Design of Axially Loaded

Members
Y. H. Chui
University of Alberta
 Axially Loaded Members
• Tension members
• Compression members
• Members subjected to combined bending
and axial force

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DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
Loaded parallel to the grain
 Where?

Truss
Wood I-joist

Shear wall
and
Diaphragm
 Design principle
• Stress = Force / Area
• Tension resistance force = Tensile
strength x Member cross sectional area
Pf ≤ Pr
• Simplest member to design – no stability
issue to be considered
• Member cross sectional area could be
gross or net if there are holes in member.
 Sawn lumber
Tr =  Ft An KZt (Clause 6.5.9)
where
 = 0.9
Ft = ft (KDKHKStKT)
ft = specified tension strength
parallel to grain
An = net area
KZt = size factor (Table 6.4.5)

Ag An
 Net area of cross section
• An - Gross area of cross section minus the projected
area of all material removed by boring, grooving,
notching etc.
• Fasteners that are considered to cause an area reduction:
Split rings, shear plates, bolts, lag screws, and drift pins
• The area reduced due to bolts, lag screw or drift pin
holes is equal to:
the diameter of the hole (add 2 mm for bolts) x number
of fasteners in the same critical section x the
thickness of the member

Ag An
Clause 5.3.8.2
Glulam

About
75% of ftn

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Ag An
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DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Compression member design
• Compressive resistance parallel to grain
– Sawn lumber columns
– Glulam columns
– Stud walls
– Trusses
• Compressive resistance perpendicular
(bearing) or at an angle to grain
Design principle
Pf Area

Pf ≤ Pr
Pf – worst case from load combinations

Force = Stress x Area

Pr = ϕ Fc A

Pf
DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Loaded parallel to grain
Column
Stud wall
Truss
Column failure modes
• Short – wood crushing
➢ Strength failure
• Long (slender) – buckling Le – effective length (depends
on end conditions)
➢ Stability failure
• Intermediate – crushing & buckling
Axially-loaded compression
lumber members

Need to check both

axes!
 Modification Factors
KD – Load duration
KH – System
KSc – Service condition for compression
KT – Chemical treatment

KZcd= 6.3(dL)-0.13 ≤1.3 or KZcb= 6.3(bL)-0.13 ≤1.3

d, b = dimension in direction of buckling (depth or width)
(mm)

KSE – service condition for E

 Slenderness ratio, Cc

Ld
where KeL= Effective length Lb
Ke- Effective length factor
Slenderness ratio, Cc
 150mm edge
nailing 9.5mm min. sheathing
300mm
intermediate

Case 1 Case 2
• Wall sheathing and blocking
provides support against
buckling about the weak axis
of the stud
• Permissible to calculate Pr in
stronger axis and ignore the
weaker axis
Axially-loaded compression
glulam members

Volume effect in glulam

Recap - Design Process
• Determine effective length
• Select member size, grade, species
group
• Calculate factored resistance parallel
to grain
• Select another size and recalculate if
needed (Pr<Pf)
Exercise
 Glulam Column

45o
3.5m 6.0m

8.0m 3.0m
3.5m
- 1.2 kN/m2 snow load
- Spruce-Pine glulam 20f-EX Design this glulam column
- KD = KSC = KT = KH = 1

Determine the min. dimensions of the X- section

 Determine the Factored Force on the Post
Assuming Pin Connections

1.2 kN/m2 x 4.0m = 4.8 kN/m

B

Tributary
area A
A B
4.0m 0.5m 3.0m

Sum of MA = 4.8(0.5)(0.25) + 4.8(3.0)(1.5) – B(3.0) = 0

B = 7.0kN

Axial load on post = 7.0 x 2 (sides) = 14.0kN

Load case without wind and dead load
Pf = 1.5 (14.0kN) = 21.0 kN
Determine Min. Section for
Slenderness
50 = Le/d = 6000/d (50 is max.)

d = 6000/50 = 120mm (min.)

Remember: Cc = Maximum (CC1, CC2)  50

Use 130 x 152 mm as a trial
section
- Spruce-Pine glulam 20f-EX

- KD = KSC = KT = KH = 1

Lew 6000 ü
Cc = = = 46.1ï
W 130 ï Therefore
ý £ 50
Led 6000
Cc = = = 39.4 ïï Cc = 46.1
d 152 þ
E05 = 0.87E
Pr =  Fc A Kc Kzcg
For 20f-EX glulam,

fC = 25.2 MPa (Table 7.3)

E = 10300 MPa
FC = 25.2 (1x1x1x1) = 25.2 MPa
Kzcg = 0.68 (Z)-0.13
= 0.68(0.13 x .152 x 6) -0.13
= 0.897
Remember: Kzcg = 0.68 (Z)-0.13  1.0 Volume factor
Pr =  Fc A Kc Kzcg
FC = 25.2 (1x1x1x1) = 25.2 MPa
Kzcg = 0.68 (Z)-0.13 = 0.68 (0.13 x .152 x 6) -0.13 = 0.897
-1
Kc = 1.0 + Fc KZcg Cc3
35 E05 KSE KT

Kc = 1.0 + 25.2 (0.897) (46.1)3 -1

35 (0.87x10300)x1x1

Kc = 0.12
Pr =  Fc A Kc Kzcg
Pr = 0.8 (25.2) (130 x 152) (0.897) (0.12)
= 42 879 N

Pr = 42.9 kN > 21 kN O.K.

Use 130 x 152 mm

DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Loaded perpendicular to grain
Compression perpendicular to grain
check – bearing at supports and
load points

Double top plate

Stud

b b
Compression perpendicular-to-grain
(bearing) resistance of lumber
Identical provisions for glulam
Compression perpendicular-to-grain
(bearing) resistance of lumber
Identical provisions for glulam
 Modification factors

depth

Width

Test method – strength

depends on bearing area
Modification factors

Bearing length
>75mm
Compression at an angle

Hankinson’s formula

B
A
Beam-columns
Equivalent eccentricity of a column load
(a) Concentrically loaded column
(b) Eccentrically loaded column
𝑀
P 𝑒= P
𝑃
M

(a) (b)

Column – eccentricity is often assumed in

design even in axially loaded column to
account for fabrication imperfection and
construction tolerance. 46
Stress distribution in a beam-column

Note : Eccentricity can be present in two orthogonal directions 47

Combined bending and axial force –
Sawn lumber and glulam
Pf

Mf

Subscript : r – factored resistance ; f – factored load effect

Mf

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Pf
 Slide from bending member design lecture
Sawn lumber bending members

The resistance may be governed by material

strength or lateral stability (KL < 1) .
S = Section modulus, mm3

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 End
Lecture #3

Acknowledgements:
- Some of the pictures and drawings are provided by
Dr. Mohammad Mohammad, and Dr. Jasmine B.W.
McFadden, and Dr. Ghasan Doudak
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