3040 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 60, NO.

6, JUNE 2012

and amplitude distributions, respectively. By optimizing the weights of Filter-Antenna Consisting of Conical FSS Radome and
these basis functions, we are able to achieve the mainlobe shaping, side- Monopole Antenna
lobe notch and the slop of the mainlobe. This algorithm is applicable
to not only linear array but also planar array. Good results have been Hang Zhou, Shaobo Qu, Baoqin Lin, Jiafu Wang, Hua Ma,
obtained with a small number of optimized variables. Furthermore, the Zhuo Xu, Weidong Peng, and Peng Bai
method usually required less CPU time and reduced the DRR as com-
pared to the adaptive GA. In addition, the idea of the algorithm can be
applied to PSO. Abstract—A filter-antenna consisting of a monopole antenna and a con-
ical frequency selective surface (FSS) radome was designed and investi-
gated. A coupled-resonator spatial filter (CRSF) was used to design an FSS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT array with stable performances, and then a specific geometrical layout was
proposed to construct a conical FSS radome. We technically investigated
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers and As- the combination of a monopole antenna and the conical FSS radome. Both
sociate Editor for their competent and helpful suggestions to improve the simulated and measured results show that the proposed filter-antenna
keeps the input reflection coefficient, radiation pattern of the monopole an-
this communication. tenna within the designed passband, and reflects out-of-band signals. Such
properties of the filter-antenna will exhibit anti-interference capability and
low RCS, which can be widely used in military applications.
REFERENCES
Index Terms—Antenna, filter-antenna, frequency selective surface (FSS),
[1] C. Balanis, Antenna Theory-Analysis and Design. New York: Wiley, radome.
1982.
[2] A. Safaai-Jazi, “A new formulation of the design of Chebyshev arrays,”
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 42, pp. 439–443, Mar. 1994. I. INTRODUCTION
[3] A. Safaai-Jazi, “Directivity of Chebyshev arrays with arbitrary element
spacing,” Electron. Lett., vol. 31, pp. 772–774, May 1995. Frequency selective surface (FSS) is a periodic assembly of one- or
[4] J. M. Cid, J. A. Rodríguez, F. Ares, and E. Moreno, “Synthesis of two-dimensional resonant structures, either as apertures in a thin con-
satellite footprints by perturbation of Woodward-Lawson solutions for ducting sheet or as metallic patches on a substrate, correspondingly
planar array antennas,” J. Electromagn. Waves Applicat., vol. 14, pp.
3–10, 2000. with a band-pass or band-stop function, respectively. FSSs have been
[5] F. J. Ares-Pena, J. A. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, E. Villanueva-Lopez, and widely used as polarizers, filters, subreflectors in dual-frequency an-
S. R. Rengarajan, “Genetic algorithms in the design and optimization tennas, absorbers and so on [1]–[6]. Another important application of
of antenna array patterns,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 47, no. FSS is hybrid-radome for radar cross-section (RCS) control and anti-in-
3, pp. 506–510, Mar. 1999.
[6] D. Marcano and F. Duran, “Synthesis of antenna arrays using genetic
terference. In this case, when the FSS is transparent to electromagnetic
algorithms,” IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 42, June 2000. waves, transmission of the antenna signal is not affected at all. In con-
[7] M. Shimizu, “Determining the excitation coefficients of an array using trast, when it is opaque, the signal is reflected. For the latter, when the
genetic algorithm,” in Proc. IEEE Antenna Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., radome is exposed to an incident field, most of the signal energy will
Seattle, WA, June 1994, vol. 1, pp. 530–533. be reflected in the bi-stastic direction because of the radome’s shape,
[8] F. J. Villegas, “Parallel genetic-algorithm optimization of shaped beam
coverage areas using planar 2-D phased array,” IEEE Trans. Antenna leading to a very weak signal in the backscattering direction and thus to
Propag., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1745–1753, 2007. a low RCS [1]. In addition, this anti-interference capability will protect
[9] K. K. Yan and Y. Lu, “Sidelobe reduction in Array-Pattern synthesis the antenna because strong electromagnetic interference (EMI) signals
using genetic algorithm,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 45, no. will also be stopped outside the operating band. Such advantages of the
7, pp. 1117–1122, 1997.
[10] R. V. Gatti, L. Marcaccioli, and R. Sorrentino, “A novel phase-only
hybrid FSS radomes make it attractive in many practical applications.
method for shaped beam synthesis and adaptive nulling,” in Proc. 33rd An important step is to design FSS structures with high selectivity, low
Eur. Microwave Conf., Munich, 2003, pp. 739–742. insertion losses in the passband, as well as stable performances for dif-
[11] D. W. Boeringer, D. H. Werner, and D. W. Machuga, “A simultaneous ferent incidence angles and polarizations.
parameter adaptation scheme for genetic algorithms With application
For decades, many methods have been adopted to improve the per-
to phased array synthesis,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 53, no.
1, pp. 2142–2145, Jan. 2005. formance of FSS. Ben A. Munk et al. studied the effects of dielec-
[12] T. H. Ismail and Z. M. Hamici, “Array pattern synthesis using digital tric loading on FSS [7]. Three-dimensional structures were designed to
phase control by quantized particle swarm optimization,” IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag., vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 2142–2145, Jun. 2010.
[13] D. W. Boeringer and D. H. Werner, “Particle swarm optimization
versus genetic algorithms for phased array synthesis,” IEEE Trans. Manuscript received April 09, 2011; revised October 31, 2011; accepted
Antennas Propag., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 771–779, Mar. 2004. November 11, 2011. Date of publication April 12, 2012; date of current
[14] J. A. Rodríguez, L. Landesa, J. L. Rodíguez, F. Obelleiro, F. Ares, version May 29, 2012. This work is supported in part by the National Natural
and A. García-Pino, “Pattern synthesis of array antennas with arbitrary Science Foundation of China under Grants.60871027, 60901029, National
elements by simulated annealing and adaptive array theory,” Microw. Basic Research Program of China under Grant 2009CB623306, Research Fund
Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 20, pp. 48–50, Dec. 1999. of Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Electronic Information System Integration (No.
[15] Trastoy, F. Ares, and E. Moreno, “Phase-only control of antenna sum 201114Y11), and part by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province
and shaped patterns through null perturbation,” IEEE Antennas Propag. of China under Grant No. 2011JQ8031.
Mag., vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 46–54, Dec. 2001. H. Zhou, S. Qu, B. Lin, J. Wang, and H. Ma are with the College of
[16] W. P. M. N. Keizer, “Fast low-sidelobe synthesis for large planar Science, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China (e-mail:
array antennas utilizing successive fast Fourier transforms of the array [email protected]; [email protected]).
factor,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 55, pp. 715–722, Mar. Z. Xu is with the Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory
2007. of the Ministry of Education, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China.
[17] Y. Rahmat-Sand and E. Michielsen, Genetic Algorithms in Engi- W. Peng and P. Bai are with the Synthetic Electronic Information System
neering Electromagnetics. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1999. Research Department, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710051, China.
[18] K. Deb, D. Joshi, and A. Anand, “Real-coded evolutionary algorithms Color versions of one or more of the figures in this communication are avail-
with parent-centric recombination,” Proc. Evol. Comput., vol. 1, pp. able online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
61–66, 2002. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2012.2194648

0018-926X/$31.00 © 2012 IEEE

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 60, NO. 6, JUNE 2012 3041

obtain isotropic FSS [8]. Complementary FSSs have been analyzed in

[9]–[11]. Miniaturized FSS, whose dimensions were much smaller than
the operating wavelength, were investigated in [12]–[21]. Coupled-res-
onator spatial filter (CRSF) FSS was firstly proposed in [22] and fur-
ther studied in [23]–[26], in which two patches are coupled through an
aperture to form a higher-order bandpass filter. Such FSSs possess high
selectivity and flat passband in their operating frequencies. To achieve
high Q-factor from open resonators, substrate integrated waveguide
(SIW) technology was introduced by Luo et al. [27], [28] to design
high-performance FSS.
Nevertheless, there are few literatures on integrated design of an-
tennas and FSS. Multilayer FSS combined with open-ended waveguide
radiator arrays was presented in [29]–[31], in which only filtering
Fig. 1. Configuration of the CRSF-FSS (left panel) and its unit cell (right
performances were analyzed using the multimode equivalent network panel).
method. Active FSS integrated with a horn antenna was discussed in
[32]. A filter-antenna consisting of horn antenna and SIW-FSS was
proposed in [33], in which the filtering and radiation performances
were investigated. A symmetric dual-layer FSS radome, which was
integrated on the radiation surface of a planar slotted waveguide
antenna, was realized in [34]. The coupling between miniaturized
FSS and patch antenna array for angle-independent, high-order spatial
filtering was discussed in [35]. The aforementioned filter-antennas
are mostly concentrated on planar FSS radomes. While in modern
military applications, filter-antennas with conformal FSS radomes are
much more attractive for better aerodynamic performances. Ben A.
Munk et al. [36] designed a streamlined metallic FSS radome using Fig. 2. Frequency responses of the CRSF-FSS with different polarizations and
arrays of slots etched into a solid metal curved radome. The radome incident angles. (a) Reflection and (b) transmission.
permits transmission with any polarization over a wide range of scan
angles. Band-pass characteristics of the radome were discussed. While
for an integrated design of antenna and FSS radome, the filtering per- second-order CRSF structure. Under these considerations, in this com-
formances in suppressing out-band interferences and in reducing RCS munication, we choose two circular patches and a coupling circular
are also important and are worthy to be investigated and discussed. aperture to construct the CRSF structure unit cell.
It is quite popular for researchers to use commercial software to The proposed CRSF is shown in Fig. 1. It is composed of three
make designs before practical experiments, because this lowers the metallic layers separated from one another by two thin dielectric layers.
cost and avoids many potential risks. However, a strict periodic array The top and bottom metallic layers of the unit cell have a circular patch
mounted on sharply curved surfaces is difficult to be constructed. More- in the center and the middle metallic layer is etched with a circular aper-
over, the simulation of a conformal FSS radome is not easy because of ture in the center. Optimized dimensions of the unit cell in Fig. 1 are:
large amounts of computation. In this communication, we propose a p = 20 mm, r1 = 9:0 mm r0 = 1:45 mm h = 0:381 mm, where p
specific geometrical layout to construct a conical FSS radome. Sym- is the periodicity of the unit cell in x- and y -directions. The structure
metrical boundary conditions are used to reduce the calculation. We is based on two-layered Rogers 5870 substrate with the same periodic
technically investigate the combination of a monopole antenna and the metallic patterns. The Rogers 5870 substrate has a thickness of 0.381
conical FSS radome. Firstly, we used a CRSF structure to design a FSS mm, loss tangent of 0.0012 and a dielectric constant of 2.33.
array which exhibits high selectivity and stable performances for dif- We used the High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) version
ferent incidence angles and polarizations at around 6.0 GHz. Such a 12.0 [37], to calculate its reflection and transmission characteristics.
FSS is a good candidate for designing FSS radomes. Secondly, a spe- Suppose the CRSF-FSS is an infinite periodic structure. The single
cific geometrical layout was proposed to shape a conical FSS radome. CRSF-FSS is excited by an incident plane wave with different inci-
Finally, a filter-antenna consisting of a monopole antenna and a FSS dent angles and polarizations. The four sides of the unit cell are set to
radome was investigated and experimentally verified. Both the simu- be periodic boundary conditions (PBC). Fig. 2 gives the frequency re-
lated and measured result show that such a filter-antenna exhibits the sponses under different incidence angles and polarizations. For normal
same radiation performance of the monopole antenna within the de- incidence, we see from Fig. 2(b) that two pole transmission responses
signed passband and has the filtering performance for out-of-band in- occur at about 6.0 GHz and 6.10 GHz, respectively. The 3 dB band-
terference suppression and RCS reduction. width is about 0.26 GHz (5.90–6.17 GHz). Moreover, the passband is
rather flat without any ripples. Insertion loss in the passband is about
II. DESIGN PROCEDURE 00.6 dB.
As a space filter, it is necessary that FSS provide stable performances
for different incidence angles and polarizations. From Fig. 2 we can
A. CRSF-FSS Design
find that the insertion loss increases slightly as the incident angle in-
The coupled-resonator spatial filter FSS was first proposed in [22], in creases for both TE and TM polarizations. For TM polarization, the
which two patches were coupled by an aperture. Dimensions of patches insertion loss is still below 1 dB as the incident angle increases from
and of the aperture determine the resonant frequency and the coupling 0 to 45 . While for TE polarization, when the incident angle increases
degree, respectively. By adjusting the size of the aperture, FSS with to 45 , a ripple emerges in the passbands and the insertion loss is about
a second-order bandpass response can be obtained. Besides, circular 1.5 dB. With the aim to reduce the insertion loss, we simulated the case
patches are shaped by only one parameter, so it is easier to design a with both lossless spacers and perfect electric conductors. We find that
3042 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 60, NO. 6, JUNE 2012

Fig. 3. Transmissions of the CRSF-FSS with/without loss, as well as with im- Fig. 5. Simulated input reflection coefficient of the filter-antenna and
proved parameters for TE 45 . monopole antenna.

(PMCs). In this way, we can get the accurate results by only calculating
a quadrant of the filter-antenna.
The monopole antenna with a reflecting ground plane operating at
6.1 GHz was designed. The length of the monopole is 11.3 mm, and it
is fed by a 50
coaxial cable. An IBM workstation with an Intel (R)
Xeon (R) 5130 CPU and 16.0 G RAM was used. The solution time is
about 53 minutes. Simulated S11 of the filter-antenna and the monopole
antenna are shown in Fig. 5. It can be found that 010 dB bandwidth of
the monopole antenna is from 5.60 to 6.85 GHz and the input reflection
coefficient at 6.1 GHz is 019.43 dB.
When the CRSF-FSS radome is installed in front of the monopole,
Fig. 4. Configuration of conical radome. (a) Fan-shaped planar FSS. Ratio of the input reflection coefficient of the filter-antenna is then greatly
the radius d to the center arc l is l : d =  : 3. (b) Simulated model of the changed. Input matching bandwidth of filter-antenna is much narrower.
filter-antenna using HFSS. Two rapid roll-off edges occur at about 5.80 and 6.20 GHz. But the
input reflection coefficient is still less than 010 dB in frequency range
from 5.90 to 6.175 GHz. The value of the input reflection coefficient
the transmission loss is about 0.35 dB due to impedance mismatching at 6.1 GHz is 016.22 dB. Out of this band most of the energy is
of the FSS, as shown in Fig. 3. On this basis, we improved the FSS reflected. This bandwidth of the input reflection coefficient agrees
by taking p = 19:4 mm. Then the transmission loss is about 1.32 with the desired 3 dB passband (5.90–6.17 GHz) of the CRSF-FSS.
dB, a reduction by 0.18 dB. The frequency response is rather stable By calculating a quadrant of the filter-antenna using HFSS (see
under oblique incidence angles from 0 to 45 for both TE and TM Fig. 4(b)), max directivity of the filter-antenna occur at theta = 60 .
polarizations. The CRSF-FSS owns its advantages to high selectivity, Thus, we compare the monopole antenna and the filter-antenna radi-
low insertion loss, stable performances, easy fabrication, so it is a good ation patterns with theta = 60 at different frequencies as shown in
candidate for designing conical FSS radomes. Fig. 6. The radiation pattern of the monopole antenna and the filter-an-
tenna at 6.1 GHz with theta = 60 is shown in Fig. 6(a). Though there
B. Conical FSS Radome Design
are some minor differences between them, the filter-antenna radiation
The CRSF-FSS is used to construct a conical FSS radome. For a performance is nearly the same as that of the monopole antenna.
miniature FSS radome, a strict periodic array mounted on sharply Consequently, at 6.1 GHz, the filter-antenna with FSS radome has less
curved surfaces is difficult to be constructed. Because of this, we influence on the antenna radiation performance.
choose the FSS radome as a conical structure. For a conical radome, it In order to prove the anti-interference performances of the filter-an-
can be spread as a fan-shaped planar FSS. The fan-shaped planar FSS tenna outside the band, another two monopole antennas operating at
is defined by two parameters: one is the length of the center arc and 5.5 GHz and 7.5 GHz were designed with the same FSS radome. The
the other is the radius, as shown in Fig. 4(a). To keep the axi-symmetry length of the monopole antenna operating at 5.5 GHz is 12.5 mm and its
of the FSS, the ratio of the radius d to the center arc l is chosen as input reflection coefficient is 017.5 dB. Calculated input reflection co-
l : d =  : 3. The height of the designed conical FSS radome is 99.56 efficient of the filter-antenna consisting of 5.5 GHz monopole antenna
mm and its half angle is 41.04 , as shown in Fig. 4(b). and FSS radome is 00.98 dB. Radiation patterns with theta = 60 of
the monopole antenna and the corresponding filter-antenna at 5.5 GHz
C. Filter-Antenna Design is shown in Fig. 6(b). From this pattern, we can see that radiation of the
The filter-antenna consisting of a monopole antenna and a conical filter-antenna has been restrained because of the presence of the FSS
FSS radome is shown in Fig. 4(b). To keep the axi-symmetry of the radome. The same phenomenon can also be obtained at 7.5 GHz. The
whole structure, the monopole antenna is laid on the center axis of length of the monopole operating at 7.5 GHz is 9.2 mm, and its input
the conical FSS radome. The filter-antenna was simulated by HFSS reflection coefficient is 018.3 dB. Calculated input reflection coeffi-
version 12.0. To reduce the simulation time, we set the two side faces cient of the filter-antenna consisting of the 7.5 GHz monopole antenna
of a quadrant computation region to be perfect magnetic conductors and FSS radome is 00.04 dB. Radiation patterns with theta = 600
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 60, NO. 6, JUNE 2012 3043

Fig. 6. Radiation patterns of the monopole antenna and the corresponding

filter-antenna at different frequencies with theta = 60 . (a) 6.1 GHz, (b) 5.5
GHz, (c) 7.5 GHz.

Fig. .7. Compared monostatic RCS results.

of the monopole antenna and the corresponding filter-antenna at 7.5
GHz is shown in Fig. 6(c). Side and back lobes in the case with FSS
radome are caused by power loss introduced by the insertion loss of
the FSS radome. This will cause a little boresight error and reduce the
antenna’s efficiency. From this pattern, we can see that radiation of
the filter-antenna is also restrained. According to reciprocal principle,
when the filter-antenna is used in receiving state, only the signals in the
desired band can be completely received, while out of band signals are
effectively reflected. This means the filter-antenna has the capability of
anti-interference.

D. Monostatic RCS Results

Using HFSS, a plane wave for normal incidence is excited to simu-
Fig. 8. Prototype of the fabricated radome and antenna. (a) Conical FSS
late the monostatic RCSs of the antenna with such a FSS radome and radome and (b) monopole antenna operating at 6.1 GHz.
with just a dielectric radome, as shown in Fig. 7. The dielectric radome
is composed of two substrates used in Section II. RCS of the antenna
with such a dielectric radome increases gradually as the frequency in- FSS were adhered and rolled to form a conical FSS radome as shown
creases, while RCS of the antenna with the FSS radome decreases sig- in Fig. 8(a). A monopole antenna with a circular metallic ground plane
nificantly. But at around 6.0 GHz the RCS for the radome case is higher. operating at 6.1 GHz was also fabricated, as shown in Fig. 8(b). The
This is because most of the out-of-band signal energy will be reflected radius of the metallic ground is 86.67 mm which is equal to the bottom
elsewhere due to the radome’s shape, leading to a very weak signal in radius of the conical FSS radome.
the backscattering direction and thus to a low RCS. While at round 6.0
GHz in the pass-band, the incident angle to the FSS surface is about A. Filtering Performance Measurement
50 . From Fig. 2, we know that as the incident angle increases, the in-
sertion loss for TE polarization increases. This will affect the band-pass The input reflection coefficients of the monopole antenna and the
performance, but there is still partial energy entering the radome and corresponding filter-antenna were measured by HP 8720ES network
reflected by the antenna ground. Thus, at around 6.0 GHz, the RCS of analyzer, as plotted in Fig. 9.
The measured input reflection coefficient of the monopole antenna
is lower than 010 dB within a frequency range from 5.52 to 6.86
antenna with FSS radome is a little higher but still quite lower than that
of the antenna with dielectric radome. From these results, we found
that the monstatic RCS of the antenna can be effectively reduced with GHz, in good agreement with the simulated results. The monopole an-
the aid of such a FSS radome. tenna was covered with the FSS radome to construct a filter-antenna.
The measured input reflection coefficient of the filter-antenna agrees
well with the simulated results. However, the measured bandwidth of
III. EXPERIMENT
the passband (5.78–6.25 GHz) is a little wider than the simulated one
An experiment was carried out to verify our design. The proposed (5.90–6.175 GHz). This discrepancy can be attributed to some factors.
CRSF-FSS was fabricated by using two Rogers 5870 substrates, whose Firstly, the planar CRSF-FSS can be easily fabricated by printed cir-
permittivity is 2.33 and loss tangent 0.0012. Then fan-shaped planar cuit board (PCB) technology. However, the two fan-shaped planar FSS
3044 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 60, NO. 6, JUNE 2012

Fig. 9. Comparison between measured and simulated input reflection coeffi-

cients of filter-antenna and monopole antenna.

were adhered and rolled to form a conical FSS radome by our hand-
work, so there are some discrepancies. Secondly, in simulations the
FSS radome is put in front of the monopole antenna seamlessly, but
in experiment there is a small gap between the reflecting ground plane
and the radome. The FSS radome is not well matched with the reflecting
ground. Thirdly, fabrication precision of the filter-antenna can also lead
to such discrepancy.

B. Radiation Performance Measurement

In order to reduce the simulation time, we used HFSS to simulate a
Fig. 10. Normalized measured radiation patterns of filter-antenna at different
quadrant of the filter-antenna and the two side faces of the quadrant re- frequencies. (a) E plane at 6.1 GHz, (b) H plane at 6.1 GHz, (c) E plane at 5.5
gion were set to be PMC. In this way, calculated radiation patterns were GHz, (d) H plane at 5.5 GHz, (e) E plane at 7.5 GHz, (f) H plane at 7.5 GHz.
different from the results obtained by simulating the whole filter-an-
tenna [37]. Nevertheless, the input reflection coefficients are the same.
Thus, the measured and simulated patterns cannot be directly compared for large incident angles is still required. Conformal FSS radome
because of the beam tilted by HFSS modeling. However, we can still is still needed to be designed and improved for better aerodynamic
plot the experimental radiation patterns. performances and for phased array antennas.
Fig. 10 gives the normalized measured radiation patterns of the filter-
antenna at different frequencies. From Fig. 10, we find that good radi-
V. CONCLUSION
ation patterns are kept at 6.1 GHz in the passband of the FSS. In the
E-plane, the metallic ground makes the beam tilt and the maximum di- In this communication, a filter-antenna with a monopole antenna and
rectivity occurs at theta = 57 . While in the H plane, it keeps good a conical FSS radome was designed and experimentally verified. First,
omnidirectional patterns, very similar to a monopole antenna’s radi- a CRSF-FSS structure was designed. Such CRSF-FSS has advantages
ation patterns. For both 5.5 GHz and 7.5 GHz out of the passband, of high selectivity, low insertion loss and stable performance, making
the radiation performance is degraded. Directivities decrease at around it is a good candidate for designing hybrid FSS radomes. Then, a spe-
 cific geometrical layout was presented to design a conical FSS radome.
theta = 57 in E plane and the levels of side lobes and back lobes
increase. A filter-antenna was technically designed and investigated. In the end,
From the measured input reflection coefficient of the filter-antenna, an experiment was carried out to verify our design. The conical FSS
it is found that the designed filter-antenna has desired filtering per- and a monopole antenna with a big reflective ground plane operating at
formances, including anti-interference capability. Also, because of the about 6.1 GHz were fabricated. Both the simulated and experimental
conical FSS radome, a low RCS would be obtained out of band in the measured results show that the filter-antenna exhibits an excellent fil-
backscattering direction. tering performance. At the designed band the filter-antenna can work
as an antenna with good radiation performance nearly the same as that
of monopole antenna. Out of band the interference signals and EMI can
IV. DISCUSSION
be effectively suppressed. The presented conical FSS radome provides
The filter-antenna has both a good radiation performance of practical military applications such as RCS reduction and electronic
monopole antenna within the designed band and excellent filtering countermeasures.
performance. Nevertheless, it still needs to be improved in further
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