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IT135L - Intro To PHP

This document provides an introduction to PHP. It discusses how PHP originated to fill the need for server-side scripting to dynamically generate HTML content. PHP is an open-source, cross-platform scripting language that is embedded within HTML. The document then covers PHP basics like data types, variables, operators, forms, and control structures like conditional statements and loops. It provides examples of basic PHP syntax and how to perform tasks like retrieving form data and conditional logic.

Uploaded by

Charles Justin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
40 views

IT135L - Intro To PHP

This document provides an introduction to PHP. It discusses how PHP originated to fill the need for server-side scripting to dynamically generate HTML content. PHP is an open-source, cross-platform scripting language that is embedded within HTML. The document then covers PHP basics like data types, variables, operators, forms, and control structures like conditional statements and loops. It provides examples of basic PHP syntax and how to perform tasks like retrieving form data and conditional logic.

Uploaded by

Charles Justin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to PHP

Introduction to PHP
IT135L : E-Commerce Lab
A
Anna Ch
Christina
i ti Rotor,
R t MIT
Before PHP
• In the beginning…there was a clamor:
– To manipulate HTML form data in real time
– To provide dynamic content
• In the early days…there was C
• Clamor for simpler languages for web
programming…then there was Perl
• People were happy with Perl
Clamor for PHP
• Clamor for having web programming logic
within the HTML page
• Ability to template parts of the HTML page
j oriented
• Object
• Expandability to support additional future
features
PHP
• Recursive acronym for: PHP: Hypertext Processor
• Open Source (basically its free)
• Server-side (typically runs as part of a web server)
• Cross-platform (ported to a large number of OSes)
• HTML embedded scripting language
• PHP code typically ends with a .php extension
PHP
• Output not limited to HTML, it can also generate images, PDF files,
XML/text and even flash movies
• Can be integrated with a large number of database platforms:
– Oracle
– dBase
– InterBase
– PostgreSQL
– Sybase
– IBM DB2
– MySQL
– Informix
I f i
– ODBC
First PHP Program
<html>
<head>
<title>My First PHP Program</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
echo
h “Hello
“H ll World!<br>”;
W ld! b ”
?>
</body>
</html>
Embedding PHP
<?php if (strstr($HTTP_USER_AGENT, “MSIE”)) {
?>
<b>You are using Internet Explorer</b>
p p } else { ?>
<?php
<b>You are not using Internet Explorer</b>
<?php
?php } ?>
?
Commenting Out Code
<!-- Hi! I am an HTML comment -->
<?php
echo “This is a test”; //one line C-style comment
/* This is a multi-line comment
yet another line of comment */
echo “This is another test”;
echo
h “One
“O final
fi l test”;
” #shell-style
# h ll l comment
?>
Data Types
• Dynamic typing
• Automatic type conversion
• Typical data types include
– Numbers (integer or real)
• Decimal 1234,
1234 Octal 0777,
0777 He
Hexadecimal
adecimal 0xff
0 ff
– Strings
• Double-quoted “anna”, single-quoted ‘rotor’
– Boolean
• true, false
– Objects
PHP and variables
• PHP variables are case-sensitive; $count is different from
$Count or $COUNT

<html><body>
<h2>Q: This creature has tusks made of ivory.
What
h isi its
i name?</h2>
/h
<?php
//define variable
$answer = ‘Elephant’;
//print output
echo “<h2><i>$answer</i></h2>”;
$ ;
?>
</body></html>
Values and Assignment
<?php
$age
g = $dob + 15;;
?>
p p
<?php
$today = “April 28, 2006”;
echo “Today
Today is $today
$today”;;
?>
Handling Forms
• Forms have always been the quickest and easiest
way to add interactivity to your web site
<html><body>
<form action
action=“message
message.php
php” method
method=“post”>
post >
Enter your message: <input type =“text” name=“msg” size=“30”>
<input type=“submit” value=“Send”>
</form>
</body></html>
message.html
g
Handling Forms
• The most critical line in the entire message.html is the <form> tag:

<form
form method
method=“post”
post action
action=“message.php”>
message.php
…
</form>

• The method attribute of the <form> tag specifies the manner in which
form data will be submitted (POST)
• The action attribute specifies the name of the server-side
server side script
(message.php) that will process the information entered into the form
Handling Forms
<?php
//retrieve data in a variable
$input = $_POST[‘msg’];

//print it
echo “You
You said: <i>$input</i>”;
i $input /i ;
?>
message.php
Handling Forms
• Whenever a form is POST-ed to a PHP script, all
variable-value pairs within that form
automatically become available for use within the
script through a special PHP container variable,
$ POST
$_POST
• If the form uses GET instead of POST, simply
retrieve
ti values
l from
f $_GET
$ GET instead
i t d off $_POST
$ POST
• The $_GET and $_POST variables are a special
t
type off animal
i l called
ll d an array
Detecting Variable Data Type
• To find out what type a particular variable is, PHP offers
the gettype() function
<?php
// define variables
$auth = true;
$age = 18;
$name = ‘Anna’;
$tempp = 36.6;
Detecting Variable Data Type
• //returns “string”
echo gettype($name);

• //returns “boolean”
echo gettype($auth);

• //returns “integer”
echo gettype($age);

• //returns
// t “double”
“d bl ”
echo gettype($temp);
Other ‘detectors’
• is_bool()
• is_string()
• is_numeric()
• is_float()
• is int()
is_int()
• is_null()
• is_array()
_ y()
• is_object()
String values
• String values enclosed in double quotes
automatically
au o a ca y parsed
pa sed for
o variable
va ab e names
a es
• If variable names are found, they are
automatically replaced with the appropriate
variable value
String values
<?php
$identity = ‘James Bond’;
$ = ‘BMW’;
$car ‘BMW’
//this would contain the string “James Bond drives a
//BMW”
$sentence = “$identity drives a $car”;
//this would contain the string “$identity drives a $car”
$sentence = ‘$identity drives a $car’;
?>
String values
• If you string contains quotes, carriage returns, or
backslashes, it’s necessary to escape these special
characters with a backslash
<?php
// ill cause an error due
//will d tot mismatched
i t h d quotes
t
$statement = ‘It’s hot outside’;

//will be fine
$statement = ‘It\’s hot outside’;
?>
String Operators
• To add strings together, use the string concatenation
operator, represented by a period (.).

//sample concatenation 1
$username = ‘john’; $domain = ‘example.com’;
//combine them using
sing the concatenation operator
$email = $username . ‘@’ . $domain; echo $email;
//sample concatenation 2
$ = ‘the’;
$str ‘h ’
//add and assign
$str .= ‘n’; echo $str;
Comparison Operators
• To test whether two variables are different, use any one
of PHP’s many comparison operators

$mean = 29; $median = 40; $mode = 29;


//less than operator
$res lt = ($mean < $median); //true
$result //tr e
//greater than operator
$result = ($mean > $median); //false
//l than
//less h or equall to operator
$result = ($median <= $mode); //false
Comparison Operators
//greater than or equal to operator
$result = ($median >= $mode); //true
//equality operator
$result = ($mean == $mode); //true
//not equal to operator
$result = ($mean != $mode); //false
//inequality operator
$result = ($mean <> $mode); //false
The === Operator
• Another important comparison operator in PHP is the
=== operator

<?php
$ t = ’14’;
$str ’14’
$int = 14;
$result = ($str == $int); //true
$result = ($str === $int); //false
?>
Other Relevant Operators
• Logical operators = AND, OR, NOT
– &&,
&& ||,
|| !
• Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
operators
– ++,, --
• Arithmetic operators
– +, -, *, /, %
Conditional Statements
• if-elseif-else

if ($country
($ t == ‘UK’)
$capital = ‘London’;
elseif ($country == ‘US’)
US )
$capital = ‘Washington’;
elseif ($country == ‘FR’)
$capital = ‘Paris’;
else
$ it l = ‘Unknown’;
$capital ‘U k ’
Conditional Statements
• Switch

switch ($country)
{ case ‘UK’:
$capital = ‘London’; break;
case ‘US’:
‘US’
$capital = ‘Washington’; break;
case ‘FR’:
$capital = ‘Paris’; break;
default:
$capital = ‘Unknown’; break;
}
Loops
• A loop is a control structure that enables you to
repeat the same set of statements or commands
over andd over again
i
– while() loop
<?php
while (condition is true)
{
do this;
}
?>
Loops
• Cont…
– do-while()
() loop
p
<?php
do
{
do this;;
} while (condition is true)
?>
Loops
• Cont…
– for()
() loopp
for (initialize counter; conditional test; update
counter)
{
do this;
}
?>
while() Loop
• So long as the conditional expression specified evaluates
to true, the loop will continue to execute

$num = 11; $u_limit = 10; $l_limit = 1;


//l
//loop andd multiply
lti l to
t create
t table
t bl
while ($l_limit <= $u_limit)
{
echo “$num x $l_limit = “ . ($num * $l_limit);
$l limit++;
$l_limit++;
}
do‐while() Loop
• Sometimes, you might need to execute a set of statements
at least once, regardless of how the conditional
expression evaluates
$num = 11; $u_limit = 10; $l_limit = 1;
//loop and multiply to create table
do
{
echo “$num x $l_limit = “ . ($num * $l_limit);
$l_limit++;
} while ($l_limit <= $u_limit);
for() loop
• Both the while() and do-while() loops continue to iterate
for so long as the specified conditional expression
remains true. But there often arises a need to execute a
certain set of statements a fixed number of times

for ($x = 2; $x <= 100; $x++)


{
echo “$x”;
}
Break
• The break keyword is used to exit a loop when it
encounters and unexpected situation
for ($x = -10; $x <= 10; $x++)
{
if ($x == 0)
break;
echo ‘100 / ‘ . $x . ‘ = ‘ . (100/$x);
}
Continue
• The continue keyword is used to skip a particular iteration
of the loop and move to the next iteration immediately
for ($x
$ = 10; $x$ <= 100; $$x++)
{
if (($x
(($ % 12) == 0)
{ echo “$x “; }
else
continue;
}
Arrays
• To define an array variable, name it using standard PHP
variable naming rules and populate it with elements using
th array()
the () function
f ti

//define an array
$flavors = array(‘strawberry’, ‘grape’, ‘vanilla’, ‘caramel’,
‘chocolate’);
);
Arrays
• An alternative way to define an array is by specifying
values for each element using index notation

//define an array
$flavors[0]
[ ] = ‘strawberry’;
y;
$flavors[1] = ‘grape’;
$flavors[2] = ‘vanilla’;
$fl
$flavors[3]
[3] = ‘caramel’;
‘ l’
$flavors[4] = ‘chocolate’;
Associative Arrays
• PHP also enables you to replace indices with
user-defined “keys” to create a slightly different
type of array
• Each key is unique, and corresponds to a single
value within the array
• Keys may be made up of any string of characters
Associative Arrays
//define associative array
$fruits = array(‘red’ => ‘apple’, ‘yellow’ => ‘banana, ‘purple’ =>
‘
‘grape’,
’ ‘green’
‘ ’ =>
> ‘mango’);
‘ ’)

//alternate way
$fruits[‘red’] = ‘apple’;
$fruits[‘yellow’] = ‘banana’;
$fruits[‘purple’] = ‘grape’;
$fruits[‘green’] = ‘mango’;
Modifying Array Elements
• To add an element to an array, assign a value using the
next available index number or key
//add an element to a numeric array
$flavors[5] = ‘mango’;

//if you don’t know the next available index


//this will also work
$flavors[ ] = ‘mango’;
Processing arrays with loops
<html><body>
Today’s shopping list: <u1>
<?php
$shoppingList = array (‘potatoes’, ‘tomatoes’, ‘mangoes’);

for ($x = 0; $x < sizeof($shoppingList); $x++)


echo “<li>$shoppingList[$x]”;
pp g [ ]
?>
</u1> </body></html>
foreach() loop
• This loop runs once for each element of the array, moving
forward through the array on each iteration
• On each run, the statements within the curly braces are
executed, and the currently selected array element is
made available through a temporary loop variable
• Unlike a for() loop, a foreach() loop doesn’t need a
counter or a call to the sizeof()
• foreach() keeps track of its position in the array
automatically
foreach() loop
<html><body>
Today’s shopping list: <u1>
<?php
$shoppingList = (‘potatoes’, ‘tomatoes’, ‘mangoes’);
foreach($shoppingList as $item)
echo “<li>$item”;
?>
</u1></body></html>
Array Functions
• is_array() – returns true if the variable is an array
• list() – assigns array elements to variables
• extract() – iterates through a hash, converting the key-
value pairs into corresponding variable-value pairs
• explode()
l d () – splits
lit a string
t i into
i t smaller
ll components t on the
th
basis of a user-specified pattern, and returns these
elements as an arrayy
• implode() – creates a single string from all the elements
of an array, joining them together with a user defined
separator
t
is_array()

$desserts = arrayy ((‘chocolate mousse’,, ‘tiramisu’);


);

//returns 1 (true)
echo is_array($desserts);
list()
$flavors = array(‘strawberry’, ‘grape’, ‘vanilla’);

//extract values into variables


list ($flavor1, $flavor2, $flavor3) = $flavors;

//returns “strawberry”
echo
h $flavor1;
$fl 1
extract()
$fruits = array(‘red’ => ‘apple’, ‘yellow’ =>
‘banana’, ‘purple’ => ‘grape’, ‘green’ =>
‘mango’);

//extract values into variables


($ );
extract($fruits);

//returns “banana”
banana
echo $yellow;
explode()
$string = ‘English Latin Filipino French’;

//split on whitespace
$languages = explode(‘ ‘, $string);

//$languages now contains (‘English’, ‘Latin’, ‘Filipino’,


‘French’
French
implode()
$string = ‘English Latin Filipino French’;
//split
p on whitespace
p
$languages = explode(‘ ‘, $string);
g
//create new string
//returns “English and Latin and Filipino and French”
$newstring = implode(
implode(“ and “,, $languages);
echo $newstring;
Creating User‐Defined Functions
• A function is simply a set of program statements that
perform a specific task
• Can be called or executed from anywhere in your
program
• Functions are a good thing for three important reasons
– Reduces unnecessary code repetition and redundancies
– Defined once,
once therefore they are easy to maintain
– Provide abstraction, thus encouraging better software
design
Defining and Invoking Functions
//define a function
function getTriangleArea($base, $height)
{
$area = $base * $height * 0.5;
return $area;
}
//invoke a function
echo ‘The area of a triangle with base 10 and height 50 is ‘ .
getTriangleArea(10, 50);
File Handling
• To check whether a particular file exists, use the
file_exists() function. This function returns true
if a files does exist, and false otherwise
• To copy file contents from a file to a variable, use
the file() function
• file_get_contents() and file_put_contents may
also be used to read and write files
File Handling
//assign filename to variable
$file = “catalog.txt”;
if (file_exists($file))
(fil i t ($fil ))
{
$data = file($file);
foreach($data as $line)
{ echo “$line <br>”; }
}
else
{ die(“Could
di (“C ld nott find
fi d catalog
t l file”);
fil ”) }
Sessions
• HTML is a stateless protocol
– Each request for a web page is unique and independent
– No
N relationship
l i hi whatsoever
h to the
h transactions
i that
h preceded
d d it
i
– This is a big problem for transaction-based sites

• PHP sessions are methods to make HTML pages


‘stateful’
– Stores information about each client and track its activites
– Session data is preserved for the duration of the visit, and is
usually destroyed on its conclusion
Creating a session and registering 
d
session variables
• The session_start( ) function is used to create a client
session and generate a session ID
• Once a session has been created, it becomes possible to
register any number of session variables
– Regular variables which can store textual or numeric information
– These variables can be manipulated by standard PHP functions,
but are unique to each client
– Session variables may be registered as key-value pairs in the
special $_SESSION array
Creating a session and registering 
d
session variables
//first page
//create a session
session_start();

//register some session variables


$_SESSION[‘username’] = ‘anna’;
$ SESSION[‘ l ’] = ‘‘admin’;
$_SESSION[‘role’] d i ’
Creating a session and registering 
d
session variables
//second page
//re-create the previous session
session_start();

//print the value of the session variable


echo $_SESSION[‘username’];
Destroying a session
• To destroy a session, reset the $_SESSION array and then
use the session_destroy() function to erase session data
//re-create session
session_start();

//reset session array


$ SESSION = array();
$_SESSION

//destroy session
session_destroy();

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