CSE20202:

Fluid Mechanics for Civil Engineering

by
Dr. HF Duan
Associate Professor of Hydraulics
([email protected])

QR403, 12:30–14:30, Wednesday

2019/2020, Semester 2
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Course Information & Teaching Plan
• Lectures:
 13 weeks (2 hours each week): 4th ~ 16th Weeks #
 12 lectures + 1 mid-term test (see next page)

• Tutorials:
 4 groups (small size class)
 6 times (1 hour every two weeks)

• Laboratory experiments (Re-scheduled):

 4 groups (4*4 = 16 sub-groups)
 2 experiments (Online Video Learning)
Final Grade = Continuous Assessment
70% Final exam +
30% Others (20% mid-term, 10% lab reports & assignments)
# following
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the revised Academic Calendar, i.e., 1~15 weeks in this semester
See More in the Teaching Plan on Blackboard Course
Website (LEARN@POLYU)!!!
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Basic Requirements (“ground rules”)
Lecture & Tutorial classes: basic rules of teaching & learning
(attendance will be regularly checked)

In-class & Online activities (e.g., blackboard website): encouraging

Feedback: welcome

Other Information:
(1) Instructor:
Office: ZS966
Tele: 3400-8449
Email: [email protected]
Links: http://www.cee.polyu.edu.hk/~cehfduan/
http://hkpolyucee.wixsite.com/hfduan
(2) Teaching Assistants (2 TAs):
(3) Consulting Time: appointment by email or call

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Suggested References (Textbooks):
[1] Cengel, Y.A., and Cimbala, J.M. (2012 or 2014). Fluid
Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, (3rd edition),
McGraw Hill;

[2] Potter M.C., Wiggert D.C., and Ramadan B.H., (2012),

Mechanics of fluids (4th edition), Cengage Learning.

[3] Streeter, V.L., Wylie, E.B., and Bedford, K.W. (1998). Fluid
Mechanics, (9th edition), McGraw Hill;

[4] Douglas, J.F., Gasiorek, J.M., Swaffield, J.A., and Jack, L.B.
(2005). Fluid Mechanics, (5th edition), Prentice Hall.

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 Objectives of This 1st Lesson

• Understand the background and significance of Fluid

Mechanics study

• Know the basic concepts and terms of Fluid Mechanics.

• Master the various types of fluid flow problems

encountered in practice.

• Recognize the importance of dimensional homogeneity

in engineering calculations (e.g., Fluid Mechanics).

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■ INTRODUCTION
Mechanics: The oldest physical
science that deals with both stationary
and moving bodies under the influence
of forces.
Statics: The branch of mechanics that
deals with bodies at rest.
Dynamics: The branch that deals with
bodies in motion.
Fluid mechanics: The science that
deals with the behavior of fluids at rest
(fluid statics) or in motion (fluid
dynamics), and the interaction of fluids
with solids or other fluids at the
boundaries.
Fluid dynamics: Fluid mechanics is Fluid mechanics deals
also referred to as fluid dynamics by with liquids and gases in
considering fluids at rest as a special
case of motion with zero velocity. motion or at rest.7
Hydrodynamics: The study of the motion of fluids that can be
approximated as incompressible (such as liquids, especially
water, and gases at low speeds).

Hydraulics: A subcategory of hydrodynamics, which deals

with liquid flows in pipes and open channels.

Gas dynamics: Deals with the flow of fluids that undergo

significant density changes, such as the flow of gases through
nozzles at high speeds.

Aerodynamics: Deals with the flow of gases (especially air)

over bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and automobiles at high
or low speeds.

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What is a Fluid?
Fluid: A substance in the liquid
or gas phase.

A fluid deforms continuously

under the influence of a shear
stress, no matter how small.
(A solid can resist an applied
shear stress by deforming).

When a constant shear force is Deformation of a rubber block

applied, a solid eventually stops
placed between two parallel plates
deforming at some fixed strain
under the influence of a shear
angle, whereas a fluid never
stops deforming and force. The shear stress shown is
approaches a constant rate of that on the rubber—an equal but
strain. opposite shear stress acts on the
upper plate.
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Stress: Force per unit area.

Normal stress: The normal

component of a force acting on a
surface per unit area.

Shear stress: The tangential

component of a force acting on a
surface per unit area.

Pressure: The normal stress in a

fluid at rest.

Zero shear stress: A fluid at rest is The normal stress and shear stress at
at a state of zero shear stress. the surface of a fluid element. For
fluids at rest, the shear stress is zero
and pressure is the only normal stress.10
In microscopic scale sense:
In a liquid, groups of molecules can move relative to each other, but the
volume remains relatively constant because of the strong cohesive
forces between the molecules. As a result, a liquid takes the shape of the
container it is in, and it forms a free surface in a larger container in a
gravitational field.
A gas expands until it encounters the walls of the container and fills the
entire available space. This is because the gas molecules are widely
spaced, and the cohesive forces between them are very small. Unlike
liquids, a gas in an open container cannot form a free surface.

Unlike a liquid, a gas

does not form a
free surface, and it
expands to fill the
entire available space.
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Intermolecular bonds are strongest in solids and weakest in gases.
Solid: The molecules in a solid are arranged in a pattern that is repeated
throughout.
Liquid: In liquids molecules can rotate and translate freely.
Gas: In the gas phase, the molecules are far apart from each other, and
molecular ordering is nonexistent.

The arrangement of atoms in different phases: (a) molecules are at

relatively fixed positions in a solid, (b) groups of molecules move about each
other in the liquid phase, and (c) individual molecules move about at random
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in the gas phase.
Gas and vapor are often used as synonymous words.
Gas: The vapor phase of a substance is customarily called a gas when it
is above the critical temperature.
Vapor: Usually implies that the current phase is not far from a state of
condensation.

Macroscopic or classical approach:

Does not require a knowledge of the
behavior of individual molecules and
provides a direct and easy way to
analyze engineering problems.
Microscopic or statistical approach:
Based on the average behavior of
large groups of individual molecules.

On a microscopic scale, pressure

is determined by the interaction of
individual gas molecules. However,
we can measure the pressure on a
macroscopic scale with a pressure
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gage.
Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics

Fluid dynamics is used extensively

in the design of artificial hearts.
Shown here is the Penn State
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Electric Total Artificial Heart.
15
 Geumho
River
Nakdong
Jincheon
River
Creek

Nakdong and Geumho Rivers confluence in Korea 16

More practical applications:

Stormwater Drainage System Coastal Water Quality Assessment

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River Flooding and Dynamics Extreme Weather (e.g., Tsunami)
■ CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS
Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow
Viscous flows: Flows in which the frictional effects are significant.
Inviscid flow regions: In many flows of practical interest, there are regions
(typically regions not close to solid surfaces) where viscous forces are
negligibly small compared to inertial or pressure forces.

The flow of an originally uniform

fluid stream over a flat plate, and
the regions of viscous flow (next to
the plate on both sides) and
inviscid flow (away from the plate).

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Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
Laminar flow: The highly
ordered fluid motion
characterized by smooth
layers of fluid. The flow of
high-viscosity fluids such as
oils at low velocities is
typically laminar.
Turbulent flow: The highly
disordered fluid motion that
typically occurs at high
velocities and is
characterized by velocity
fluctuations. The flow of low-
viscosity fluids such as air at
high velocities is typically
turbulent.
Transitional flow: A flow
that alternates between
being laminar and turbulent. Laminar, transitional, and turbulent flows
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over a flat plate.
Steady versus Unsteady Flow
• The term steady implies no change at
a point with time.
• The opposite of steady is unsteady.
• The term uniform implies no change
with location over a specified region.
• The term periodic refers to the kind of
unsteady flow in which the flow
oscillates about a steady mean.
• Many devices such as turbines,
compressors, boilers, condensers,
and heat exchangers operate for long
periods of time under the same
conditions, and they are classified as
steady-flow devices.

Oscillating wake of a blunt-based airfoil

at Mach number 0.6. Photo (a) is an
instantaneous image, while photo (b) is
a long-exposure (time-averaged) image. 20
Comparison of (a) instantaneous snapshot of an unsteady
flow, and (b) long exposure picture of the same flow. 21
 Steady / Unsteady / Uniform / Non-uniform
Flows???
River bank

inflow outflow
1 2 3

t – time;
t1 V1(t1) = V2(t1) ≠ V3(t1) V – velocity
Uniform between 1 & 2 at t1,
but Non-uniform between 2 (or 1) and 3 at t1 !!!
=

t2 V1(t2) V2(t2)

Steady at 1 from t1 to t2;

but Unsteady at 2 from t1 to t2 !!!
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One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
• A flow field is best characterized by its
velocity distribution.
• A flow is said to be one-, two-, or three-
dimensional if the flow velocity varies in
one, two, or three dimensions, respectively.
• However, the variation of velocity in certain Flow over a car antenna is
directions can be small relative to the approximately two-dimensional
variation in other directions and can be except near the top and bottom of
ignored. the antenna.

The development of the velocity profile in a circular pipe. V = V(r, z) and thus the
flow is two-dimensional in the entrance region, and becomes one-dimensional
downstream when the velocity profile fully develops and remains unchanged in 23
the flow direction, V = V(r).
■ THE NO-SLIP CONDITION

A fluid flowing over a stationary

surface comes to a complete stop at
The development of a velocity
profile due to the no-slip condition the surface because of the no-slip
as a fluid flows over a blunt nose. condition.

Boundary layer: The flow

region adjacent to the wall
in which the viscous effects
(and thus the velocity
gradients) are significant.
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Flow separation during flow over a curved surface.
 ■ SYSTEM AND CONTROL VOLUME
• System: A quantity of matter or a region
in space chosen for study.
• Surroundings: The mass or region
outside the system
• Boundary: The real or imaginary surface
that separates the system from its
surroundings.
 The boundary of a system can be
fixed or movable.
 Systems may be considered to be
closed or open.
• Closed system
(Control mass):
A fixed amount
of mass, and no
mass can cross
its boundary.
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 • Open system (control volume): A properly
selected region in space.
• It usually encloses a device that involves
mass flow such as a compressor, turbine, or
nozzle.
• Both mass and energy can cross the
boundary of a control volume.
• Control surface: The boundaries of a control
volume. It can be real or imaginary.

An open system (a
control volume) with one
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inlet and one exit.
■ IMPORTANCE OF
DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
• Any physical quantity can be characterized
by dimensions.
• The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions
are called units.
• Some basic dimensions such as mass m,
length L, time t, and temperature T are
selected as primary or fundamental
dimensions, while others such as velocity V,
energy E, and volume V are expressed in
terms of the primary dimensions and are
called secondary dimensions, or derived
dimensions.
• Metric SI system: A simple and logical
system based on a decimal relationship
between the various units.
• English system: It has no apparent
systematic numerical base, and various units
in this system are related to each other
rather arbitrarily. 27
Some SI and English Units

Work = Force  Distance The SI unit prefixes are used in all

1 J = 1 N∙m branches of engineering.
1 cal = 4.1868 J
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ

The definition of the force units.

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 W weight
m mass
g gravitational
acceleration

A body weighing
72 kgf on earth
will weigh only 12
kgf on the moon.

The relative magnitudes of the force

units newton (N), kilogram-force
(kgf), and pound-force (lbf).

The weight of a unit

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mass at sea level.
A typical match yields about one kJ of
energy if completely burned. 30
Dimensional homogeneity
All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous.

Unity Conversion Ratios

All nonprimary units (secondary units) can be
formed by combinations of primary units.
Force units, for example, can be expressed as

They can also be expressed more conveniently

as unity conversion ratios as

To be dimensionally
homogeneous, all the
Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and terms in an equation
are unitless, and thus such ratios (or their inverses) must have the same unit.
can be inserted conveniently into any calculation to
properly convert units.
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 Every unity conversion ratio (as well
as its inverse) is exactly equal to one.
Shown here are a few commonly used
unity conversion ratios.
Always check the units in your
calculations.

More Details in Lecture 12 – Dimensional Analysis

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 Summary
• Basic Background and Concepts in Fluid Mechanics

• Classification of Fluid Flows

 Viscous vs. Inviscid Regions of Flow
 Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow
 Steady vs. Unsteady Flow
 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows

• The No-Slip Condition

• System and Control Volume

• Importance of Dimensions and Units

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Examples & Homework
- Further introduction and more examples will be
given in the first Tutorial Class…
- Additional reading materials (online self-study
course @ blackboard)…
- Homework
- Attached problems in the textbook (any one of the
suggested reference books);
- No need to hand in the homework, but some solution
will be given as requested and discussed/explained in
the tutorial class (or after class with an appointment).

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