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T.7.7.6 Shrinkage Curvature

The shrinkage curvature is calculated from

where
εcs = Shrinkage strain modified for shape, environment and time effects. See T.7.3.5

n = Modular ratio
Es = Steel Modulus
Ee = Effective Concrete Modulus
Ss = the first moment of area of the reinforcement about the centroid of the cracked or gross
section, whichever is appropriate
It = The transformed Inertia based on Èe.

T.7.7.6 Theory: Shrinkage Curvature 1

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T.7.7.7 Tension Stiffening

RAPT allows users the choice of 3 methods to account for tension stiffening effect.

Figure T.7.7.3 - Moment vs Deflection Curve (Reinforced Member)

Bransons Formula
To define an Ieff which assimilates the slope of the deflection curve after cracking. The formula for the determination
of the effective inertia was originally developed by Branson and was based on a series of tests on reinforced concrete
beams.

To extrapolate the method to apply to partially prestressed sections one must modify the effective inertia equation to
bring the curvature of the section back to the zero datum. We should therefore subtract the total prestress bending
moment. Readers are referred to the work by Branson and Trost (ref 32). RAPT uses the decompression bending
moment as a conservative lower bound for the total prestress bending moment as given by

where Ms = MDL + MLL + MSEC

Eurocode II Approach

The Eurocode II approach is given in EurocodeII Section A4.3. The following formula accounts for tension stiffening by
giving an effective curvature.

where
β1 = 1 for deformed reinforcement bars
= 0.5 for plain reinforcement bars
β2 = 0.5 for sustained loads.
Note: If the section is uncracked then ξ = 0, thus the Effective Curvature is set to the uncracked
curvature.

Modified Concrete Tension Modulus

The Modified Concrete Tension Modulus method is based on the method specified in BS8110, Part2 Clause 3.6 and
SABS 0100. This method modifies the Youngs modulus of the concrete in tension to allow for cracking, then uses a
strain compatibility analysis to calculate the equilibrium condition, thus giving a kd and strain to calculate the

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curvature for the applied moment. This is the preferred method by the writers as it more accurately describes what is
happening in the concrete cross section.

Figure T7.7.4 - Modified Concrete Tension Modulus.

For BS8110 and SABS 0100, RAPT limits the concrete stress at the bottom layer of tension reinforcement to 1N/mm2
as defined in these codes. A section is defined as uncracked before this limit is reached and cracked once the limit is
reached. For all other codes, RAPT uses the curvatures based on gross section properties (ie uncracked) until the
applied moment causes the concrete tensile stress at the outer face to exceed the allowable concrete tensile stress as
specified by the user in Input Screen F9 (cracked condition). When the applied stress in the concrete is greater than
the tensile strength of the concrete, the tension stress in the concrete at the bottom tension steel layer is limited to
1N/mm2thus assuming that the tension stiffening effect after cracking occurs is equivalent to a tensile strength of the
concrete of 1N/mm2.

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T.7.7.8 Two Way Systems

For beam runs RAPT assumes a stiff element over the column length. This also applies to two way beams, but only to
the beam strip. For two-way systems the bending moment used in the calculation of deflections, for each of the nodal
points, is factored to account for the percentage taken to the column strip at that point (see section T.4).

Two Way Slab Deflection

For two-way slab systems the maximum deflection is at the geometrical centre of a slab panel bounded by four
columns. This deflection will be the summation of the average column strip deflection of two adjacent panels in one
direction plus the deflection in the middle strip of the design strip running in the transverse direction. RAPT considers
only one design strip at a time hence the user must manually combine these two deflection components.
RAPT calculates 3 deflection cases for 2 way slabs

1. column strip based on curvatures of the column strip

2. middle strip based on curvatures of the middle strip
3. average based on curvatures of the panel width.

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T.7.7.9 Deflection Limits

RAPT gives deflections and a span/deflection ratio. Each code gives guidelines on deflections as follows

• AS3600 clause 9.33 c) and Table 2.4.2

• BS8110 clause 3.2 Part II
• ACI318 clause 9.5
• Eurocode2 clause 4.4.3.1

AS3600 provides the following table for deflection limits.

LIMITS FOR CALCULATED DEFLECTION OF BEAMS AND SLABS

(a) Where provision is made to minimise cracking (commonly taken as when brickwork joints are spaced less than or
equal to 5000 mm)

Type of Deflection to limitation for

member be considered Spans Cantilevers

All members total deflection 1/250 1/125

members the deflection which

supporting occurs after the addition
masonry or attachment of the 1/500 1/250
partitions partitions.

(b) Where provision is NOT made to minimise cracking

Type of Deflection to limitation for

member be considered Spans Cantilevers

members the deflection which

supporting occurs after the addition
masonry or attachment of the 1/1000 1/500
partitions partitions.

According to AS3600 TABLE 2.4.2 NOTE 1, deflection limits given are to apply to the theoretical deflection of the line
diagram representing the idealised frame for flat slabs. This implies that it is the deflection of the full panel width prior
to the proportioning of the load to the column and the middle strips. The deflection of the full panel line diagram would
therefore be a weighted average deflection of the column and middle strip deflections. Applying the deflection limits to
the separate strips should provide conservative results as the column strip deflection would be higher than this
"average" deflection.
It is suggested that one should limit the total deflection to an absolute limit of 20 - 30 mm. This is proposed as the
limit where one may notice the deflection by visual inspection.
The designer must decide if the average deflection, or the column strip deflection or the total panel deflection is critical
in each case. It should be remembered that in many cases with brickwork on slabs, the walls are placed on column
lines. In this case the column strip deflection would be more critical.

T.7.7.9 Theory: Deflection Limits 1

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δdiagonal = δc + δm

Figure T.7.7.5

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T.8 Transfer
RAPT carries out a serviceability check for the transfer condition. The loading used to check the transfer case is

SW + PT
RAPT calculates the top and bottom fibre stresses based on gross section properties. If the stress at transfer is
greater than this limit, RAPT will carry out a cracked section analysis and add reinforcement to satisfy maximum
allowable stresses in the reinforcement. because of this, for transfer members where stage stressing is being used, it
is important that the designer investigate all stages in the construction with the relevant loads applied. The final stage
will have all tendons stressed and the structure weight at the final stressing stage included in the transfer load case
and the full loading of the building included in the ultimate and service cases.
RAPT will inform the user of the state of the member. The users attention is drawn to

• AS3600 Clause 8.1.4.2 (RAPT complies with the second paragraph of this clause only)
• BS8110 and CP65 Clause 4.3.5
• ACI318 Clause 18.4
• Eurocode2 Clause 4.2.3.5.4
• SABS0100 Clause 5.3.2.3
• CP2004 clause 12.3.5
• IS1343 clause 22.8.2

In essence there is no difference between checking at transfer and checking at working, except that at working an
ultimate design has been carried out first and there will usually be sufficient steel detailed to ensure compliance at
working.
Comments on AS3600
When the only loads acting are self-weight and transfer prestress then the usual worst case would be 0.8 times self-
weight and 1.15 times the prestress. The authors are not at this stage clear as to what the code is referring to in this
clause for the prestress bending moment. If one compares the ultimate check at transfer to the ultimate check at full
working then presumably the secondary prestress at transfer is the bending moment to be used however the factor of
1.15 then appears inappropriate as generally the secondary moment are acting in the opposite sign as applied
moments.

The method suggested by Faulkes (ref 25) is that M*t be calculated using an ultimate factor of 0.8. The internal
equilibrium of the section is then found in terms of an unknown ultimate prestress force, P u. This force is then
multiplied by the capacity reduction factor of 0.6 to give the design prestress force to cause failure at transfer, φPu.
This is then compared to an ultimate applied prestress force, P*, using an ultimate factor of 1.15.
This method is limited in that it is only easily applicable to cross-sections which have only one layer of prestressing.

A Helpful hint
If users wish they could perform a cracked section analysis on the transfer moments by using the Cross Section Design
Utility to perform a cracked section analysis on the transfer moments by inputting the transfer moments as service
moments.

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T.9 Ultimate Shear

RAPT checks cross-sections for both Punching and Beam Shear. Each is discussed in detail below.

T.9 Theory: Ultimate Shear 1

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T.9.1 Punching Shear

RAPT designs punching shear in accordance with the chosen code. For specific information on each code see

• AS3600 Clause 9.2

• BS8110 and CP65 Clause 3.7.6, 3.7.7
• ACI318 Clause 11.12
• Eurocode2 Section 4.3.4
• SABS 0100 Clause 4.6
• CP2004 clause 6.1.5.6
• IS456 and IS1343 clause 31.6

The program will automatically check punching shear at every column and save the results to the output file. For edge
columns where no cantilever is present the user must define the extent of the edge of the slab with respect to the
column centre-line.[see Input F2 [Spans]] The frame is input with all span lengths and widths centred along the
centre-line of the frame. The critical shear perimeter around an edge column would, in the case where no cantilever
was input, be under-estimated if modelled to the column centre-line. For each column RAPT calculates the critical
perimeter. RAPT will calculate this perimeter for both rectangular and circular columns. In all cases RAPT will calculate
the shortest failure perimeter.

Figure T.9.1 - Shear Perimeters

The effective depth is the average value either side of the column in the column strip or one-way width and the
average prestress force divided by the average concrete area is taken for the design direction only. Both of the above
should more correctly be for the average of the two directions at the column.

For AS3600, stirrups will automatically be nominated in the transverse direction in order to satisfy punching shear
requirements. Note that this may occur even if no transverse beam is present. The centre-line of the ties is taken as
55 mm from all faces of beams and 35 mm from all faces of slabs. The term y1 is the longest dimension of the closed
tie.

For the other codes (BS8110, SABS0100 and Eurocode II, CP3004, IS456, IS1343, ACI318) RAPT calculates shear
head reinforcement, not torsion strip reinforcement.

The output provides the design parameters that are necessary to check the RAPT calculations. The design punching
shear force at the column is the sum of the total panel span reactions on either side of the column, not simply the load
on the tributary area.
To design punching shear RAPT considers 3 load cases

1. Shear Case f1 DL + f3 LL + f6/7 Psec [see section 4.10]

2. The maximum envelope from the ultimate case.
3. The minimum envelope from the ultimate case.

Thus RAPT will take patterning effects into account from the ultimate combinations cases. The critical case for the
maximum punching shear force will generally occur for full live loading on all spans.

Note:
T.9.1 Theory: Punching Shear 1
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1. RAPT will present the results for the case which gives the worst punching shear conditions.
2. These results will include a moment transferred to the column. RAPT does not check that the column can
adequately sustain the moment transferred to it or check that the slab has adequate reinforcement to
transfer the moment to the column.

Secondary moments are included in the column moments as follows.

The calculation of secondary moments in each span is based on the average prestress force in that span (see Section
T.10). Strictly speaking the secondary moment at the column centre-line should be calculated using the prestress
force at the column centre-line, not the average force within the span length. Similarly secondary moments at any
location within the span length should be calculated using the force at that location within the span. However, as the
forces imposed by the prestress (distributed loads, moments and point loads) have been calculated using the average
force within the span length (as opposed to having a continually varying distributed load from the prestress), the
secondary moments should then be calculated using the same average force.
The slab-beam secondary moments on either side of column are calculated on the average force in those spans and
the difference between the two moments is then distributed to the columns above and below the floor according to the
relative stiffness of the columns. There will be a discrepancy in the secondary moment calculated at the column if the
calculation is based on the prestress force at the column centre-line as opposed to the average force as discussed
above.

For one-way systems the total punching shear force and bending moment transferred to each column is factored up in
the ratio of the one-way width being run to the transverse average column spacing, l 2.

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T.9.1.1 Punching Shear to AS3600

The formulation of the rules for punching shear owe a great deal to Rangan and Hall et al and the reader is referred to
their text (ref 35) for a more complete description. Below is a condensed form of the background to the code rules.
Note that the capacity reduction factor for shear is taken as 0.70.

Punching shear strength when no beams present

As in previous codes it is assumed that the shear and moment transferred to the column through a section of slab
surrounding the column of width do/2. The column has dimensions c 1 and c2 in directions parallel and transverse to the
direction that moments are being considered respectively. This thereby defines the failure surface when the column
"punches" through the slab as a truncated cone. For an internal column the cone has, in plan, a dimension parallel to
the design direction equal to a (where a = c1 + do) and a transverse dimension b (where b = c2 + do). The total plan
length of the cone is referred to as the critical perimeter, u. Note that do is the average depth of the slab averaged
around the critical perimeter. RAPT can only run one direction at a time hence it will take do as being the average
either side of the column in the design direction only.
do = the distance from the extreme compressive fibre of the concrete to the centroid of the
outermost layer of tensile reinforcement or tendons but not less than 0.8D.
The previous Australian concrete code (and the current ACI code) method was to determine the percentage of the load
taken to the four faces of the column in accordance with the proportion of the polar moment of inertia of that face to
the total polar moment of inertia of the critical section.

Rangan et al have proposed that

1. The direct shear force, V*, on the column is distributed to each of the four faces of the critical perimeter in
the direct ratio of the length of a side to the total length of the perimeter.
Therefore
V1* = (a/u) V*
= the direct shear force on a side face
a = dimension of the critical shear perimeter measured parallel to the direction of M* v
u = length of the critical shear perimeter
The ultimate direct shear strength, Vuo, of the critical perimeter is given by

where
βh = the ratio of the longest dimension of the column, y, to the shorter dimension, x, measured at right
angles
σcp = the P/A due to prestress at the column based on the full panel width
The direct shear capacity of one side face of the critical perimeter is therefore

2. The greater proportion of the bending moment transferred to the column, M v*, is taken by the faces of the
critical perimeter which are parallel to the design direction as 0.4 M v* on each side face. This is transferred to
the column in a torsional mode on the side faces.
The ultimate strength of the side face torsional member, T uc, which is the depth of the slab and of width equal
to the parallel column width, a, is given by

Combining the shear and torsion in a linear relationship the column is considered satisfactory to resist the loading if
the following is satisfied

Substituting in the formulae above we find that the maximum bending moment that may be transferred
simultaneously with the direct shear force is given by

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or alternatively we may say that the ultimate design shear capacity is

which for the case of no bending moment being transferred to the column reduces to

If V* > φVu then one must provide closed ties in the transverse direction. The minimum requirement for the ties is that
they have a minimum cross-sectional area per spacing (A sw/s)min as given below and that they are spaced no further
apart than the minimum of the depth of the slab; or 300 mm.

where
y1 = the longest overall dimension of the closed tie
fsy.f = the yield stress of the tie
Asw = the cross-sectional area of the bar forming a closed tie (1 leg)
s = the spacing of the ties

The shear strength of the connection including the capacity of the torsional member which has minimum closed ties is
then given by

If the applied ultimate loading, V*, exceeds the design strength with minimum ties, φVu.min, then one must provide
closed ties which are greater than the minimum given above.
Setting the design ultimate capacity φVu to the applied ultimate shear force, V*

The closed ties have a width equal to a.

Punching shear strength when beams are present
Whenever a beam is subjected to torsion, ie. when Mv* < > 0 then one must provide at least the minimum closed ties
as described above. However the strength of the connection is then given by

where
Db = the depth of the transverse beam
Ds = the depth of the slab. Taken as the average drop panel depth if drop panels are present
bw = the width of the beam web
Similarly if V* > φVu.min then ties greater than the minimum are required as given above.

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T.9.1.2 Punching Shear to BS8110 & SABS 0100

RAPT applies the punching shear force to the critical perimeter. This is defined as being 1.5d from the loaded area.
(see BS8110 figure 3.17). When calculating the punching shear requirements of prestressed slabs, RAPT converts the
Prestressing tendons into an equivalent area of reinforcement. The following equations are then used to check
punching shear. [see BS8110 section 3.7.6 & 7]

shear stress for slab/column internal connections

shear stress for other slab/column connections

where
x = the length of the side of the perimeter considered parallel to the axis of bending
Mt = the design moment transmitted from the slab to the column at the connection
Vt = the design shear transferred to the column
Veff is then checked against code limits to evaluate the punching shear condition. The following limits are applied by
the code

whichever is less

where

Note: Vmax is based on the loaded area

uo = effective length of the perimeter which touches a loaded area
d = effective depth of slab

The design shear strength for the shear stress failure zone is given by

where
u = effective length of the perimeter of the critical zone (based on 1.5 d from column)
The shear capacity vc of the failure zone is determined by the following equations (see BS8110 table 3.9)

where

should not be taken as greater than 3

should not be taken as less than 1

For characteristic concrete strengths greater than 25 N/mm2, v c should be multiplied by

but the value of fcu should not be taken as greater than 40.

T.9.1.2 Theory: Punching Shear to BS8110 & SABS 0100 1

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Following the code rules, using the results calculated above, RAPT determines what shear reinforcement is required. ie
If v < vc then no shear reinforcement is required.
If v > vc and the slab is over 200mm deep then the following A sv can be added

where
(v - vc) should not be taken as less than 0.4 N/mm2
fyv is the characteristic strength of the shear reinforcement
Asv is the area of shear reinforcement. This reinforcement should be distributed around the column in
accordance with the code.

T.9.1.2 Theory: Punching Shear to BS8110 & SABS 0100 2

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T.9.1.3 Punching Shear to ACI318

Section 11.12 of ACI318 defines the requirements for punching shear. The critical perimeter is defined to occur at d/2
from the column face.
d = depth to the centroid of the tension reinforcement but d shall not be taken as < 0.8D

The code sets out the following requirements for punching shear
Vu <= φVn
where
Vn = Vc + Vs
Vc = the nominal shear strength provided by the concrete
Vs = the nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement.
For non prestressed slabs vc is the smallest of

(i)
where
βc is the ratio of the long side to short side of the column

(ii)
where
αs is 40 for interior columns
is 30 for edge columns
is 20 for corner columns

(iii)

For two-way prestressed slabs

where

βp is the smaller of 0.291667 or

αs is 40 for interior columns
is 30 for edge columns
is 20 for corner columns
bo is the perimeter of critical section
fpc is P/A
Vp is the vertical component of the effective prestress forces crossing the critical section. RAPT
assumes 0 for this figure.
This formula can only be used if
(i) no portion of the column cross section shall be closer to a discontinuous edge than 4 times the
slab thickness
(ii) f'c shall not be taken greater than 35MPa
(iii) fpc shall not be less than 0.86 MPa, nor greater than 3.5 MPa
If these conditions are not met, than RAPT uses Vc based on the non prestressed section formulae.
When moment is transferred to the column, some of it is transferred by flexure and the rest is transferred by
eccentricity of shear about the centroid of the critical section. Thus gvMu is transferred by shear. gv is defined as

T.9.1.3 Theory: Punching Shear to ACI318 1

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where
b1 = width of the critical section measured in the direction of the span for which moments are
determined
b2 = width of the critical section measured perpendicular to b 1

The shear stress resulting from moment transfer by eccentricity of shear shall be assumed to vary linearly about the
centroid of the critical sections. The maximum factored shear stress can be calculated from

where
Ac = area of concrete of assumed critical area
Jc = property of assumed critical section analogous to polar moment of inertia.

RAPT has the ability to calculate Jc for rectangular or circular columns. Jc will be calculated for any portion of a circular
column at an edge.
RAPT does not calculate a value for Vs. Users can use the Vc value calculated by RAPT to decide if extra shear
reinforcement is required but the calculation of the reinforcement required is left to the designer.
To help the designer in this calculation RAPT also calculates V nmax. The following formula is used

T.9.1.3 Theory: Punching Shear to ACI318 2