#(1 2 3 4) collect: [ :each | each * 2 ] −→ #( 2 4 6 8 ) Streams

#(1 2 3 4)
inject: 0 " ReadStream – to read a sequence of objects from a collection
into: [ :each :result | each + result ] −→ 10 "
stream := 'Hello World' readStream. Smalltalk Cheat Sheet
" testing " stream next −→ $H
#( 2 4 ) anySatisfy: [ :each | each odd ] −→ false stream upTo: $o −→ 'ell'
#( 2 4 ) allSatisfy: [ :each | each even ] −→ true stream skip: 2. Software Composition Group
stream peek −→ $o University of Bern
" finding " stream upToEnd −→ 'orld'
'abcdef' includes: $e −→ true May 21, 2008
'abcdef' contains: [ :each | each isUppercase ] −→ false " WriteStream – to write a sequence of objects to a collection "
'abcdef' stream := WriteStream on: Array new.
detect: [ :each | each isVowel ] stream nextPut: 'Hello'.
ifNone: [ $u ] −→ $a stream nextPutAll: #( 1 2 3 ).
stream contents −→ #( 'Hello' 1 2 3 ) 1. The Environment
" String – a collection of characters "
string := 'abc'. File Streams 1. class categories 2. classes 4. method protocols 5. methods
string := string , 'DEF' −→ 'abcDEF'
string beginsWith: 'abc' −→ true fileStream := FileDirectory default newFileNamed: 'tmp.txt'.
string endsWith: 'abc' −→ false fileStream nextPutAll: 'my cool stuff'.
string includesSubString: 'cD' −→ true fileStream close.
string asLowercase −→ 'abcdef
string asUppercase −→ 'ABCDEF' fileStream := FileDirectory default oldFileNamed: 'tmp.txt'.
fileStream contents −→ 'my cool stuff'
" OrderedCollection – an ordered collection of objects "
ordered := OrderedCollection new. Method Definition
ordered addLast: 'world'.
messageSelectorAndArgumentNames
ordered addFirst: 'hello'.
"comment stating purpose of message"
ordered size −→ 2 3. instance-, class-side,
| temporary variable names |
ordered at: 2 −→ 'world' comments
statements
ordered removeLast −→ 'world'
ordered removeFirst −→ 'hello' 6. source code
ordered isEmpty −→ true Class Definition (CMD–S) to save and compile

Object subclass: #NameOfSubclass

" Set – an unordered collection of objects without duplicates " instanceVariableNames: 'instVar1 instVar2'
set := Set new. Figure 1: The Smalltalk Code Browser
classVariableNames: ''
set add 'hello'; add: 'hello'. poolDictionaries: ''
set size −→ 1 category: 'Category--Name' • Do it (CMD – D): Evaluate selected code.
" Bag – an unordered collection of objects with duplicates " • Print it (CMD – P): Display the result of evaluating selected
bag := Bag new. References
code.
bag add: 'this'; add: 'that'; add: 'that'.
1. Andrew Black, Stéphane Ducasse, Oscar Nierstrasz and • Debug it: Evaluate selected code step-by-step with the
bag occurrencesOf: 'that' −→ 2
bag remove: 'that'. Damien Pollet, Squeak by Example, Square Bracket Asso- integrated debugger.
bag occurrencesOf: 'that' −→ 1 ciates, 2007, squeakbyexample.org.
• Inspect it (CMD – I): Show an object inspector on the result
2. Chris Rathman, Terse guide to Squeak, wiki.squeak. of evaluating selected code.
" Dictionary – associates unique keys with objects " org/squeak/5699.
dictionary := Dictionary new. • Explore it (CMD – SHIFT– I): Show an object explorer on the
dictionary at: 'smalltalk' put: 80. 3. Smalltalk, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en. result of evaluating selected code.
dictionary at: 'smalltalk' −→ 80 wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk.
dictionary at: 'squeak' ifAbsent: [ 82 ] −→ 82
dictionary removeKey: 'smalltalk'.
dictionary isEmpty −→ true
2. The Language 3. Keyword messages take one or more arguments. Conditionals
2 raisedTo: 6 modulo: 10 sends the message named
• Everything is an object. 1 = 2 ifTrue: [ Transcript show: '1 is equal to 2' ].
raisedTo:modulo: with arguments 6 and 10 to the object 2.
1 = 2 ifFalse: [ Transcript show: '1 isn''t equal to 2' ].
• Everything happens by sending messages. Unary messages are sent first, then binary messages and
• Single inheritance. finally keyword messages: 100 factorial / 99 factorial = 100
2 raisedTo: 1 + 3 factorial −→ 128 ifTrue: [ Transcript show: 'condition evaluated to true' ]
• Methods are public. ifFalse: [ Beeper beep ].
Messages are sent left to right. Use parentheses to change
• Instance variables are private to objects. the order:
Loops
1 + 2 * 3 −→ 9
Keywords 1 + (2 * 3) −→ 7 " conditional iteration "
[ Sensor anyButtonPressed ]
• self, the receiver. whileFalse: [ "wait" ].
Syntax
• super, the receiver, method lookup starts in superclass.
• Comments pen := Pen newOnForm: Display.
• nil, the unique instance of the class UndefinedObject. "Comments are enclosed in double quotes" pen place: Sensor cursorPoint.
• true, the unique instance of the class True. [ Sensor anyButtonPressed ]
• Temporary Variables whileTrue: [ pen goto: Sensor cursorPoint ].
• false, the unique instance of the class False. | var |
| var1 var2 | " fixed iteration "
• thisContext, the current execution context.
• Assignment 180 timesRepeat: [
var := aStatement pen turn: 88.
Literals pen go: 250 ].
var1 := var2 := aStatement
• Integer • Statements 1 to: 100 do: [ :index |
123 aStatement1. aStatement2 pen go: index * 4.
2r1111011 (123 in binary) aStatement1. aStatement2. aStatement3 bic turn: 89 ].
16r7B (123 in hexadecimal)
• Messages " infinite loop (press CMD+. to break) "
• Float receiver message (unary message) [ pen goto: Sensor cursorPoint ] repeat.
123.4 receiver + argument (binary message)
1.23e--4 receiver message: argument (keyword message) Blocks (anonymous functions)
• Character receiver message: argument1 with: argument2
$a " evaluation "
• Cascade [ 1 + 2 ] value −→ 3
• String receiver message1; message2 [ :x | x + 2 ] value: 1 −→ 3
'abc' receiver message1; message2: arg2; message3: arg3 [ :x :y | x + y ] value: 1 value: 2 −→ 3
• Symbol • Blocks
[ aStatement1. aStatement2 ] " processes "
#abc [ (Delay forDuration: 5 seconds) wait.
[ :argument1 | aStatement1. aStatement2 ]
• Array Transcript show: 'done' ] fork −→ aProcess
[ :argument1 :argument2 | | temp1 temp2 | aStatement1 ]
#(123 123.4 $a 'abc' #abc)
• Return Statement Collections
^ aStatement
Message Sends " iterating "
'abc' do: [ :each | Transcript show: each ].
1. Unary messages take no argument. 'abc'
1 factorial sends the message factorial to the object 1. 3. Standard Classes
do: [ :each | Transcript show: each ]
2. Binary messages take exactly one argument. Logical expressions separatedBy: [ Transcript cr ].
3 + 4 sends message + with argument 4 to the object 3.
true not −→ false " transforming "
#answer --> 42 sends --> with argument 42 to #answer.
1 = 2 or: [ 2 = 1 ] −→ false #(1 2 3 4) select: [ :each | each even ] −→ #( 2 4 )
Binary selectors are built from one or more of the charac- 1 < 2 and: [ 2 > 1 ] −→ true #(1 2 3 4) reject: [ :each | each = 2 ] −→ #( 1 3 4 )
ters +, --, *, =, <, >, ...