Molecular Formula Determination
Classical Approach
Qualitative elemental analysis
Quantitative elemental analysis
Determination of empirical formula
Molecular weight determination
Molecular formula determination
Modern Approach
High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy (HRMS)
Precise masses for substances of molecular mass 44 amu
Compound Exact Mass (amu)
CO2 43.9898
N2O 44.0011
C2H4O 44.0262
C3H8 44.0626
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Knowledge of Molecular Formula
Great deal of information about the structure
of an unknown substance can be learned
from molecular formula.
Alkane CnH2n +2
Cycloalkane or alkene CnH2n
Alkyne CnH2n –2
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Molecular formula with non carbon or non
hydrogen elements
Applicable to an open-chain, saturated hydrocarbon
Formula containing Group V elements (N, P, As, Sb, Bi)
One additional hydrogen atom must be added to the molecular
formula for each Group V element present
C2H6 C2H7N C2H8N2 C2H9N3
Formula containing Group VI elements (O, S, Se, Te)
No change in the number of hydrogens is required
C2H6 C2H6O C2H6O2 C2H6O3
Formula containing Group VII elements (F, Cl, Br, I)
One additional hydrogen atom must be subtracted from the
molecular formula for each Group V element present
C2H6 C2H5F C2H4F2 C2H3F3
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Index of Hydrogen Deficiency (Unsaturation Index)
Number of bonds and/or rings a molecule contains
The formula of the unknown substance is compared with the
formula of the corresponding acyclic, saturated compound.
The differences in the numbers of hydrogens between these
formulas, when divided by 2, gives the index of hydrogen
deficiency.
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Information from hydrogen deficiency index
Compound with an Index of one must have one double bond or
one ring, but not both.
Consult IR spectrum to find the presence of a double bond.
If no double bond is present, the compound is cyclic and saturated.
Compound with an index of two could have a triple bond, or it
could have two double bonds, or two rings, or one of each.
Benzene contains one ring and three double bonds and thus an
index of four.
Any substance with an index of four or more may contain a benzenoid
ring: a substance with an index less than four cannot contain such a
ring.
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Index of Hydrogen Deficiency - Example 1
Molecular Formula – C7H14O2
Determine the formula for the saturated, acyclic hydrocarbon
containing the same number of carbon atoms as the unknown
substance
CnH2n+2, where n = 7. Calculated formula C7H16
Correct this formula for the nonhydrocarbon elements present
in the unknown.
Correction for oxygens (no change in the number of hydrogens)
C7H16O2
Compare this formula with the molecular formula of the
unknown. Determine the number of hydrogens by which the two
formula differ.
Compare C7H16O2 with C7H14O2
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Index of Hydrogen Deficiency - Example 1
The index of hydrogen deficiency equals one.
There must be one ring or one double bond in the unknown
substance.
IR analysis indicates the presence of carbonyl (C=O) group.
Further analysis identifies the unknown as isopentyl acetate.
CH3
H3C O
CH3
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The rule of thirteen
A method for generating possible molecular formulas
for a given molecular mass
An example – Unknown Substance Molecular Wt. 94
Generate a base formula, which contains only carbon and
hydrogen.
Divide the molecular wt. By 13.
M/13 = n + r/13
The base formula becomes CnHn+r
In the example, 94/13 = 7 + 3/13, n = 7 and r = 3
The base formula = C7H10 9
The rule of thirteen and index of hydrogen deficiency
The index of hydrogen deficiency (U) is determined by applying
the relationship
U = (n – r + 2) / 2
In the example, U = (7 – 3 + 2) / 2 = 3
The unknown substance could have three rings or multiple
bonds.
CH3
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The rule of thirteen and index of hydrogen deficiency
Compound with same molecular mass but with one oxygen
atom.
Base Formula = C7H10 U=3
Add: +O
Subtract: -CH4
Change in U: U = 1
New Formula = C6H6O
New index of hydrogen deficiency: U=4
OH
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Additional molecular formulas
Molecular mass 94 amu
C5H2O2 U=5 C5H2S U=5
C6H8N U=3½ CH3Br U=0
Impossible combinations
U=3½
U=<0
If enough hydrogens are not present, we can subtract 1 carbon and
add 12 hydrogens.
If the value of U > 7, we can add 1 carbon and subtract 12 hydrogens.
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Nitrogen Rule
When the number of nitrogen atoms present in the molecule is
odd, the molecular mass will be an odd number
When the number of nitrogen atoms present in the molecule is
even or zero, the molecular mass will be an even number.
For example, ethylamine, C2H5NH2 has one nitrogen atom, and
its mass is an odd number (45).
Ethylenediamine, H2N-CH2-CH2-NH2, has two nitrogen atoms,
and its mass is an even number (60)
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