:  

Focused  spot  size  

(ray  op@cs)  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  BEAM  OPTICS  -­‐   11  


Reflection from a Spherical Mirror
Amplitude  reflectance  of  a  spherical  mirror:   Converts  plane  wave  into  a  
spherical  wave!    
•  R  >  0  -­‐>  convex  mirror    &    R  >  0  -­‐>  concave  mirror  
•  The  effect  of  a  mirror  on  a  Gaussian  beam  of  width  (W1)  and  radius  of  curvature  (R1):  
1)  width  does  not  change:  W2  =  W1              2)      (f  =  -­‐R/2)  -­‐>  similar  to  a  lens  

-­‐  3  special  cases  -­‐    

R  =  ∞   R1  =  ∞     R1  =  -­‐R  
Planar  mirror  -­‐>  mirror  reverses  the  direc@on  of  the  beam  
R1  =  ∞  -­‐>  beam  waist  lies  on  the  mirror  -­‐>  R2  =R/2  (similar  to  the  lens  case  (previous  slide)  
R1  =  -­‐R  -­‐>  incident  beam  has  the  same  curvature  as  the  mirror  -­‐>  R2  =  R  (wavefronts  are  normal  to  the  mirror)      
Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  BEAM  OPTICS  -­‐   12  
Transmission Through an Arbitrary Optical System
Ray  opNcs  -­‐>  h,  θ        
Gaussian  beam  opNcs  -­‐>  R,  W  
 

•  q-­‐parameters  are  related  to  the  radius  and  


width  of  the  input  /  output  gaussian  beam  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  BEAM  OPTICS  -­‐   13  


Hermite-Gaussian Beam
Higher-­‐order  Gaussian  Beams  
-­‐>  Single  mode  fiber  (  small  waveguide)  -­‐>  Gaussian  beam  
-­‐>  MulN  mode  fiber  (  bigger  waveguide)  -­‐>  Higher  –  order  beam  

Asst.  Prof.  Onur  Ferhanoğlu          -­‐  BEAM  OPTICS  -­‐   14  

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