MADHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI – 69

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

HS6151-TECHNICAL ENGLISH-I
STUDY MATERIALS AND EXERCISES
PART - A
I Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B:
1 A B ANSWERS
A Objective i) severe a) ii b) iii c) iv d)i
B Hazard ii) aim
C Spell iii) danger
D Stringent iv) charm

2 A Stimulus i) choice a) ii b) iv c) i d) iii

B Perspective ii) something that rouses people
to activity
C Option iii) disadvantage
D Drawback iv) view
v) mean

3 A Estimate i) command a) v b) iii c) i d) ii

B Stimulate ii) recollect
C Dominate iii) rouse suddenly
D Reminiscent iv) make worse
v) Calculate

4 A Paucity i) wild imagination a) iii b) v c) i d) ii

B Jeopardy ii) attempt
C Fantasy iii) scarcity
D Endeavor iv) enormity
v) Danger

5 A Contaminated i) simple a) ii b) iii c) v d) iv

B Facilitate ii) unclean
C Initiative iii) make easy
D Sophisticated iv) refined
v) Enterprise

6 Abate Reduce
7 Accumulated stored up
8 Affluent abundant, rich
9 Abidance Continuance
10 Abject Miserable
11 Abjure Renounce
12 Abnormal different in an undesirable way from what is normal; deviant
from the normal way Abnormality-not normal
13 Abominable Detestable
14 Aboveboard Fair
15 Abundant Plentiful
16 Agitation Disturbance
17 Alacrity Liveliness
18 Alimentary nourishing, nutritive
19 Ailment Illness
20 Amend Improve
21 Appease Pacify
22 Assent Consent
23 Astuteness cleverness, shrewdness
24 Audacity Boldness
25 Austerity severity, rigour
26 Baneful poisonous, hurtful
27 Beguilement Delusion
28 Benevolent Charitable
29 Bewitchment Enchantment
30 Bounteous, bountiful liberal, generous
31 Cadaverous corpse-like
32 Callous Insensible
33 Candid- frank ,ingenuous
34 Champ Chew
35 Clandestine secret, hidden
36 Coarseness grossness, rudeness
37 Commiseration pity, sympathy
38 Complaisance Politeness
39 Confide Entrust
40 Confound Confuse
41 Consequential pompous, conceited
42 Conspicuous Famous
43 Decoy Allure
44 Deficient Scanty
45 Deport Transport
46 Derelict Abandoned
47 Derogation Detraction
48 Despondency Dejection
49 Determinate Decisive
50 Devotion Attachment
51 Dictatorial Absolute
52 Diffuse Scatter
53 Disapprobation Condemnation
54 Dispersion Diffusion
55 Dreary Dismal
56 Dubitable Doubtful
57 Earthly Worldly
58 Ebullition outbreak, outburst
59 Effete worn-out
60 Effrontery Shamelessness
61 Emancipate Free
62 Embarrassment Perplexity
63 Embellish Decorate
64 Enunciate Proclaim
65 Esteem Honour
66 Eternal Everlasting
67 Exaggerate Magnify
68 Felicitous Delight
69 Ferocity Savageness
70 Fixture Stability
71 Flashy Showy
72 Foil Defeat
73 Formidable Powerful
74 Fortitude Courage
75 Furnish Provide
76 Garrulous extremely talkative
77 Generous Benevolent
78 Glorious Renowned
79 Grating Vexing
80 Grievous Painful
81 Harass Tease
82 Harmony Agreement
83 Haughty Arrogant
84 Impedite Postpone
85 Unpenetrability Unperviousness
86 Tempestuous Wild
87 Imploration Request
88 Impudence Insolence
89 Impugnation Contradiction
90 Imputable Chargeable
 91 Incipient Commencing
92 Incurious Careless
93 Indelicate Indecent
94 Indolent Lazy
95 Inequitable Unjust
96 Intemperative Unfair
97 Intentional Deliberate
98 Intrepid Daring
99 Inveigle Cheat
100 Jejune uninteresting, meager, barren
101 Judicious Discreet
102 Discreet eager, sharp
103 Languid Wearied
104 Lankness Weakness
105 Latent Invisible
106 Lore Scholarship
107 Manifest Apparent
108 Melancholy Sadness
109 Melodious Sweet
110 Monotonous boring, unchanging
111 Negligence Inattention
112 Negotiate reach an agreement by decision
113 Obscure Hidden
114 Obsolete Outmoded
115 Propogation defence, protection
116 Provident Careful
117 Proximity Nearness
118 Prudent careful, wise
119 Puissance power, strength
120 Pusillanimous timid, lacking courage
121 Putrefy Decay
122 Petrify to be afraid, shocked and surprised
123 Quack Pretender
124 Quandary Perplexity
125 Quaver Shake
126 Raciness spirit, taste
127 Ransack Explore
128 Rapid Swift
128 Ravage Ruin
130 Reception admission, acceptance
131 Reconciliation Harmony
132 Regeneration Reproduction
133 Relaxation Recreation
134 Reliance Dependence
135 Reprehend Blame
136 Reverence respect of
137 Righteous Just
138 Rigidity Inflexibility
138 Salient Important
140 Sarcastic Mocking
141 Scandal Slander
142 Sceptic Doubting
143 Scornful Insulting
144 Sluggish Dull
145 Snug Compact
146 Surmount Conquer
147 Tedious Tiresome
148 Thrifty Economical
149 Transact perform, manage
150 Triumphant Victorious
`51 Uberous Faithful
152 Unaccomplished Incomplete
153 Unbecoming Unsuitable
154 Uncouts Rough
155 Vainglorious Proud
156 Veritable real, genuine
157 Volition Decision
158 Voracious Rapacious
159 Wasteful send thrift
160 Weeny Tiny
161 Wieful Intentional
162 Zest flavour, gusto

EXERCISES:
163 A Objective Severe
B Hazard Aim
C Spell Danger
D Stringent a condition caused by or as if by magical power

164 A Stimulus Choice

B Perspective something that rouses people to activity
C Option Disadvantage
 D Drawback View
Mean

165 A Estimate Command

B Stimulate Recollect
C Dominate Rouse suddenly
D Reminiscent make worse
calculate

166 A Contaminated simple

B Facilitate unclean
C Initiative make easy
D Sophisticated refined
enterprise

167 A Stray group

B Enforce endure
C Convoy Wandering
D Serendipity insist on
make pleasant discoveries

168 A Amalgamation giving out rays

B Chip man-made program
C Radiation bringing together
D Depletion getting completely exhausted
device composed of silicon

169 A Aggravate making level

B Streamline making reliable
C Synchronize Misuse
D Abuse making worse
making efficient

170 A Source relating to towns and cities

B Core not factual
C Urban Origin
D Fiction relating to the country side
innermost part

171 A Alien remove

B Discard arrival
 C Myriad foreign
D Advent innumerable

172 A Priming thing or part added to improve

B Indispensable preparing
C Supplement consider before hand
D Anticipate necessary

173 A Conversation enthusiastic applause

B Assertion scheme suggested
C Proposition preservation
D Conventional strong statement
traditional

174 A Repository continue to exist

B Chaos strange
C Exotic store house
D Distress utter confusion
anguish

175 A Proliterate abundant

B Conviction frustration
C Copious hard to understand
D Discouragement multiply
firm belief

176 A Violation having low opinion

B Fantasy something interesting
C Under rate non-observance
D Statistics wild imagination
numerical facts systematically
collected

177 A Distort bulky

B Cumbersome twist of shape
C Comprehend state of being out of date
D Obsolescence understand

178 A Renowned calm, peaceful

B Tranquility pollution
C Diversity famous
 D Contamination variety, having a difference

179 A Perpetual the make up of a page, a book newspaper etc.

B Deforestation never ends or change
C Layout Suitable
D Appropriate clearing of forests
E Renowned Pollution
F Tranquility calm
G Diversity Famous
H Contamination Difference
I Brittle relating to towns and cities
J Sanctuary easily broken
K Urban electronic device
L Producing awareness of surroundings
M Sensor an area for wild birds and animals

II CHANGING WORDS FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER:

VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ANSWERS
1 ------------- application ------------- Apply
2 Experiment ------------- ------------- Experimentation, experimental
3 Conclude conclusion ------------- Conclusive
4 ------------- extraction ------------- Extract, extractable
5 ------------- Labour laborious Labour
6 Intensify ------------- intensive Intensification
7 ------------- operation operative Operate
8 Industrialize ------------- ------------- Industry, industrial
9 ------------- Season ------------- Season, seasonal
10 Systematize ------------- systematic System
Closure,
11 Close ------------- -------------
closed/close/closer/closest
12 Signify ------------- ------------- Significance, significant
13 ------------- vibration Vibratory Vibrate
14 Inform ------------- ------------- Information, informative
15 Require requirement ------------- Required
16 Dispose ------------- disposable Disposal
17 ------------- production ------------- Produce, productive
18 ------------- ------------- motivated Motivate, motivation
19 Speculate ------------- ------------- Speculation, speculative
20 ------------- explosion ------------- Explode, explosive
21 ------------- simplification ------------- Simplify, simple
22 ------------- ------------- Reliable Rely, reliance
23 ------------- stagnation ------------- Stagnate, stagnant
24 Generate ------------- ------------- Generation, generative
25 ------------- ------------- Restorative Restore, restoration

26 Apply application applicable

27 Experiment experimentation experimental
28 Conclude conclusion conclusive
29 Extract extraction extractable
30 Labour labour laborious
31 Intensify intensification intensive
32 Operate operation operative
33 Industrialize industry industrial
34 Season season seasonal
35 Systematize system systematic
36 Close closure closed
37 Signify significance significant
38 Vibrate vibration vibratory
39 Inform information informative
40 Require requirement required
41 Dispose disposal disposable
42 Produce production productive
43 Motivate motivation motivated
44 Speculate speculation speculative
45 Explode explosion explosive
46 Simplify simplification simple
47 Rely reliance reliable
48 Stagnate stagnation stagnant
49 Generate generation generative
51 Restore restoration restorative

EXERCISES:
52 Abolish ------------- abolishable
53 ------------- abridgement abridgeable
54 Absent absence -------------
55 Accept ------------- acceptable
56 ------------- accommodation accommodating
57 Accomplish accomplishment -------------
58 Accumulate ------------- accumulative
59 ------------- annotation annotative
60 Apply application -------------
61 Argue ------------- arguable
 62 Believe belief -------------
63 Book ------------- bookish
64 Classify ------------- classification
65 ------------- colour colourful
66 Continue ------------- continual
67 Declare declaration -------------
68 Digest ------------- Digestive
69 Employ ------------- employable
70 Excite ------------- Exciting
71 Express ------------- Expressive
72 Innovate innovation -------------
73 Introduce introduction -------------
74 Justify ------------- Justifiable
75 Legislate ------------- Legislation
76 ------------- maintenance maintainable
77 Narrate ------------- Narrative
78 Negotiate negotiation -------------
79 Occupy ------------- occupational
80 Organize organization -------------
81 Perforate ------------- perforation
82 Apply ------------- -------------
83 Conclude ------------- -------------
84 ------------- Vibratory
85 ------------- Speculation -------------
86 Operate ------------- -------------
87 Intensify ------------- -------------
88 ------------- ------------- Disposal
89 ------------- ------------- Extractable
90 Signify ------------- -------------
91 ------------- Experiment -------------

III PREFIXES & SUFFIXES

PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES
1 A on, in abroad, ashore
2 A out, from arise, awake, alight
3 Ante Before antenatal, antedated
4 Anti Against antidote, antisocial
5 Dis Opposite disbelieve, dislike
6 Fore Before foretell, forecast
7 Il, im, ir Not illegal, immoral, irregular
 8 In In Inland
9 Inter Between international, inter –disciplinary
10 Mal Wrong malpractice, malnutrition
11 Mis wrong/wrongly misfortune, mislead, misjudge
12 Out Outside outpost, outlaw
13 Post After postnatal, post script
14 Re Repeat rewrite, refund
15 Semi Half semifinal, semicircle
16 Sub under/below subway, subplot
17 Tele Distant telephone, televisison
18 Under beneath, below Underground
19 Vice next in rank vice-president, Vice-chairman
20 With against, back withdraw, withhold, withstand

FILL IN WITH THE SUITABLE PREFIXES & SUFFIXES

21 ----------argument : against my argument. a) counter
22 -----------social: person harmful to society. b) anti
----------natural: which cannot be explained by law of
23 c) super
science.
24 ----------impose: to put one’s image on the top of another. d) super
25 ----------chancellor: next in rank. e) vice
26 ----------load: too much of things. f) over
27 ---------arrange: doing anything again. g) re
28 ----------humanize: take away human qualities. h) de
29 ----------develop: not enough in development. i) under
30 ----------scope: small objects look large. j) micro
31 Construct ----------: art of constructing. a) construction
32 Require -----------; art of requiring. b) requirement
33 National ----------: government takes over. c) nationalized
34 Reliable ------------; act of relying d) reliability
35 Submerge---------being place under water. e) submerged
36 Deforest ----------; clearing the forest. f) Deforestation
37 conserve----------: process of preserving. g) conservation
38 Speed -------------: instrument for measuring. h) speedometer
39 spoon-------------: full of i) spoonful
40 advantage------------: having advantage j) advantageous

EXERCISES:
41 --------- national: many
42 --------developed :not developed
 43 Deforest-----------: destroying forest
44 Submerge---------:state of being under the water
45 ------------national: between
46 ---------lateral: two
47 --------marine: under water
48 --------pollution: negative
49 Simple----------:make simple
50 Weight----------: not having
51 Micro------------:instrument to see
52 Speed-----------:instrument to measure
53 Geo-------------:study
54 Construct------: art of constructing
55 --------advantage: opposite

IV EXPANSION OF COMPOUND NOUNS

1 Copper wire - wire made up of copper
2 heat transfer - Transfer of heat
3 cylinder head - Head of cylinder
4 air supply - Supply of air
5 circuit diagram - diagram of a circuit
6 petroleum products - Product that come with petroleum
7 water source - Source of water
8 the machine operator - The operator of a machine
9 power cable - Cable for carrying power
10 temperature drop - Drop in temperature
11 concrete structure - Structure made up of concrete
12 wooden box - Box made up of wood
13 Acid nitrate deposition - the deposition of acid nitrates
14 Aluminium extraction - extraction of aluminium
15 Air vent - vent for relieving air.
16 Brass terminal - terminal made of brass
17 Box top - top of the box
18 Blast furnace - furnace of the type which works by blast
19 Code file - file which contains code
20 Computer industry - the industry concerned with computers
21 Cooling device - a device for the purpose of cooling
22 Computer diagnosis - a diagnosis to find out the problems in a computer
23 Computer design - a design made using a computer
24 Computer memory - memory capacity of the computer
25 Calculation speed - the speed of making calculations
26 Control centre - centre to control
27 Control tower - a tower for the purpose of cooling
28 Diesel engine - engine using diesel
29 Dam construction - construction of dam
30 Engine lubricant - something with which engines are lubricated
31 Energy source - source where from energy is obtained
32 Furnace gases - gases produced or located in a furnace
33 Fire tube boiler inspection door- door for the inspection of boiler of fire tube type
34 Ferrous oxide - oxide of ferrous
35 Gear pump - a pump that operates by means of gears
36 Glass fiber - a kind of fiber made from glass
37 Gravity feed lubricating system- system of lubrication by feeding by gravity
38 Heat content - content of heat
39 Heat transfer - transfer of heat
40 Heat treatment - treatment with or by heat
41 Input file - file which gives input
42 Information centre - centre for giving information
43 Jacking point - point which provides jack fort
44 Language code - code which specifies the language
45 Long wire antenna - an antenna in the form of a long wire
46 Lock nut - nut of the kind that locks
47 Maintenance crew - crew that does the maintenance work
48 Mercury thermometer - thermometer using mercury
49 Mild steel - steel that is mild in nature
50 Mains electricity - electricity which comes from the mains
51 Oil pump - pump for removing oil
52 Oil temperature - the temperature of oil
53 Postscript language - language to do the post scripting operation
54 Passenger ship - a ship whose purpose is to carry passengers
55 Pump assembly - the result of assembling a pump
56 Power source - a source of power
57 Power cable - cable for producing/generating power
58 Petrol engine - engine using petrol
59 Radar scan - a scan performed by radar
60 Recruitment procedures - procedures for the recruitment
61 Resources utilization - utilization of resources
62 Research laboratory - laboratory for doing research
63 Roller mill - mill for rolling
64 Space travel - travel in space
65 Steam engine - an engine that is operated by means of steam
66 Steel chair - chair made of steel Silver extraction - extraction of silver
67 Steel box - box made of steel
 68 Temperature drop - drop in temperature
69 Turret lathe - lathe having a turret
70 Uranium location - location of uranium
71 Video screen - screen of the video
73 Worm gear - a gear shaped like a worm
74 Washing machine - machine used for washing
75 Animal Behaviour : the behaviour of an animal
76 Aluminium extraction : The extraction of aluminium
77 Gas jar : jar containing gas
78 Gear mechanism : mechanism for operation the gear
79 Leaf protein : protein contained in a leaf
80 Lock nut : nut of the kind which locks
81 Steel bar : bar made of steel
82 Temperature drop : drop in temperature
83 Power transmission problems : problems in the transmission of power
84 Radio telescope : telescope using radio waves

V COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES
1 The weather in this year is -------------(bad) than last year. a) worse
2 This movie is --------------(dreadful) than the precious one. b) more dreadful
3 Cast iron is ---------------(durable) than aluminum. c) more durable
4 The summer is ---------(hot) than the winter. d) hotter
A day on mars is slightly ------------(long) than a day on
5 e) longer
earth.
6 A wise enemy is ----------------( good) than foolish friend. f) Better
7 Liberty is -------------(important) than food. g) more important
8 Petrol is ----------(costly) than kerosene h) costlier
9 The tiger is ---------------(ferocious) than other animals. i) more ferocious
10 Diesel costs--------------(little) than petrol. j) less

EXERCISES:
11 Gold is ----------------(expensive) than silver.
12 Nylon is ---------------(hard) than rubber.
13 In mountain regions, day travel is ---------- (good) than night
travel.
14 The ant is ---------------- (industrious) than the bee.
15 Mini computers are -----------(small) than main frames.
16 Petrol is --------------(costly) than kerosene

VI ACTIVE VOICE & PASSIVE VOICE:

TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

 Present simple Give/gives is/are given
Present continuous am/is/are giving am/is/ are being given
Present Perfect has/have given has/have been given
Past simple Gave was/were given
Past continuous was/were giving was/were being given
Past perfect had given had been given
Future simple will give will be given
Future perfect will have given will have been given
Modal Can, could, may, might, shall, Modal +be+ given (ought
should, will, would, dare, to+be+given)
ought (to), need/give

ACTIVE VOICE TO PASSIVE VOICE:

1 China produces thousands of electronic devices every year.
Ans: thousands of electronic devices are produced by china every year.
2 NASA has used a robot to explore oil spurts.
Ans:A robot has been used by NASA to explore oil spurts.
3 The auditors are checking the accounts.
Ans: The accounts is being checked by the auditors.
4 The crew found the meteorological information very useful.
Ans: The meteorological information was found very useful by the crew.
5 Plastic engine components consume less power.
Ans: Less power is consumed by plastic engine components.
6 The TVS motor company will market a new model bike next month.
Ans: A new model bike will be marketed next month by the TVS Company.
7 Artificial intelligence has made today’s computers very efficient.
Ans: Today’s computers have been made very efficient by artificial intelligence.
8 A very small quantity of nuclear fuel can produce enormous amount of energy.
Ans: Enormous amount of energy can be produced by a very small quantity of nuclear
fuel.
9 The Greeks developed the art of coin making
Ans: The art of coin making was developed by the Greeks.

EXERCISES:
10 They constructed this house forty years ago.
11 We call these supports bearings.
12 We boil a little water in a tin can until the steam fills the can.
13 I took 20 ml. of the solution in a test tube.
14 The lorry carries the load to the factory.
15 He lubricated the ball-bearing.
16 Doctors use a clinical thermometer to measure body temperature.
17 They pass the gas through a water container.
18 We keep the cash in the box.
19 We clamp the two metal plates together.
PASSIVE VOICE TO ACTIVE VOICE
20 The art of coin making was developed by the Greeks.
Ans: the Greeks developed the art of coin making
21 Many faults have been ascribed to dams by people.
Ans: People have ascribed many faults to dams
22 This pump can be maintained by the users themselves
Ans: The users can maintain the pump themselves.
23 The laboratory was being cleaned by the workers.
Ans: The workers were cleaning the laboratory.
24 The blueprint has been prepared by the engineers.
Ans: The engineers have prepared the blueprint.

ACTIVE TO IMPERSONAL PASSIVE VOICE :

25 Avoid cell phone while driving.
Ans: cell phone should be avoided while driving.
26 Save enough money for future.
Ans: Enough money should be saved for future.
27 Place the beaker on the desk.
ANS : The beaker should be placed on the desk.
28 Apply science to solve human problems.
Ans: Science should be applied to solve human problems.
29 Treat water chemically.
Ans: Water should be treated chemically.
30 Avoid cell phone while driving
Ans: Cell phone should be avoided while driving
31 Save enough money for future
Ans: Enough money should be saved for future
32 Apply science to solve human problems.
Ans: Science should applied to solve human problems
33 The students should pay the exam fees before the 15 th of July
Ans: The exam fees should be paid before the 15 th of July 5.
34 We use solar energy to supplement fossil fuels.
Ans: Solar energy is used to supplement fossil fuels.
35 Everyone will use internet to communicate in future
Ans: Internet will be used to communicate in future.
36 We can use coal to produce detergents, explosives and paints.
Ans: Coal can be used to produce detergents, explosives and paints.
37 Somebody has stolen the spare parts
Ans: The spare parts have been stolen.
38 They have installed a new computer in the accounts section.
Ans: A new computer has been installed in the accounts section.
39 The panel is reviewing the performance of the employees.
Ans: The performance of the employees is being reviewed
40 Check your car battery every day.
Ans: Your car battery should be checked every day
41 Wash your car once a month
 Ans: Your car should be eased once a month.
42 Send your car to workshop once in six months
Ans: Your car should be sent to workshop once in six months.
43 Renew your car insurance every year.
Ans: Your car insurance should be renewed every year

EXERCISES:
44 We use radiation measuring instruments to monitor radiation levels.
45 Users can maintain this pump very easily.
46 We can alter the characteristics of steel in various ways.
47 We can cast this type of metal into very complicated shapes.
48 We clamp the two metal pieces together
49 The operator selects the appropriate gear for the job.
50 Welders normally prefer a vee-shaped weld
51 We can generate heat for welding in several ways.
52 They introduce several new cars every year.
53 We can motorize the pump.

VII ADVERBS
1 She danced ------------at the function. Gratefully / beautifully
2 I have done the problem as it was -------------easy. Quite
Mohan -------visits her house. He ----------comes to my Frequently / seldom
3
house.
4 He speaks very ---------- Loudly / softly
5 They shot the people ------------the shrine. Inside
6 I ---------expect to pass in the examination. Surely
The -------------help rendered by friends was very Timely
7
valuable.
8 I looked for him ------------. Everywhere
9 Ram arrived ------------in the morning. Early / late
10 Your answer is -----------right. Partly

EXERCISES:
11 The -------help rendered by friends was very valuable.
12 I have done the problem as it was ---------easy.
13 Mohan ---------- visits her house.
14 He ------ comes to my house.
15 He speaks very ---------.
16 They shot the people ---------- the shrine.
17 I ------- expect to pass in the examination.
18 She danced ------- at the function.
19 I looked for him ---------.
 20 Ram arrived -------- in the morning.
21 Your answer is ----- right.
22 My friend is expected to arrive ---------.
23 The bus broke down, --------I was late.
24 The fee structure is ----- announced by the government.
25 Prabha’s ideas are -------- sound and acceptable.
26 This essay is --------written.

VIII TENSE FORMS

1 The factory ----------(close) for the last six months. has been closed
2 The temple -------------(build) during the 12th century. was built
3 It began to rain, while we ------------(play) cricket yesterday. were playing
4 Aarty -------------(go) to bed, when I called upon her. Had gone
5 Before we reached the station the train --------already left. Had
6 No, he isn’t here; he -----just --------(go) out. has just gone
7 she--------(clean) the room when the doorbell rang. Was cleaning
8 They-------(lay) the road by next June. Will have laid
9 They ----------(live) in that house for five years. Have been living
The prime minister ---------------(meet) the president meets/is meeting
10
tomorrow.
11 A team of experts ---------------(visit) the flood hit areas now. is visiting

12 In 1950 and 1970, most of America’senergy -----------(come) from coal, oil and natural gas.
But in their twenty year-period, the amount -----------(produce) from coal -------(fall) from
38% to 18.5%, while oil -------------(rise) from 36% to 44%.

came, produced, fell, rose.

13 Kamala -------(be) a teacher. In 1970, she ---------(start) her career in Sri Lanka. She ----------
(migrate) to India in 1995. Presently, she --------(work) in Delhi.

is, started, migrated, is working

14 SrinivasaRamanujam ----------(be) a great mathematician genius. He ------(accept) a clecrical

position in the Madras Port Trust Office. While he -------(work) as a clerk, he --------(write)
to G.H. Hardy of Cambridge University a letter that was to change his life.

was, accepted, worked, wrote

15 Thinking ahead -------(be) the privilege given to man alone. Man -----(learns) from past
experience --------------(analyse) the present and ----------(plan) for the future.

is, learns, analyses, plans.

 16 Now I ------(study) B.E/B.Techprogramme. After ------------(complete) my degree, I ----------
-(intent) to join MBA as I ---------(interest) in managerial service in big companies.

am studying, completing, intend, am interested

EXERCISES:
17 Kolkata ------------(stand) on the banks of Hoogly.
18 He ------------(buy) some new clothes yesterday.
19 Russia -----------(launch) the first man made satellite on 4th October, 19.
20 They ----------(be) in London, last summer.
21 Rehman -----------(buy) some clothes yesterday.
22 I was reading the novel when Ram--------- (come)
23 Magnet --------------(attract) iron.
24 I ------------(watch) a movie now.
25 We -------------(spend) a great deal on phone calls due to postal strike.
26 Man --------------(learn) from past experience.

IX ‘WH’ QUESTIONS
1 He comes from Avadi. Where does he come from?
2 The party begins at 7.00 p.m. When does the party begin?
3 My son studies well. How does your son study?
4 Here is my smart card. Where is your smartcard?
5 He is my friend, Dinakar. who is he?
6 I want to go the library. where do you want to go?
7 I like pink color. which color do you like?

X MODAL VERBS:
1 a) -------------( might, may, will) heaven protect you.(wish)
You -----------( must, dare, may) finish this work before going to bed. ( necessity /
2
compulsion)
3 He -------------(ought to, can, dares to) stand alone. (ability)
4 ----------------(may, can, will) I borrow your book? ( permission)
5 The film ---------------( ought to, could, will) be a great success, (Strong probability)

XI IF CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
1 If the Nano car is available, all middle class people will buy it.
2 If more vehicles were available, there would not be enough space on the roads.
3 If I have money, I can lend it to you.
4 If you completed the work, you could go.
5 If I have known your address, I might have visited.
6 You might win the race, if you participated.
 7 If he communicates effectively, he will be successful in marketing.
8 If he had performed well, he would have passed.
9 I would have informed the results, if I had known earlier.
10 If I got the phone earlier, I would contact all my friends.
11 If you heat iron, it expands
12 If flowers don’t get enough water, they die.
13 If you heat water to 100 degree Celsius, it boils
14 If I have a heavy lunch, it makes me sleepy.
15 If it rains, I will stay at home.
16 If he phones her, she will come.
17 If you work hard, you will get success.
18 If we don’t hurry, we’ll miss the train.
19 If they won the match, they would go to next round.
20 If I finished the work, I would be happy.
21 If I were you, I would take the job.
22 If you had run, you would have caught the bus.
23 If the driver had been careful, the accident would have averted.
24 If I had met my friend, I would have gone with him to the hotel.
25 If I had been free yesterday, I would have invited my friend.
26 If you heat ice, it melts
27 If we catch the first the bus, we will get there in time.
28 I would not do that, if I were you.
29 If I had lot of money, I would travel round the world.
30 If you had seen the film, you would have enjoyed the film.
31 If she had asked me, I would have helped her.
32 I will ring you if he comes.
33 If it had not rained, we would have gone for a picnic
34 If my grandfather was alive, he would be a hundred today

EXERCISES:
35 If you save water through rain water harvesting, ---------------
36 If you want to get an employment, --------------------
37 If price of the oil is raised, -----------
38 If they worked sincerely, -------------
39 If I were a scientist, -------------------------
40 If nobody helped him, ----------------------
41 If she sang the song in the competition, ----------------
42 If we had the power supply, ----------------------------
43 If you had attended the classes regularly, ---------------------------
44 If I had not fallen sick, ----------------------
45 If I had gone earlier to the bus stand, ---------------------
 46 If the driver had been carefully, --------------------------
47 If I came last in the queue, ---------------------------
48 ------------------------ If I had enough balance in my cell phone.
49 If they had locked the house properly, ---------------------
50 If I had performed well, ------------------------
51 If he communicates effectively,--------------------------------.
52 If he had performed well,------------------------------------.
53 If I got up earlier,-------------------------------.
54 If the new material had come in time,-----------------.
55 If the motor is operated regularly,------------------------.
56 If you planned well,-----------------------------.
57 If I had a net connection,-------------------.
58 If I were you,----------------------.
59 If you went for a walk everyday,------------------.
60 If you eat more,-----------------------.

XII SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

1 Churchill, statesman and writer, ---------(is/ are) no more.
2 Ram, along with his parents, ------------(is/ are) going to Singapore.
3 The North Pole and South Pole -------------((is/ are) distant from the equator.
4 The tiger ----------(is/ are) our National animal.
5 Sheela with her friends -----------(was/ were) at the theatre.
6 A pack of cards -----------(is/ are) missing.
7 One of my friends ----------(is/ are) going abroad today.
8 Some of the music -----------( was / were)boring.
9 Either of the two books --------(is/ are) not sufficient.
10 Neither Shoby nor her friends ----------(has/ have) come.
11 Half of the cake -----------(was/ were) eaten by Raju.
12 Any new vehicle -------------(has/have) to be registered.
13 There ---------(was/were) three meetings in succession.
14 Hundred miles --------------(is/ are) not a long distance.
15 A volley of questions -----------(was/were) put forth by the quiz master.
16 This information --------------(is/ are) not correct.
17 The Governor and the vice-chancellor --------(has/have) come for the function.
18 Your scissors ----------(is/ are) very sharp.
19 Many an artiste -----------(do/does) not gain stand for more than one film.
20 A great many students ----------(has/have) been declared successful.
21 The number of girls in the hall -----------(is/ are) very small.
22 Plenty of works -----------(is/ are) to be done.
 23 The public --------------(was/were) moved by spectacle.
24 None of the candidates ------------(has/have) field their nomination
25 People ---------(do/does) not care to segregate the nonbiodegradable by all the friends.
26 The girl who -----------(have/ has) scored the highest marks is appreciated by all the friends.
27 The General Manager as well the area managers -----------(is/ are) on official duty.
28 Neither the students nor the teacher -------------(has/have) understood the purpose.
29 Each of the boys ----------(has/have) to get a prize.
30 Two and two -----------(make/ makes) four.
31 Bread and butter ----------(is/ are)ahealthy food.
32 The poet and philanthropist ----------(is/ are) coming for the function.
33 Every man and every woman ----------(is/ are) prone to death one day.
34 “Honesty is the best policy” -----------(is/are) a saying.
35 So many employees----------- (is, are) working in this office.
36 The shop --------------(was, were) open all day yesterday.
37 The print on the wrapper ------------------ (is, are) not clear.
38 Ramesh and Aravind------------- (has, have) arrived just now.
39 My friend------------- (drive, drives) his car fast.
40 Seenu and his friends ---------------(is, are) at college.
41 Either my books or your bag -------------(is, are) on the table.
42 One of my friends --------------(is, are) writing an examination.
43 Nivetha --------------(does not, do not) know the way.
44 The meeting, including all the formalities ------------ (take, takes) about two hours.

XIII CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP

1 The price of petrol has gone up. The essential commodities have become costlier.
Ans: The essential commodities have become costlier due to the rise in the price of
petrol.
2 The earth’s ice cover is melting at high rates. Polar Regions are warming faster than the
planet as a whole.
Ans: As Polar Regions are warming faster than the planet as a whole, the earth’s ice
cover is melting at high rates.
3 Safety precautions were not observed. There were many accidents in the factory.
Ans; Safety precautions were not observed consequently there were many accidents in
the factory.
4 Several new blocks of buildings have been built there. The huge canopy of trees has
disappeared.
Ans: Several new blocks of buildings have been built there as the result the huge
canopy of trees has disappeared.
5 The total installations of multipurpose industrial Robots around the world will dramatically
increase. There is an acute shortage of required ‘multiskilled’ man power.
Ans; the total installations of multipurpose industrial Robots around the world will
dramatically increase since there is an acute shortage of required ‘multiskilled’ man
power.
6 There is an increase in combustion of fossil fuels. The levels of the greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere have risen substantially.
Ans: As there is an increase in combustion of fossil fuels, the levels of the green house
gases in the atmosphere have risen substantially.
7 Exhaust gases poison the air we breathe. People who are exposed to such gases can suffer
from diseases.
Ans: Exhaust gases poison the air we breathe as the result people who are exposed to
such gases can suffer from diseases.
8 The steel tray is painted black. The black paint prevents the heat from escaping.
Ans: The steel tray is painted black because the black paint prevents the heat from
escaping.
9 Newspaper will survive. They are a cost efficient way of providing information.
Ans: Newspaper will survive as They are a cost efficient way of providing information.
10 Pakistan has become a haven of terrorist outfits. She warned Pakistan.
Ans: As Pakistan has become a haven of terrorist outfits. She warned Pakistan.
11 The price of petrol has gone up. The essential commodities have become costlier.
Ans: The essential commodities have become costlier due to the price of the petrol.
12 A nail has pierced the tyre. It has become flattened.
Ans: The tyre has become flattened because a nail has pierced the tyre
13 Several new blocks of buildings have been built there. The huge canopy of trees has
disappeared.
Ans: Several new blocks of buildings have been built there; as a result, the huge canopy
of trees has disappeared.
14 Safety precautions were not observed. There were many accidents in the factory.
Ans: Safety precautions were not observed; consequently there were many accidents in
the factory.
15 Newspapers will survive. They are a cost efficient way of providing information
Ans: Newspapers will survive as they are a cost efficient way of providing information.
16 Solar energy can be used to supplement fossil fuels. Fossil fuels can be saved for peak
periods.
Ans: Solar energy can be used to supplement fossil fuels; therefore fossil fuels can be
saved for peak periods
17 Training is given to the employees. They update their technical knowledge.
Ans: Training is given to the employees because they can update their technical
knowledge.

EXERCISES
18 The temperature of the gas rises. It expands in the cylinder.
19 Heat flows in from the surrounding air. The ammonia evaporates.
20 The valve closes some of the low-pressure nozzles. The speed drops.
 21 Superheating dries the steam. Blade erosion is considerably reduced.
22 Mass production. The goods become cheaper.
23 The provision of heat exchangers; the efficiency was increased
24 The expense of the project; government assistance is necessary.
25 The velocity of the steam; the blades are caused to rotate.
26 Safety precautions were not observed .There were many accidents in the factory
27 Training is given to the employees. They update their technical knowledge.
28 All data was lost. The power supply was interrupted.
29 The temperature reached very high. Some method of cooling must be adopted.
30 This type turbine is very widely used. It has a much greater efficiency.
31 The steam from the boiler is wet. It has to be passed through a super heater.
32 Atomic power is not available in sufficient quantity. Coal is still a very valuable source of
power.
33 The carburetor may become choked with dirt. An air filter is fitted.
34 Vertical boilers were installed in the factory. Only a limited floors space was available.
35 The Neutron is an unchanged particle. No repulsive forces are exerted on it by the nucleus.

XIV GERUND
1 To plan before a work is very essential.
Ans: Planning before a work is very essential.
2 It has become easy to send and receive messages today.
Ans: It has become easy sending and receives messages today
3 Children like to watch POGO channel.
Ans: Children like watching POGO channel.
4 It requires practice to speak in public.
Ans: Speaking in public requires practice.
5 To do aerobics is good for health.
Ans: Doing aerobics is good for health.
6 To imitate nature is the backbone of all technology.
Ans: Imitating nature is the backbone of all technology.
7 Switch off the lights before you leave the hall.
Ans: Switch off the lights before leaving the hall.
8 Always check the oil before you start the car.
Ans: Always check the oil before starting the car.
9 He started to experiment on leaf fuel as a teenager.
Ans: He started experimenting on leaf fuel as a teenager.
10 He prefers to participate in social service activities.
Ans: He prefers participating in social service activities.

EXERCISES:
1 I usually avoid ----------------(borrowing/ to borrow) money.
2 I must learn --------------(using/to use) the computer.
3 She enjoys --------------(watering/ to water) the garden.
 4 They suggested ------------(to meet/ meeting) at 5 o‟ clock.
5 I would like -------------(seeing/to see) the exhibition
6 He admitted ------------(to break/ breaking) the window
7 She made the boy ------------(sweep/to sweep) the room.
8 I saw him -------------(to open/ opening) the gate.
CONVERT INTO GERUND FORM
9 It requires practice to speak in public
10 He prepares to participate in social service
11 He dislikes to take bath in ponds
12 She loves to write poems
13 To imitate nature is the back bone of all technology
14 I intend to attend the campus interviews
15 He continues to serve in the same institution
16 They started to drive
17 To do aerobics is good for health
18 I hate to waste time
19 It has become easy to send and receive messages today.
20 He stated to collect his belongings.
21 To plan our future in very essential.
22 To modernize sick industries is difficult.
23 It requires patience to look after the sick.
24 He found it difficult to park the vehicle.
25 I like to read novels.
26 It was difficult to collect addresses.
27 To read book everyday enhances one’s knowledge.
28 To smile energize all.

XV CONNECTIVES
1 He worked hard----------he did not succeed.
Ans: He worked hard however he did not succeed.
2 The police shot with a gun -------- defend themselves.
Ans: The police shot with a gun in order to defend themselves.
3 ------ You were not at home, I left immediately.
Ans: As you were not at home, I left immediately.
4 The rowdy is followed by a group -------- he goes.
Ans: The rowdy is followed by a group wherever he goes.
5 --------it is past 10 p.m., I will finish my work and go to bed.
Ans: Even it is past 10 p.m., I will finish my work and go to bed.
6 He is playful. He is intelligent (use the connective of comparison)
Ans: He is playful but he is intelligent
7 Finish your assignment. Come to the class (use time sequence connective)
Ans: Come to the class after finish your assignment
8 Start early. you will miss the train (use the connective of condition)
Ans: Start early unless you will miss the train
9 He walked fast. He did not want to be late in the class (Use the connective of purpose)
Ans: He did not want to be late to the class so that he walked fast.
 10 The sky was cloudy. We cancelled the plan of a match. (Use the connective of result).
Ans: As the sky was cloudy, we cancelled the plan of a match.

XVI DEFINITIONS
1 Transformer - Transformer is a piece of electrical equipment, which changes the voltage
of current
2 Robot - A robot is a machine which can perform some of the actions of a human being
or an animal.
3 Library - A library is a place, where a collection of books is kept for public use.
4 Battery - A battery is cell like device that is used to supply electrical energy to an
equipment.
5 Printer - A printer is a machine for printing especially one attached to a computer,
word, processor, etc.
6 Flowchart - A flowchart is a diagrammatic representation of the steps involved in a
sequence process.
7 Screw driver - A Screw driver is a tool with a handle and a blade that fits into a slot, etc.
in the head of a screw to turn it.
8 Sensor - A sensor is a device that detects the presence of light, heat, humidity, etc.
9 Journalist - A journalist is a person who writes for newspaper or magazines or prepares
news items or features to be broadcast on radio or television.
10 Thermostat - A thermostat is a device which automatically regulates the temperature by
cutting off or restoring supply of heat.
11 Tour - A tour is a journey taken for pleasure during which various places of interest
are visited.
12 Auditorium - An Auditorium is a place where various events and functions are held.
13 Dynamo - A dynamo is a device, which is used to convert steam power or water power
into electrical energy.
14 Calculator - A calculator is a small electronic device for making mathematical
calculations.
15 Computer virus - A computer virus is a hidden code within a computer programme
intends to cause errors and destroy stored information.
16 Computer program - A Computer program is a set of instructions given to the computer
to perform an operation.
17 Capacitor - A capacitor is an electrical device used for storing electric charge.
18 Radar - Radar is an equipment used to detect the presence, position or movement of
solid objects within its range by sending out short radio waves which reflects.
19 Cybercafe - A cafe or bar allowing customers to explore the World Wide Web whilst having
a drink or snack, usually charged per half-hour of usage. They are now so ubiquitous that
virtually every town in the UK has one.
20 Dialup - 'Dialup Access' or a 'Dialup Account' is when a modem is used to gain access to
the Internet.
 21 DOS - Disk Operating System - the original, simple operating system developed by
Microsoft.
22 Download - When you transfer information off a remote machine connected to the Internet
onto your local machine, you are downloading data.
23 Emoticon - A common symbol used to denote a particular emotion in an e-mail. A happy
face would be :-) A sad face would be :-( (You may need to look at them sideways!). Also
known as smiliys".
24 Firewall Secure - a company or organisation's internal network from unauthorised external
access (most commonly in the form of Internet hackers).
25 Forms - Certain Browsers support electronic fill-in forms. A form on a Web Page can be
filled in by users all over the world, and the information sent electronically to the relevant
domain site.
26 Freeware - Software that is allowed to be distributed free by the author, but often with
certain conditions applying (i.e. the software cannot be modified etc). May requires the user
to register their details on a web site.
27 FTP - File Transfer Protocol - a protocol for moving files over the internet from one
computer to another. FTP programmes are used to upload web pages to a web server.
28 GIF - Graphics Interchange Format - developed by CompuServe. GIF is a platform-
independent file format, used extensively throughout the Internet for graphic files. The other
main file format for graphics on the web is JPEG.
29 Gigabyte (GB)
A thousand Megabyte
30 Home Page - On a web site this is usually the main page from which hyperlinks are made to
other pages on the site (or other sites). Home pages usually have the name "index.html".
31 HTML - Hypertext Markup Language - the tagging language used to format Web pages. It
allows pictures and text to be combined to create Web documents. The most important
feature - hypertext - makes it possible for links to be made between different documents
32 Hyperlink - On web pages, hyperlinks are highlighted text (usually underlined) or images
which, when selected (usually by clicking the mouse button), follow a link to another page.
Hyperlinks can also be used to automatically download other files as well as sounds and
video clips.
33 Bandwidth - In simplistic terms, bandwidth is the amount of information travelling through a
single channel at any one moment in time. On web servers, there is usually a limited amount
of bandwidth that any one particular web site can use. So if you get more "hits" on your site
continually over a period of time, your ISP will probably ask you to pay for a higher
bandwidth allowance.
34 Body - In E-mail terms, the part of the message containing the most textual content,
sandwiched between the Header and the Signature.
35 Browser - Browser also called a 'Web Browser'. A browser allows the user to search the
World Wide Web and other Internet facilities using a Graphical User Interface (GUI).
Examples of the most common browsers are Internet Explorer, Opera and Netscape.

XVI EDITING
 1 What is the effect of the delima. I have adiquate authority to clinch the deel but my partners
won’t let me to exercise it. I don’t know what should I do?
Ans: What is the effect of the dilemma? I have an adequate authority to clinch the deal
but my partners won’t let me exercise it. I don’t know what should I do?
2 Desparate to generate fresh competetion , the soviets came with forth option. They
proclaimed that the rights to televice the Olympic now belong to an abscure American
trading company.
Ans: Desperate to generate fresh competition, the soviets came with a fourth option.
They proclaimed that the rights to televise the Olympic now belong to an obscure
American Trading Company.
3 A semestar have passed since that embarrassing day at orientation and I felt I had made
transition from adolecent to adult
Ans: A semester has passed since that embarrassing day at orientation and I felt I had
made transition from adolescence to adulthood.
4 Perhaps the best feeling of all, however, is know that next year a new group of freshers will
be wonder around the campas. I, as a sophomore, will be the one will give them the
directions.
Ans: Perhaps the best feeling of all, however, is known that next year a new group of
fresher’s will be wander around the campus. I, as a sophomore, will be the one to give
them the directions.
5 There are many ways of communicating without using speech. Signs, symbals, gestures may
find in every known culture. The basic function of signs is to impinge upon the enviranment
in such way that it attract attention.
Ans: There are many ways of communicating without using speech. Signs, symbols,
gestures may find in every known culture. The basic function of signs is to impinge
upon the environment in such way that it attracts attention.

XVII CORRECTION OF ERRORS

1 He is wearing a pink trouser He is wearing pink trousers
2 This scissors are not sharp These scissors are not sharp
3 I have a news for you I have some news for you
4 Whose luggages are these? Whose luggage is this?
5 He has eaten two breads He has eaten two loves of breads
6 The gold is a precious metal Gold is a precious metal
7 The computers are used in most offices Computers are used in most offices
8 We often play the volleyball We often play volleyball
9 He can speak the English fluently He can speak English fluently
10 Ramakrishna is my cousin brother Ramakrishna is my cousin
11 These grapes are tasting sour These grapes taste sour
12 The boy was wanting an ice cream The boy wanted an ice cream
13 I have seen him a few minutes ago I saw him a few minutes ago
14 He enjoys to play computer games He enjoys playing computer games
15 I made him to clean the room I made him clean the room
 16 I avoided to see him I avoided seeing him
17 He entered into the class room He entered the class room
18 Have you replied his letter? Have you replied to his letter?
19 coal still provides almost 30% of the worlds energy needs two thirds of the worlds reserves
are in china russia and the usaindia and australia are major producers too.
Ans: Coal still provides almost 30% of the world’s energy needs. Two-thirds of the
world’s reserves are in China Russia and the USA India and Australia are major
producers too.
20 we want to provide more access points of credible agents for students who want to study in
singapore says Magdalene lee director education services division of the singapore tourism
board
Ans: “We want to provide more access points of credible agents for students who want
to study in Singapore “says Magdalene Lee, Director, Education Services Division of
the Singapore Tourism Board.
21 BHAVANI a public sector undertaking of the department of atomic energy is charged with
the construction operation and the maintenance of the fast breeder reactors in the country
Ans: BHAVANI, a public sector undertaking of the Department of Atomic Energy, is
charged with the construction, operation and the maintenance of the Fast Breeder
Reactors in the country.
22 Misbah said if we can survive this match we will definitely play better in the next match at
banglore
Ans: Misbah said, “If we can survive this match, we will definitely play better in the
next match at Bangalore.
23 what do you know about a bats ability to fly at night some animals have a sort of kinesthetic
sense which helps them to move about at night
Ans: What do you know about a bat’s ability to fly at night? Some animals have a sort
of kinesthetic sense which helps them to move about at night.

EXERCISES:
24 I am liking the new arrangement.
25 I am hearing the Government is going to increase the excise duty on colour.T.V.
26 We are paying bonus in Octobere
27 The new colour .T.V. is looking beautiful.
28 The managing director is meeting the customers on the 15th of every month.
29 We is now using a new machinery.
30 I like to smoke when I travel.
31 I am forgetting his name.
32 This packet is containing a dozen oranges.
33 Can you explain why this carton is weighing three kilograms less?

XVIII ABBREVIATIONS
1 AC Alternate Current OR Air Conditioner
2 AD Ano Domini (After the birth of Jesus)
 3 AERE Atomic Energy Research Establishment
4 AGOC Asian Games Organisation Committee
5 AICTE All India Council of Technical Education
6 AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
7 AIIMS All India Institute of Medical Sciences
8 AIR All India Radio (Broadcasting)
9 AM Anti Meridian (Before Noon)
10 APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
11 ASLV Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle
12 BARC Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
13 BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
14 BHEL Bharat Heavy Electronics Limited
15 BSF Border Security Force
16 CAD Command Area Development
17 CAG Comptroller and Auditor General
18 CBI Central Bureau of Investigation
19 CBSE Central. Board of Secondary Education
20 CID Criminal Investigation Department
21 CITU Centre of Indian Trade Unions
22 CRPF Central Reserve Police Force
23 DIG Deputy Inspector General
24 DNA Di-oxyribo-Nucleic Acid
25 DTH Direct to Home
26 DVD Digital Versatile Disk
27 ECG Electro Cardiogram
28 ELISA Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay
29 EPABX Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange
30 ESMA Essential Services Maintenance Act
31 EXIM Bank Export-Import Bank of India
32 FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation (USA)
33 FIR First Information Report
34 GAIL Gas Authority of India Limited
35 GATT General Agreement on Tariff and Trade
36 GMT Greenwich Mean Time
37 GNP Gross National Product
38 GPF General Provident Fund
39 GPO General Post Office
40 GPS Global Positioning System
41 HAL Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
42 HDFC Housing Development Finance Corporation
43 HIV Human Immuno-deficiency Virus
44 HMT Hindustan Machine Tools
45 HUDCO Housing and Urban Development Corporation
46 IAAI International Airport Authority of India
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World
47 IBRD
Bank)
48 IDBI Industrial Development Bank of India
49 IMF International Monetary Fund
50 INTERPOL International Police Organisation
51 ISRO Indian Space Research Organisation
52 IST Indian Standard Time
53 LLM Master of Law
54 MBBS Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
55 MLA Member of Legislative Assembly
56 NABARD National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development
57 NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA)
58 NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
59 NRI Non Resident Indian
60 OIL Oil India Limited
61 ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Commission
62 OPEC Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
63 PIN Postal lndex Number
64 PSLV Polar. Satellite Launch Vehicle
65 PTO Please Turn Over
66 PVC Poly Vinyl Chloride / Paramvir Chakra
67 RADAR Radio Angle Direction and Range
68 SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
69 SEBI Security Exchange Board of India
70 STD Subscribers Trunk Dialing
71 TOEFL Test of English as a Foreign Language
72 UFO Unidentified Flying Object
73 UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
74 UNO United Nations Organisation
75 USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republic
76 WHO World Health Organisation
77 WWF World Wild Life Fund
 78 WTO World Trade Organisation
79 YMCA Young Men's Christians Association
80 ZSI Zoological Survey of India

XIX SINGLE WORD SUBSTITUTION

1 A traditional story related to deities Myth
2 Having no beginning or end to its existence Eternal
3 A medical examination of a dead body Postmortem
4 One who can neither read nor write Illiterate
5 Life of person written by someone else Biography
6 A period of ten years Decade
7 A sound which cannot be heard Inaudible
8 An instrument of seeing distant objects Telescope
9 An inscription on a tomb Epitaph
10 A partner in crime Accomplice
11 Not suitable to be eaten Inedible
12 A grass eating animal Herbivorous
13 A fear from water Hydrophobia
14 That which cannot be conquered Invincible
15 One who has strange habits Eccentric
16 One who copies from other writers Plagiarist
17 An animal who preys on other animals Predator
18 A substance that can stick or cause sticking Adhesive
19 The scientific study of plants Botany
20 A performance given by a number of musicians Concert
21 The home of a large fierce wild animal Den
22 Difficult or impossible to read Illegible
23 A pleasant song used for causing children to sleep Lullaby
24 A long pole used for rowing a boat Oar
25 Sleep enjoyed in the afternoon Siesta
26 A man whose wife is dead Widower
27 A place where dead bodies are kept Mortuary
28 A government run by a dictator Autocracy
29 A person in charge of a museum Curator
30 One who journeys to a holy place Pilgrim
31 An instrument for recording earthquakes Seismograph
32 One who kills animals and sells their flesh Butcher
33 One who breaks into a house to commit theft Burglar
 34 One who treats heart diseases Cardiologist
35 One who studies the formation of the earth Geologist
36 That which cannot be seen through Opaque
37 One who goes on foot Pedestrian
38 The killing of human beings Homicide
39 A man who thinks only for himself Egoist
40 That can be easily broken Brittle
41 An animal living both on land in water Amphibian
42 A building for keeping and feeding horses in Stable
43 A string of beads used for counting prayers Rosary
44 A person pretending to be somebody he is not Imposter
45 One who looks at the dark side of things Pessimist
46 Open rebellion against authority Mutiny
47 One who is not sure of the existence of God Agnostic
48 One who spends very little Miser
49 A book published after the death of its author Posthumous
50 One who collects coins Numismatists

XX PREPOSITIONS
1 After the advice of his father, he was reconciled……….his wife.
(A) to (B) with (C) by (D) in (E) into (Ans : A)
2 The art exhibition is to be officially opened……….Wednesday……….2 p.m.
(A) on; at (B) at; on (C) from; on(D) on; from (E) None of these (Ans :A)
3 I am tired……….writing to him.
(A) with (B) of (C) by (D) from (E) None of these (Ans : B)
4 What do you make……….all this ?
(A) with (B) of (C) by(D) for (E) to (Ans :B)
5 There is an exception……….every rule.
(A) for (B) from (C) to (D) in (E) None of these (Ans : C)
6 He cut his finger……….a knife.
(A) with (B) by (C) from(D) into (E) None of these (Ans : A)
7 Good citizens always abide……….the law.
(A) with (B) of (C) by(D) for (E) None of these (Ans :C)
8 He died from want……….medical aid.
(A) with (B) against (C) by(D) of (E) None of these (Ans :D)
9 His path was beset……….difficulties.
(A) with (B) within (C) among(D) by (E) against (Ans :A)
10 He was struck……….lightning.
(A) by (B) with (C) at (D) from (E) behind (Ans : A)
11 There is the book that you asked–
(A) to (B) after (C) for (D) from (E) about (Ans : C)
12 There is a disturbing nexus……….politics and sports in India.
(A) among (B) with (C) by(D) between (E) upon (Ans :D)
13 Nitu’s marriage……….Deepak was tumultous.
(A) to (B) with (C) between(D) of (E) None of these (Ans : B)
14 Baggage can be covered……….loss or accident during travel.
(A) against (B) with (C) along (D) for (E) of (Ans : A)
15 Gita kept talking loudly oblivious……….the fact that it was the college library and not the
student’s common room.
(A) with (B) about (C) for (D) of (E) by (Ans : D)
16 He plays cricket……….hockey.
(A) beside (B) within (C) after (D) besides (E) and (Ans : D)
17 The parents are usually not satisfied……….the performance of their children.
(A) to (B) with (C) over (D) about (E) None of these (Ans : D)
18 Shylock was devoid……….pity.
(A) of (B) with (C) in (D) to (E) None of these (Ans : C)
19 All the members of my family go to Church……….every Sunday……….the morning,
usually……….nine O’ clock.
(A) on; in; at (B) in; on; at (C) on; at; in (D) at; in; on (E) None of these (Ans : A)
20 Last year his mother died……….typhoid ……….the Christmas eve.
(A) of; on (B) on; of (C) from; at (D) at; of (E) None of these (Ans : A)
21 I have resigned myself……….my fate.
(A) at (B) with (C) on (D) to (E) by (Ans : D)
22 The train is……….time.
(A) besides (B) between (C) behind (D) by (E) along (Ans : C)
23 You should start at dawn to reach the station……….time.
(A) upon (B) by (C) in(D) into (E) None of these (Ans : C)
24 Ninety members voted……….favour of the resolution.
(A) in (B) to (C) for (D) from (E) None of these (Ans : A)
25 My father gets up everyday……….5 o’clock.
(A) on (B) at (C) from (D) upon (E) with (Ans : B)
26 She learned Russian at the age of 45.
27 The book was written by Mark Twain.
28 I’ll show you the picture of the palace.
29 We can only get to the camp on foot.
30 He reminds me of his old history teacher.
31 What are you talking about?
32 By the end of next year we will have made over £ 100,000.
33 She always gets up early in the morning and goes to bed late at night.
34 I went to work on Tuesday but I didn’t go on Friday.
35 You’ll have to wait. He’ll be with you in a minute.
36 Philip waited for her at the movie theatre.
37 He started learning English in 2005.
38 You have to pay for the tickets on the day you order them.
39 We are very proud of this company.
40 It’s very kind of you to help us.
41 The old man suffered from a heart attack.
42 Please write in pencil.
43 It’s about time you told him the truth.
44 The manager didn’t take part in the discussion.
45 He‘s very good at telling jokes.
46 I’ll see you at the conference
47 We sat down on the grass and ate our lunch.
48 My parents got married in the 1970s.
49 There’s a good restaurant at the end of the street.
50 We usually have turkey for Thanksgiving.
51 I would like to travel to Italy next summer.
52 I took a plane from Munich to Rome.
53 I’d like to speak with the manager please.
54 I don’t usually feel tired in the morning.
55 My mother is abroad so my dad is taking care of us at the moment.
56 Sonja gets on the seven o’clock bus in the morning.
57 She always looks at herself in the mirror.
58 I met Donna at a party on Friday night.
59 My friend always borrows money from me.
60 Daria’s books are lying on the floor.
61 He arrived at the school building just in time.
62 The audience threw tomatoes at him.
63 Passengers are not allowed to use cell phones on airplanes.
64 He is responsible for what he does.
65 I’m sorry about the job you didn’t get.
66 I’m very bad at mathematics.
67 We had to climb slowly up the hill.
68 He is always on time.
69 How many people are on your team?
70 A university is where you study for a degree.
71 Her next birthday will be on a Sunday.
72 The new factory is expected to go online in May.
73 Many of us eat with fork and spoon.
74 We have been searching for a web designer for a few weeks now.
75 The TV is in the corner of the room.

EXERCISES:
76 He ran _____ the corner, _____ the road to the other side, _____ the street. (across / down /
round)
77 We sat _____ the front of the cinema but not right _____ the front row. (at / in)
78 Jill sat in the front _____ the taxi driver and I sat _____ her. (behind / next to)
79 While I was riding _____ the mountain, I fell _____ my bike. (off / down)
80 Someone pushed me _____ the lake while I was standing _____ the bank. (on / into)
81 We'll need a boat to get _____ the river which runs _____ the town. (across / through)
82 I thought someone was standing _____ me but I didn't dare to turn _____. (round / behind)
83 I was walking _____ the street and a friend of mine walked right _____ me and never said
hello. (past / along)
84 Everybody on the staff is ________ suspicion. The chances are that even the boss might be
the murderer.
85 He held a handkerchief ________ his face.
86 They discussed the matter ________ a cup of tea.
87 They all left the gambling house when the deal was ________.
88 Jack cannot drink in a pub because he's ________ age.
89 Our village is several metres ________ sea-Ievel so it is frequently flooded.
90 When Charles went to Malaga he stayed in the same hotel ________ I did.
91 Tom behaves ________ a child when it comes to eating sweets.
92 There were such nice pullovers that it was really hard to choose ________ them.
93 We used to live in a little hut ________ trees.
94 I suddenly spotted a young boy standing ________ the two posts.
On realizing that his wife was still inside, the man started to run ________ the burning
95
house.
96 The girl began to run to get ________ the angry cloud of bees.
97 In order not to get a deep suntan he preferred to sit ________ us.
98 When I saw her sitting by the lake I began walking ________ her.
99 She sat ________ me during the whole meeting, so I couldn't help looking at her face.
100 I used to have an irresistible habit of putting pins on the seats of students sitting ________
me in the class.
101 We spent the whole holiday ______ the beach.
102 I read about this new invention a ______ magazine.
103 Mel's flat is ______ the twenty-first floor.
104 Julia was holding a small bird ______ her hands.
105 I was standing ______ the counter in the baker's shop, waiting to be served.
106 London is ______ the Thames.
107 The passengers had to stand ______ a queue.
108 We had to change planes ______ Amsterdam.
109 When we were ______ the south, we stayed ______ a small hotel ______ the coast.
110 Sign your name ______ the dotted line ______ the bottom of the page.
111 Meet me ______ the entrance to the supermarket ______ High Street.
112 I've left my briefcase ______ the office. I think I left it ______ the chair ______ the corner.
113 The meeting is _____ half past two _____ the afternoon _____ next Monday.
114 Ghana has been an independent country _____ 1957.
115 The Second World War began _____ September 1939 and ended 1945.
116 This house dreadfully gets cold _____ winter, especially nights. We nearly froze to death
_____ Iast Christmas.
117 Oxford has been a centre of learning _____ more than a thousand years.
118 It's our fifth anniversary next month. We got married _____ 1966 _____ 17th of September.
119 England and Scotland have been united _____ 1707.
120 Come round _____ Iunch time and have something to eat. You haven't eaten anything _____
eight hours.
121 It's nearly four hundred years _____ Shakespeare's birth. 10. We normally start lunch _____
about two _____ the afternoon _____ weekends.
122 They sent me a cheque ________ $60.
123 I have a little difficulty ________ the children.
124 Have you got any experience ________ nursing?
125 She claims to be an expert ________ Eastern philosophy.
126 I have every intention ________ informing you.
127 Take no notice ________ her!
`28 These huts offer little protection ________ rats.
129 What was the point ________ attempting to live together?
130 I was surprised at his reaction ________ what I said.
131 I was questioned in connection ________ a robbery.
132 There was a close connection ________ the last two events.
133 Their marriage is ________ the rocks.
134 I shot the robber ________ self-defence.
135 My efforts to avoid hitting the tree were ________ vain.
136 It isn't perfect but it's useful ________ some respects.
137 I've just received an invitation ________ a wedding next week.
138 Money isn't a solution ________ every problem. 18. The company has rejected the workers'
demands ________ an increase ________ pay.
139 The two companies are completely independent. There's no connection ________ them.
140 The advantage ________ having a car is that you don't have to rely on public transport.
141 There are many advantages ________ being able to speak a foreign language.
142 Bill and I used to be good friends, but I don't have much contact ________ him now.
143 "Hamlet" and "Macbeth" are plays ________ Shakespeare.
144 I mustn't eat too much. I'm supposed to be ________ a diet.
145 There was panic when people realized the building was ________ fire.
146 Next month I'm going to Scotland ________ a short holiday.
147 I won't be at work next week. I'll be ________ holiday.
148 We're going ________ holiday with some friends of ours in September.
 149 Did you hear the news this morning ________ the radio?
150 It was only ________ accident that I found out who the man really was. 13. I wouldn't like
his job. He spends so much time talking ________ the phone.

XXI REFERENCE WORDS

EXPLANATION: Reference words are a type of rhetorical device that allow a writer to
create cohesion throughout a text by reintroducing, manipulating, or anticipating information
continually and in interesting ways. They constitute a large group of mostly pronouns and
noun phrases—less frequently other parts of speech—that represent other elements in a text.
1 Germany After World War 2:
In 1939, Germany started World War 2; she1 was confident that she1 could conquer
and control all of Europe. She1 spread death and destruction over much of the
continent2. But after several years of war, Germany herself3 began to suffer
severe losses4: Allied bombing raids destroyed German cities, farms, industries, and
transportation systems. Food, water, and fuel began to disappear. And without these
essentials5, people could not care for themselves6 and their families. Berlin, the
capital city, incurred even worse damage7: Bombing raids destroyed seventy percent
of its8 buildings. The city9 was left in ruins. People there10 lived in
squalor: Vermin11 spread disease, with rats infesting peoples’ homes and fleas and
cockroaches contaminating their12 food. Conditions13 worsened daily.

REFERENCE WORDS:

 she refers to Germany three times

 herself shows an abrupt focusing of attention on the word Germany,
 themselves refers to the word people.
 the continent, refers to the word Europe.
 losses, refers to Allied bombing raids and the destruction of German cities,
farms, industries, and transportation systems.
 these essentials, refers to the words food, water, and fuel.
 damage, refers to bombing raids destroying 70% of Berlin and leaving it in
ruins.
 the city, refers to the word Berlin.
 vermin, refers to the words rats, fleas, and roaches
 conditions, refers to the information in the whole bottom half of the paragraph
 its refers to the word Berlin, or more accurately its possessive form
(Berlin’s).
 there, stands for the phrase in Berlin.
 their stands for the possessive form of the word people (people’s).

2 Germany Surrenders:

Finally on 7 May 1945, Germany surrendered to the Allied Forces1 and the war in
Europe2 was over. By June of 1945, Great Britain, the United States, France, and the Soviet
Union had occupied the whole country3. Immediately, they4 devised a system5 for
 controlling Germany: They divided Germany into four sectors—three6 in the west
and one6 in the east. They also divided the capital city7 into four sectors with Great Britain,
The United States, France, and the Soviet Union each administering one sector of the
city8. All four countries9 agreed to help rebuild German cities, farms, industries, and
transportation systems. They10 also promised to promote the establishment of a democratic
form of government in Germany.

1. the Allied Forces is exophoric, referring loosely to certain members of the fifty
nations that opposed the Axis countries during World War 2. Note the use of
the definite article the, indicating that only one example of this item exists in the
time and place being focused on and that the reader most likely knows about it.
2. the war in Europe is anaphoric, referring to World War 2, mentioned in the first
paragraph.
3. the whole country is anaphoric, referring upward to the word Germany. Note
the anaphoric use of the definite article the, informing the reader that this item
has been mentioned previously in the text.
4. they is anaphoric, referring upward to Great Britain, the United States, France,
and the Soviet Union.
5. a system is cataphoric, referring downward to the description of the division of
Germany and Berlin into sectors with Great Britain, the United States, France,
and Soviet Union each administering one sector of Germany and one sector of
Berlin.
6. three and one are anaphoric, referring back upward to the word sectors.
7. the capital city is anaphoric, referring all the way up to the word Berlin, in the
previous paragraph.
8. the city is anaphoric, referring back up to the capital city, which in turn refers
to Berlin in the previous paragraph.
9. All four countries is anaphoric, referring upward to Great Britain, the United
States, France, and the Soviet Union.
10. They is anaphoric, referring back up to All four countries, which, in turn, refers
to Great Britain, the United States, France, and the Soviet Union.

3 By June of 1945, Great Britain, the United States, France, and the Soviet Union had
occupied Germany. Immediately, they devised a system for controlling the country:

 they, and its antecedent is Great Britain, the United States, France, and the Soviet
Union.
 the country, and its antecedent is Germany.

4 The Partition of Germany:

Before long, the four countries1 began to disagree on how to govern Germany. Great
Britain, the United States, and France wanted to establish a democratic government.
The Soviet Union did not2; rather, they wanted to establish a communist government.
In order to solve this disagreement3, they partitioned Germany into two separate
 countries. And on 23 May 1949, the three western sectors4 became the Federal
Republic of Germany, or simply West Germany. It was to have a democratic
government. And on 7 October 1949, the eastern sector5 became the German
Democratic Republic, or East Germany. It6 would have a communist government.

1. the four countries is a noun phrase—Great Britain, the United States,

France, and the Soviet Union.
2. did not is the predicate part of a sentence, or actually its negative
restatement—did not want to establish a democratic government.
3. this disagreement is the two complete sentences preceding it.
4. the three western sectors is a noun phrase—the three sectors under Great
Britain, the United States, and France—mentioned in a previous
paragraph.
5. the eastern sector is a noun phrase—the sector administered by the Soviet
Union—mentioned in a previous paragraph.
6. it is a noun phrase—East Germany.

5 The Establishment of Governments in the two Germanies:

Great Britain, the United States, and France did not try to control West Germany;
rather they allowed West Germany to become a democracy and to govern itself1. The
United States invested millions of dollars into helping West Germany rebuild its
cities, farms, industries, and transportation systems. In this way2, West German
industry and technology grew, and its3 people prospered. On the other hand, the
Soviet Union established a communist government in East Germany. They
dismantled many of East Germany’s factories and shipped them4 to the Soviet
Union. They5 took over banks, farms, and industries and forced them6 to work for the
Soviet Union. They also forced people to work for low wages. As a result of these
harsh measures7, East Germans began to languish in poverty.

1. itself is a noun phrase—West Germany.

2. in this way is the two sentences preceding it.
3. its is a noun—Germany.
4. them is a noun phrase—many of East Germany’s factories.
5. They is a noun phrase—the Soviet Union.
6. them is three nouns—banks, farms, and industries.
7. these harsh measures is the four sentences preceding it.

XXII “WH” QUESTIONS

1 Columbus discovered America in 1492.
Ans: What did Columbus discover in 1492?
2 I graduated from school two years ago.
Ans: When did I graduate from school?
3 The mechanic repaired the car last week.
Ans: Who repaired the car last week?
4 He is always late because he never sets the alarm clock.
Ans: Why is he always late?
5 Mandy phoned her uncle last Tuesday.
Ans: When did Mandy phone her uncle?
6 I am going to wear the yellow dress at the ball.
Ans: What dress am I going to wear at the ball?
Ans: Which dress am I going to wear at the ball?
7 Ronaldo is the best football player in the world.
Ans: Who is the best football player in the world?
8 The library is right across the street.
Ans: Where is the library?
9 The shops open at 9 in the morning.
Ans: When do the shops open?
10 We need a nanny because my wife has too much to do.
Ans: Why do we need a nanny?
11 Her favorite color is red.
Ans: What is her favorite color?
Ans: Which is her favorite color?
12 That book is mine.
Ans: Whose book is that?
13 You have 5 minutes to finish the test.
Ans: How long do I have to finish the test?
14 The university is about 2 km from the house.
Ans: How far is the university?
Ans: Where is the university?
15 I take Bus 52 to work.
Ans: Which bus do you take to work?
Ans: How do you get to work?
16 My flight leaves Rome at 7.39.
Ans: When does my flight leave Rome?
17 The red shirt costs $99.
Ans: How much does the red shirt cost?
18 That pen is mine.
Ans: Whose pen is that?
19 John is talking to my sister.
Ans: Who is John talking to?
20 The traffic in the city makes me nervous.
Ans: What makes me nervous?
21 We have to start work at three o’clock.
Ans: When do we have to start work?
22 My mother helped me with my homework yesterday.
Ans: When did my mother help me with my homework?
23 We are going to Japan next month.
Ans: Where are we going to next month?
24 Ann bought a new car last week.
Ans: Who bought a new car last week?
 25 I haven’t seen Jack for ages.
Ans: How long haven’t you seen Jack?
26 My brother can sing very well.
Ans: How can my brother sing?
27 She went to England last summer.
Ans: When did she go to England?
28 The police finally came.
Ans: Who finally came?
29 I am going to talk to her first thing in the morning.
Ans: When are you going to talk to her?
30 Jim bought the old guitar because he liked to play.
Ans: What did Jim buy?
31 Her mother brought her some tea because she was ill.
Ans: Why did her mother bring her some tea?
32 Elizabeth saw a fox in the snow.
Ans: Where did Elizabeth see a fox?
33 The accident happened at 11 o’clock on Friday.
Ans: When did the accident happen?
34 There was a shop near her house.
Ans: What was there near her house?
35 The boy came here to buy some fish.
Ans: Why did the boy come here?
36 Jake and his wife live in New Zealand.
Ans: Who live in New Zealand?
37 He can’t buy his children new clothes.
Ans: Who(m) can’t he buy new clothes?
38 The postcard came from Spain.
Ans: Where did the postcard come from?
39 There are two dogs in the garden.
Ans: Where are two dogs?
40 The cats belong to me.
Ans: Who(m) do the cats belong to?
41 There are lots of posters and pictures on the wall.
Ans: Where are there lots of posters and pictures?
42 The teacher is not very friendly.
Ans: Who is not very friendly?
43 He waters his plants once a week.
Ans: How often does he water the plants?
44 The pupil speaks Russian.
Ans: What does the pupil speak?
45 The party is on Tuesday.
Ans: When is the party?
46 The bridge will be finished next year.
Ans: When will the bridge be finished?

XXIII ROOT WORD ETYMOLOGY

Word Meaning Origin
 1 anorak g) a short coat with a hood that keeps out the wind and rain Greenland
Inuit
2 assassin j) someone who murders an important person Arabic
3 biro b) a pen with a small ball on the end that puts ink onto paper Hungarian
4 broccoli n) a green vegetable that has short branch-like stems Italian
5 boomerang c) a curved stick that flies in a circle and comes back to you Dharuk
when you throw it
6 boondocks p) a place that is a long way away from the nearest town Tagalog
7 camouflage a) a way of hiding something, especially soldiers and French
military equipment using paint, leaves etc to make it look
like things around it
8 commando d) a soldier who is specially trained to make quick attacks Afrikaans
into enemy areas
9 cravat s) a wide piece of loosely folded material that men wear Croatian
around their necks
10 daiquiri r) a sweet alcoholic drink made with rum and fruit juice Cuban
11 jazz u) a type of music that has a strong beat and parts for Bantu
performers to play alone
12 juggernaut o) a very large vehicle that carries goods over long distances Hindi
13 kiosk l) a small building in the street where newspapers, sweets Turkish
etc are sold
14 kowtow q) to be too eager to obey or be polite to someone in Chinese
authority
15 lemming m) a small animal that looks like a rat Norwegian
16 pastrami h) smoked beef that contains a lot of spices Yiddish
17 polo f) a game played between two teams of players who ride on Balti
horses and hit a small ball with long-handled wooden
hammers
18 pavlova t) a light cake made of meringue, cream and fruit Russian
19 snorkel k) a tube that allows someone who is swimming to breathe German
air under water
20 telephone i) the system of communication that you use to have a Greek
conversation with someone in another place
21 tsunami e) a tidal wave Japanese

XXIV IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

1 He should have a job.
Ans: Let him have a job
2 We mustn't stop now.
Ans: Let us not stop now / Do not let us stop now
3 You must go to bed.
Ans: Go to bed
4 You should get up early.
Ans: Get up early
 5 You mustn't stand here.
Ans: Do not stand here
6 She can have a drink.
Ans: Let her have a drink
7 They must clean the carpet.
Ans: Let them clean the carpet
8 We needn't wait for him.
Ans: Let us not wait for him / Do not let us wait for him
9 We must have a shower first.
Ans: Let us have a shower first
10 You can't park in this street.
Ans: Do not park in this street
11 You must be here soon.
Ans: Be here soon
12 They should taste this cake.
Ans: Let them taste this cake
13 You must listen to your teachers.
Ans: Listen to your teachers
14 You mustn't be noisy.
Ans: Do not be noisy
15 You mustn't cheat.
Ans: Do not cheat
16 You must sit at your desk.
Ans: Sit at your desk
17 You mustn't be late.
Ans: Do not be late
18 You must write tests.
Ans: Write tests
19 You mustn't bully your classmates.
Ans: Do not bully your classmates
20 You must pay attention.
Ans: Pay attention

XXV CONNOTATIONS
EXPLANATION:

Mother
• attitude: positive
• feelings: love and respect
• emotions: security and warmth

“Mommy” all of the above, plus

• extra connotations of familiarity and childhood
(children call their mothers “mommy” but
adults do not)

friendship, love, vacation, freedom usually arouse pleasant feelings

slum, drunkard, torture, criminal usually arouse unpleasant feelings
 Positive Neutral Negative
1 house, dump, home home house Dump
2 exotic, foreign, strange home house Dump
3 babble, talk, chat exotic foreign Strange
4 dinner, feast, slop chat talk Babble
5 fragrance, stench, smell feast dinner Chow
6 venerable, old, decrepit fragrance smell Stench
7 sound, tune, noise venerable old Decrepit
8 east, animal, pet tune sound Racket
9 “The sooner we move out of this (home, dump),” said Jack, “the happier I’ll be.”
10 This cell phone is (expensive, overpriced), but I don’t mind paying extra because it has so
many useful features.
11 You’re lucky to have Wilma on your committee. She has lots of (original, crazy) ideas.
12 Boss Reed and his (cronies, employees) have controlled the politics in this city for more
than twenty years. I certainly hope the other party wins this year!
13 It was a beautiful spring day, and the (stench, scent) of apple blossoms filled the whole yard.
14 I hope I don’t have to share an office with Janice. Sandra told me how (curious, nosy) she
can be.
15 “I think Fay is an excellent president,” said the principal. “She really knows how to
(manage, meddle).”
16 Will you please turn your stereo off? I can’t concentrate with all that (music, noise).
17 I love going camping and getting in touch with nature. The woods are filled with so much
(vermin, animal life).
18 What makes Jim such an excellent storyteller is his knack for (invention, lying).
19 Mr. Benton had better watch out for that new assistant of his. He’s a (clever, crafty) one.
20 I have a lot of respect for Jenny’s father. He’s rather (reserved, antisocial) and dignified.
21 My brother can’t stand his mother-in-law. She’s practically a millionaire, but she’s about as
(thrifty, miserly) as a person can get.
22 This coffee is very (bitter, strong) – just the way I like it!
23 Can you please ask the new saleswoman not to be so (enthusiastic, pushy)? She is scaring
away the customers.

XXVI SEQUENCING WORDS

Order Time
first, second, third, etc. recently
in the beginning previously
before afterwards
then when
after after
finally
at last
 subsequently
1 To build a tree house, _first_, choose a sturdy tree. _Next_, you should design the treehouse
before you begin to build. Then you should start with the floor. After that, you build the
walls. Finally, you can build a roof.
2 First, you need to become a leader of a political party. Second, you need to win a seat in the
House of Commons. Third, your party must have a majority of seats.
3 In the beginning, you need to become a leader of a political party.
4 Before becoming the prime minister, you need to become the leader of a political party.
5 Then, you must win a seat in the House of Commons.
6 After winning a seat in the House of Commons, you must make sure you have a majority of
seats.
7 Finally, after all these steps, you can call yourself the prime minister.
8 At last, you can call yourself the prime minister.
9 Subsequently, you must make sure you have a majority of seats in the House of Commons.
10 She was recently elected prime minister.
11 She is the new prime minister. Previously, she worked as a lawyer in Toronto.
12 She won the party leadership last year. Afterwards, she won the election.
13 When she won the party leadership, she was still working as a lawyer.
14 After winning a seat in the House of Commons, you must make sure you have a majority of
seats.

XXVII SAME WORD USED AS DIFFERENT GRAMMATICAL FORMS

1 Water
Give me some water. (noun)
They water the plants daily. (verb)
2 Fast
He didn’t take anything during the fast. (noun.)
Muslims FAST during Ramazan. (verb.)
I missed the FAST train. (adjecyive.)
She speaks fast. (adverb.)
3 Back
I have a pain in the back. (Noun)
I will come back in five minutes. (Adverb)
Have you closed the back door? (Adjective)
He backed his car through the gate. (Verb)
4 Like
Children like sweets. (Verb)
He climbs like a cat. (Preposition)
You won’t see his like again. (Noun)
Ravindra and his brother are very like. (Adjective)
5 Right
You are quite right. (Adjective)
Keep to the right. (Noun)
Go right to the end of the road. (Adverb)
They were able to right the boat. (Verb)
6 Round
The earth is round. (Adjective)
The boys ran round the tree. (Preposition)
Will you come round to our house this evening? (Adverb)
We won the first round of the tennis cup. (Noun)
The child’s eyes rounded with excitment. (Verb)
7 Sound
The manager had already sounded the boss against this danger.(verb)
Sound sleep is very essential for good health.(adjective)
All the birds flew away at the sound of gunfire.(noun)
8 Head
Our party is headed by a very seasoned leader.(verb)
He tried to hit at the head of the nail but missed it.(noun)
9 Well
The villagers sunk a well in the village.(noun)
He did not go to office as he is not feeling well today.
His plans will not work well here.(adverb)
10 Book
Books are my sole companions.(noun)
The young man was booked under the charges of theft.(verb)
11 Act
This is an act of kindness on his part.(noun)
This play consists of five acts.
He did not act on my advice.(verb)
12 Aid
The boys rendered first aid to the injured.(noun)
We should aid him in the hour of his trouble.(verb)
13 Aim
The aim of his life is to become a doctor.(noun)
The hunter aimed at the deer.(verb)
14 Abuse
We should remove social abuses from the society.(noun)
He abused the poor beggar.(verb)
15 Bite
He died of snake bite.(noun)
He was bitten by a dog.(verb)
16 Bail
He was set free on a bail.(noun)
The accused will be bailed out today. (verb)
17 Bank
He deposited his all money in a bank.(noun)
You cannot bank upon such a person for help. (verb)
18 Beat
The farmer was beating the bullock with a stick. (verb)
Their team was beaten in the semifinal.(noun)
19 Bag
He was having a bag hanging on his shoulder.(noun)
The deserving team bagged the trophy. (verb)
20 Close
At the close of the day, share prices fell down sharply.(noun)
He is my close friend.(adjective)
Please close the door. (verb)
He was sitting close to his wife.
21 Cover
The thief escaped under the cover of darkness.(noun)
She put a cover of a thin cloth over her face.
The lady covered her face with a thin cloth. (verb)
22 Change
Water changes to ice on freezing. (verb)
There is no change in the condition of the patient.(noun)
Change is the law of nature.
23 Drop
Take five drops of medicine daily.(noun)
The fork dropped down from her hand. (verb)
24 Drive
The driver was driving the bus very carefully. (verb)
Both of them went on a long drive in the evening.(noun)
The disk drive of the computer has been corrupted.
The authorities have started a fresh recruitment drive
25 Desire
He has a strong desire to go to see his uncle in Kashmir.(noun)
A man’s desires are the cause of his woes.
He desires to see his brother. (verb)
26 Effect
The new rule will come into effect from tomorrow.(noun)
My advice had no effect on him.
The thief effected his escape through a window. (verb)
27 Fare
Please accept my humble fare.(noun)
The bus fare has been increased from today.
He fared well in his examination. (verb)
28 Fair
The villagers went to see the fair.(noun)
Fair and free elections were held in the country.
29 Fall
The child had a nasty fall from the wall.(noun)
We went to see a water fall yesterday.
The child fell from the roof and broke his leg. (verb)
30 Face
He put up a brave face during difficult period also.(noun)
Our house faces east. (verb)
He was wearing a face mask. (adjective)
31 Fix
She is in a fix now.(noun)
Fix a nail in the table. (verb)
32 Hand
 A clock has two hands.(noun)
He is the right hand of the boss.
He handed over the thief to the police. (verb)
33 Iron
Strike the iron while it is hot.(noun)
He will iron his clothes. (verb)
34 Idle
The Idle are disliked everywhere.(noun)
Do not idle away the time. (verb)
35 Like
Children have their own likes and dislikes.(noun)
Women like men to flatter them. (verb)
36 Light
Light comes from the Sun.(noun)
He lighted a candle in the room. (verb)
37 Post
Hang the hoarder by the nearest lamp post.(noun)
He sent his application by post.
Please post this letter immediately. (verb)
38 Place
This is a good place to play.(noun)
He placed his books on the table. (verb)
39 Round
The first round of counting of votes is over.(noun)
The inspector is on a round in his beat.
The police have rounded up many outlaws. (verb)
40 Rock
Rocks are made of hard stone.(noun)
Children have gone to see the rock garden.(adjective)
The hand that rocks the cradle rules over the world. (verb)
41 Second
I shall do it in a second.(noun)
Nobody seconded his proposal in the meeting. (verb)
The second boy in the first row is my son.(adjective)
42 Sight
The poor man lost his eye sight in his childhood.(noun)
Out of sight, out of mind.
A leopard was sighted in the forest by the villagers. (verb)
43 Spot
There was a black spot marked on his white shirt.(noun)
We could not trace out the exact spot on the ground.
They spotted a leopard in the forest. (verb)
44 Stone
The child hit the dog with a stone.(noun)
The dog was stoned to death. (verb)
These pictures belong to Stone Age.(adjective)
45 View
The landscape presented a beautiful view to the spectator.(noun)
 The authorities took a serious view of his misconduct in the office.
The authorities viewed his conduct of misbehavior as very serious. (verb)
46 Yoke
The farmer put the yoke on the oxen.(noun)
The farmer yoked both the oxen together. (verb)
47 Zero
Water freezes at temperature zero.(noun)
He has zero chance of winning the competition.
The whole of the discussion zeroed at payment of full amount to him. (verb)

XXVIII DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

1 “He works in a bank”
Ans: She said (that) he worked in a bank.
2 “We went out last night”
Ans: She told me (that) they went (had gone) out last night (the night before).
3 “I’m coming!”
Ans: She said (that) she was coming.
4 “I was waiting for the bus when he arrived”
Ans: She told me (that) she was waiting for the bus when he arrived.
5 “ I’d never been there before”
Ans: She said (that) she had never been there before.
6 “I didn’t go to the party”
Ans: She told me (that) she didn't go (hadn't gone) to the party.
7 “Lucy’ll come later”
Ans: She said (that) Lucy would come later.
8 “He hasn’t eaten breakfast”
Ans: She told me (that) he hadn't eaten breakfast.
9 “I can help you tomorrow”
Ans: She said (that) she could help me tomorrow.
10 “You should go to bed early”
Ans: She told me (that) I should go to bed early.
11 “I don’t like chocolate”
Ans: She told me (that) she didn't like chocolate.
12 “I won’t see you tomorrow”
Ans: She said (that) she wouldn't see me tomorrow.
13 “She’s living in Paris for a few months”
Ans: She said (that) she is living in Paris for a few months.
14 “I visited my parents at the weekend”
Ans: She told me (that) she visited (had visited) her parents at the weekend.
15 “She hasn’t eaten sushi before”
Ans: She said (that) she hadn't eaten sushi before.
16 “I hadn’t travelled by underground before I came to London”
Ans: She said (that) she hadn't travelled by underground before she came to London.
17 “They would help if they could”
Ans: She said (that) they would help if they could.
18 “I’ll do the washing-up later”
Ans: She told me (that) she would do the washing-up later.
19 “He could read when he was three”
Ans: She said (that) he could read when he was three.
20 “I was sleeping when Julie called”
Ans: She said (that) she had been sleeping when Julie called.
21 “Where is he?”
Ans: She asked me where he was.
22 “What are you doing?”
Ans: She asked me what I was doing.
23 “Why did you go out last night?”
Ans: She asked me why I went (had gone) out last night.
24 “Who was that beautiful woman?”
Ans: She asked me who that beautiful woman was.
25 “How is your mother?”
Ans: She asked me how my mother was.
26 “What are you going to do at the weekend?”
Ans: She asked me what I was going to do at the weekend.
27 “Where will you live after graduation?”
Ans: She asked me where I would live after graduation.
28 “What were you doing when I saw you?”
Ans: She asked me what I had been doing when she saw (had seen) me.
29 “How was the journey?”
Ans: She asked me how the journey was (had been).
30 “How often do you go to the cinema?”
Ans: She asked me how often I went to the cinema.
31 “Do you live in London?”
Ans: She asked me if I lived in London.
32 “Did he arrive on time?”
Ans: She asked me if he arrived (had arrived) on time.
33 “Have you been to Paris?”
Ans: She asked me if I had been to Paris.
34 “Can you help me?”
Ans: She asked me if I could help her.
35 “Are you working tonight?”
Ans: She asked me if I was working tonight (that night).
36 “Will you come later?”
Ans: She asked me if I would come later.
37 “Do you like coffee?”
Ans: She asked me if I liked coffee.
38 “Is this the road to the station?”
Ans: She asked me if this was the road to the station.
39 “Did you do your homework?”
Ans: She asked me if I did (had done) my homework.
40 “Have you studied reported speech before?”
Ans: She asked me if I had studied
41 “Please help me carry this”
Ans: She asked me to help her carry that.
42 “Please come early”
Ans: She asked me to come early.
43 “Please buy some milk”
Ans: She asked me to buy some milk.
44 “Could you please open the window?”
Ans: She asked me to open the window.
45 “Could you bring the book tonight?”
Ans: She asked me to bring the book tonight (that night).
46 “Can you help me with my homework, please?”
Ans: She asked me to help her with her homework.
47 “Would you bring me a cup of coffee, please?”
Ans: She asked me to bring her a cup of coffee.
48 “Would you mind passing the salt?”
Ans: She asked me to pass the salt.
49 “Would you mind lending me a pencil?”
Ans: She asked me to lend her a pencil.
50 “I was wondering if you could possibly tell me the time?”
Ans: She asked me to tell her the time.
51 “Do your homework!”
Ans: She told me to do my homework.
52 “Go to bed!”
Ans: She told me to go to bed.
53 “Don’t be late!”
Ans: She told me not to be late.
54 “Don’t smoke!”
Ans: She told me not to smoke.
55 “Tidy your room!”
Ans: She told me to tidy my room.
56 “Wait here!”
Ans: She told me to wait here (there).
57 “Don’t do that!”
Ans: She told me not to do that.
58 “Eat your dinner!”
Ans: She told me to eat my dinner.
59 “Don’t make a mess!”
Ans: She told me not to make a mess.
60 “Do the washing-up!”
Ans: She told me to do the washing-up.
61 He said, “Hurrah! My friend has come".
Ans: He exclaimed joyfully that his friend had come.
62 The boy said, “Ah! I am undone".
Ans: The boys exclaimed with delight that all their examinations were over.
63 She said, “Alas! I am undone".
Ans: She exclaimed sorrowfully that she was undone.
64 The boy said, “Ah! My kite is high up in the air".
Ans: The boy exclaimed with joy that his kite was high up in the air.
65 They said, “Oh! we have won the match".
Ans: They exclaimed joyfully that they had won the match.
66 The boy said, ‘Hurrah! We have won the match.’
Ans: The boy exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
 67 The old man said, ‘Alas! I have lost my purse.’
Ans: The old man exclaimed with sorrow that he had lost his purse.
68 The child said, ‘What a beautiful sight!’
Ans: The child exclaimed with delight that it was a very beautiful sight. Ans: The child
exclaimed with delight that the sight was very beautiful.
69 The girl said, ‘How beautiful the girl is!’
Ans: The girl exclaimed with delight that the rainbow was very beautiful.
70 The candidate said, ‘How difficult the problem is!’
Ans: The candidate exclaimed with disapproval that the problem was very difficult.
71 The students said to the teacher, ‘Good morning, Teacher!’
Ans: The students respectfully wished their teacher good morning.
72 ‘How glad I am,’ said Alice, ‘to meet my friend here.’
Ans: Alice exclaimed with delight that she was very glad to meet her friend there.
73 The Emperor said, ‘Alas! Our foes are too strong!’
Ans: The Emperor exclaimed with sorrow that their foes were too strong.
74 ‘Hurrah!’ cried the boy, ‘I have won a prize.’
Ans: The boy exclaimed with delight that he had won a prize.

PART – B
XXIX COMPREHENSION
1 Nasreddin and the Smell of Soup
One day, a poor man, who had only one piece of bread to eat, was walking past a restaurant.
There was a large pot of soup on the table. The poor man held his bread over the soup, so the
steam from the soup went into the bread, and gave it a good smell. Then he ate the bread.
The restaurant owner was very angry at this, and he asked the man for money, in exchange
for the steam from the soup. The poor man had no money, so the restaurant owner took him
to Nasreddin, who was a judge at that time. Nasreddin thought about the case for a little
while. Then he took some money from his pocket. He held the coins next to the restaurant
owner's ear, and shook them, so that they made a jingling noise. "What was that?" asked the
restaurant owner.

"That was payment for you," answered Nasreddin. "What do you mean? That was just the
sound of coins!" protested the restaurant owner. "The sound of the coins is payment for the
smell of the soup," answered Nasreddin.

1. What food did the poor man have?

A) Soup B)Bread C)Nothing
2. What kind of food did he see in the restaurant?
A)Bread B)Meat C)soup
3. Why did he hold the bread over the soup?
A)So the steam from the soup would go into the bread.
B)So he could warm his hand.
C)So the restaurant owner would get angry

2 Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:
Some 40 million years ago, the plate bearing India began colliding with the one
 carrying Eurasia. The mighty collision Himalayas rose as a result of this ongoing collision
and the Tibetan plateau is thought to have been pushed up by as many as three kilometers
over the last 10 million years. The rise of this majestic mountain range and the adjacent
plateau led to the onset of the Asian monsoon some eight million years ago. As the India
plate continues to push into Eurasia, fearful stresses accumulate at the faults marking the
boundaries between the two plates. For long periods, the two plates remain locked together
rather like Sumo wrestlers trying to get the better of each other. Then suddenly, when the
strain becomes too great one or more of the faults rupture, setting off an earthquake and
allowing a bit of the Indian plate to slip beneath Eurasia. When the rupture happens under
the sea, as it did on that fateful morning on December 26, 2004, it can set off a tsunami.

Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers that actually monitor the position of places on
either side of the plate boundary provide an indication of the strain that is building up. This,
combined with estimates of the strain released by past earthquakes, gives researchers an
indication of which faults are most likely to rupture again. A leading geologist has estimated
that sufficient strain had accumulated at about a dozen places across the Himalayas to drive
a ‘great earthquake’ (one with a magnitude greater than 8). However, no one can predict
when or precisely where such an earthquake redistributing stresses and causing another
nearby fault to act up. There are active fears that December’s earthquake might also push
faults in the Himalayas, already teetering on the edge, into rupturing. A great earthquake in
the Himalayas could claim tens of thousands of lives.

It is not as though dangers to India from earthquakes are restricted to the plate boundaries.
Faults marking weak zones within the Indian plate can also fail, as happened at Bhuji in
Gujarath on the Republic Day in 2001 when about 20,000 people died. Over 60 percent of
the Indian land mass is liable to be affected by earthquakes of various intensities. Many of
India’s populous cities, including Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai, are located in zones with
considerable seismic risk. A government document remarks grimly; ‘some of the most
intense earthquakes of the work have occurred in India, but fortunately none of these have
occurred in any of the major cities. Typically, the majority of the constructions in these cities
are not earthquake resistant. Thus any earthquake striking in one of these cities would turn
into a major disaster.’ It will be prudent not to push that sort of luck too far. Considering
how much of the country and its people are vulnerable to earthquakes, a serene awareness in
the face of these risks is deeply disturbing. Creating the necessary awareness at all levels in
vulnerable cities, towns, and villages must be the top priority. Only then can measures to
make buildings and other types of construction better able to withstand earthquakes really
take root.

(a) Choose the correct answer:

(i) The Asian monsoon was the result of
1 Severe earthquakes in the Himalayan region
2 Frequent earthquakes in the Himalayan region
3 Rise of the Himalayan range and the nearby plateau
4 Fall of the Himalayan range and the nearby plateau
(ii) Major Indian Cities are prone to
1 Danger
 2 Destruction
3 Tsunami
4 Earthquake
(iii) A great earthquake in the Himalayas means
1 Loss of lives
2 Loss of cattle
3 Loss of natural resources
4 Loss of tens of thousands of lives
(iv) The earthquake at Bhuj occurred on
1 December 26th 2004
2 January 26th 2001
3 December 26th 2001
4 January 26th 2004

(b) Mention whether the following statements are True or False:

(i) The Tibetan plateau moved up due to a collision between two plates.
(ii) The colliding plates are Sumo wrestlers
(iii) Scientists cannot exactly predict when earthquakes will occur
(iv) Earthquakes will occur near plate boundaries only.
(v) Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai can also be affected by earthquakes anytime.
(vi) Awareness alone will save the people from earthquakes completely.
(c) Choose the appropriate definition for the given words or phrases used in the text.
(i) Accumulate
(1) Gather fast (2) Collect gradually (3) Put together (4) Count
(ii) Faults
(1) Cracks (2) Mistakes (3) Wrongs (4) Errors
(iii) Set off
(1) Close (2) Rise (3) Push (4) Begin
(iv) Building up
(1) Construct (2) Develop (3) Make (4) Create
(v) Act up
(1) Behave badly (2) Behave nicely (3) Perform well (4) Show up
(vi) Teering
(1) Fall down heavily (2) Stand straight (3) Move steadily (4) Move unsteadily

3 As you read this, your eyes should be doing three things: Focusing from distance to
near, converging inward to a single point and angling downward. But with electronic screens
fast supplanting print, this law of nature is turning upside down: We are focusing too long,
too close, too high and too often. As India fast-tracks to the digital era and people work or
play the day away on LCD screens, vision problems are spiraling, Computer Vision
Syndrome (CVS) is the newly-minted catch-all term now doing the rounds.
If humans spend a third of their lives asleep and a third awake, most of the final third is
spent staring at computer screens today. And computers make the eye shift and focus
between the screen, document, and keyboard 25,000 times a day – equivalent to 60 pushups
a minute – says a 2004 report by the Industrial Design Centre of IIT, Mumbai, If an office
worker spends 80,000 hours sitting at a desk throughout his career on an average, and more
than 50 percent use computers on the job-as estimated by the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration of the US. It is hardly a surprise that 88 percent develop CVS.

In the present context of an IT revolution, the nation’s computer population stands between
15 and 20 million. People work long hours too-60 hours a week compared to 43 globally
(ASSOCHM Survey, 2007). (Nearly 40 Million Indians surf the Net every day and 180
million gab away on cell phones. About 90 percent computer-users stare at the small screen
over four hours a day. Three out of five of the 1.1 million IT workforce spend over 10 hours
every day squinting at screen(Cyber Media Dice-TNS Report, 2007).

Ten years back, CVS was unheard of. Today out of 12 patients a day, two to three would
show computer-related eye strain. The latest issue of the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
surveys 300 ophthalmologists and reports that they average 16 CVS patients a month.
Nearly 98 percent patients show eye strain, 82 percent headache, 79 percent burring eye, 66
percent watering, 61 percent redness, 44 percent shoulder pain and 36 percent neck pain.

Working on a computer is really different than if you were reading a book or a newspaper.
We are used to looking down to read, but focusing on a vertical computer system puts strain
on the eye. Position your monitor 16 to 30 inches away from your eyes. The screen should
be four to eight inches lower than eye-level, so you are looking slightly down towards it. A
real option is wearing special occupational or computer glasses during work. The new-
millennium disorder is churning out trendy slogans. One is, “ Blink, Breathe and Break”
(blinking 20 times a minutes of non-stop computer work). There is also “the 20-20-20 rule”.
Every 20 minutes, take a 20 second break and focus on something 20 feet away. CVS is a bit
like a spam. We may get the suffering we invite, but that does not stop it from being a pain.
Yet preventing CVS is just as simple as deleting spam from an e-mail inbox. Blink on it.
a) Say whether the following statements are True or False :
(i) Most of the humans spend one-third of their lives in staring at computer screens
today.
(ii) 15 to 20 million IT professionals work 60 hours a week.
(iii) 1.1 million IT workforce spend over 10 hours every day squinting at screen
(iv) Reading a book or a newspaper is like working on a computer.
(v) Take a 20 second break and focus on something 20 feet away for every 20
minutes.
b) Answer the following in a sentence or two:
(i) State the main cause or the increase in vision problems??
(ii) What is the estimation given by the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration of the US?
(iii) Mention the Cyber Media Dice-TNS Report, 2007.
(iv) Indicate the details of survey conducted by the Indian Journal of
ophthalmology.
 (v) As you read this, your eyes should be doing three things.
(vi) What is “the 20-20-20 rule”?
c) Choose the response which best reflects the meaning of the text
(i) Squinting
(ii) Winking
(iii) Angling downward
(iv) Ogling
d) If humans spend a third lives asleep and a third awake, most of the final third is
(i) Conveying inward to a single point today
(ii) Focusing from distance to near
(iii) Spent staring at computer screens today
(iv) Angling downward.

XXX JUMBLED SENTENCES

1 1 Secondly, we can heat that the steel above a certain critical temperature, and then allow
it to cool at different rates.
2 We can alter the characteristics of steel in various ways.
3 Annealing has a second advantage.
4 In the process known as annealing, we heat the steel above the critical temperature and
permit it to cool very slowly.
5 This causes the metal to become softer than before, and much easier to machine.
6 At this critical temperature, changes begin to take place on the molecular structures of
the metal.
7 It helps to relieve any internal stresses, which exist in the metal.
8 In the first place, steel, which contains very little carbon, will be milder than steel,
which contains a higher percentage of carbon
ANSWER
1 We can alter the characteristics of steel in various ways.
2 In the first place, steel which contains very little carbon, will be milder than steel,
which contains a higher percentage.
3 Secondly, we can heat the steel above a certain critical temperature, and then
allow it to cool at different rates.
4 At this critical temperature, changes begin to take place on the molecular
structures of the metal.
5 In the process known as annealing, we heat the steel above the critical temperature
and permit it to cool very slowly.
6 This causes the metal to become softer than before, and much easier to machine.
7 Annealing has a second advantage.
8 It helps to relieve any internal stresses, which exist in the metal.

EXERCISES:
2 1 But it is more popular than a motorbike or car.
2 Compared to a motorbike or a car , the bicycle is a slow-moving vehicle.
 3 The main reason for the popularity is that the bicycle does not require petrol or diesel as
a car or motorbike.
4 there are many reasons for the popularity of the bicycle
5 In these days of fuel shortage this is a decide advantage.
6 It draws its power from the rider himself/herself

3 1 Both had a city-state type of government

2 Athens and Sparta were the two most advanced greek cities of Hellenic period.
3 For example, Sparta was hostile, warlike and military.
4 However the differences outweigh the similarities.
5 Whereas, Athens catered more towards the democratic and cultural way of life.
6 Also both took slaves from the people they conquered.
7 The latter city its mark in the field of art, literature, philosophy and science.
8 Also the former passed on its totalitarianism and superior military traditions to the
latter.

4 1 The viewers can manipulate the surrounding that he or she sees during a virtual reality
simulation.
2 Super computers are used to create virtual reality.
3 Though virtual reality is considered to be an industry still in its infancy, its applications
seem limited only by our imagination.
4 Virtual reality is the simulation of a three-dimensional environment that appears real to
the viewer.
5 Thus virtual reality experience needs to be credible in order to enhance human
creativity and productivity.
6 A virtual reality simulation happens in real time or as the viewer watches.

5 1 They are better at sports than right-handed people.

2 However, they are not as good at mathematics and languages.
3 Left-handed people can do certain things better than right-handed people.
4 The reason for this lies in the construction of the brain.
5 Therefore, left-handed people are better at music, sports and dance.
6 The left controls reasoning or logical thinking.
7 In left-handed people, the right hemisphere of the brain is highly developed.
8 They are better at music and dance too.
9 But right-handed people are better at mathematics and languages.

XXXI RE WRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO A COHERENT PARAGRAPH.

1 1 The pollution in this city is one of the highest in the country.
2 The effluence of Bombay high and of industries on the sea shore is responsible for
aquatic problems.
3 Centralization of industries has resulted in the concentration of a particular type of
labours in certain areas as of the bangle workers in Firozabad in Uttar Pradesh.
 4 Decentralization of such industries becomes very difficult at a later stage.
5 Fish have been destroyed in such areas and the fishing areas have moved away from the
shore.
Paragraph: Centralization of industries has resulted in the concentration of a
particular type of labour in certain areas as of the bangle workers in Firozabad in Uttar
Pradesh. The pollution in this city is one of the highest in the country. Decentralization
of such industries becomes very difficult at a later stage. The effluence of Bombay High
and of industries on the seashore is responsible for aquatic problems. Fish have been
destroyed in such areas and the fishing areas have moved away from the shore.

XXXII PROCESS DESCRIPTION

1 WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
Surface Source

Lakes, rivers, ponds, reservoirs

Screening

Sedimentation aided with coagulations (chemicals)

Filtration (microbes)

Chlorination

Storage tank

Distribution

The flow chart describes the steps involved before distributing pure water to the
consumers. the surface source water from lakes, rivers, ponds or reservoirs is treated and
made ready for supply. The first step involves in the treatment is screening. Larger floating
materials like paper, logs and leaves are removed. Smaller particles are allowed to retain in
the tank which known plain sedimentation. by adding chemicals the minute particles which
are in suspension are tend to precipitate. The filtration unit is set in order to get rid of the
chemicals added during the process of coagulation. The filtration is aided with the help of
microbes. To eradicate the harmful microbes, the water from the filtration unit is allowed to
pass through a container containing chlorine. The process is known as chlorination. Now the
water obtained is a fully treated and pure one which is then collected in a storage tank and
kept ready for consumer distribution

2 HOUSE BUILDING
Study plan

Clearance of site
 Earth Work

Procurement of lime, cement sand and coarse aggregate (Ballast)

Laying of Foundation

Procurement of Bricks

Erection of buildings / Flooring work

Laying of pipelines for electrical wires / laying of drainage pipes

Providing connection – electricity and water supply

Finishing

Before starting to build a house, the planning engineer has to study the blue print which
is a vivid of a house. The selected place to build the house is cleaned of vegetation, stores
and other unwanted things. Marking of boundary is the next step in the building at house.
The portion of the earth on which the house is proposed to be built is excavated so that the
foundation can be constructed. After processing the necessary construction materials like
bricks, lime, sand and aggregate ballast, the foundation work is started.

Building erection and flooring form the next stage in the construction of a house. The rooms
are built with provision for doors, windows, lofts, shares, etc. The planning engineer has to
look for the blue print for the proper erection of the building. The next step is laying of pipe
lines for electric wires. Next the lines for drainage are completed. Providing the power
supply and water supply becomes the indispensable part of the construction of a house. After
curing is done, the finishing works of the house like plastering, painting, white washing and
polishing is carried out perfectly for the comfortable living of the resident.

XXXIII CHANNEL CONVERSION

1 Write a paragraph based on the data given in the below chart.
Mathematics English Physics Computer Graphics
60% 70% 75% 80% 85%
XXXIV INSTRUCTIONS
HOW TO WRITE INSTRUCTIONS
Use always the imperative form (e.g.) overhaul the vehicle regularly
Maintain logical sequence in presentation.
Avoid verbose language and use simple and crystal clear expressions.
Form each step in such a way that it concentrates on a single issue.
If numbering each step to avoid ambiguity and ensure the correct order of presentation.
If numbering seems to be impossible, you can use expressions such as „first‟, „second‟,
„next‟, „then‟, „family‟, and „at last‟, to show the sequential order.
Don‟t simply write 8 sentences. You can better give a suitable sub-heading and write on that
particular aspect in brief.
Leave enough space between the thoughts.
Review your statements or grammar and technical accuracy.

1 Instruction to be followed in a computer Laboratory;

1 Keep the environment always clean. Remove your footwear outside the laboratory.
Keep the system, Key boards and the monitor clean and dust free for ever.
2 Maintain strict silence in the lab. Concentrate on your work and don‟t meddle with
work of other students.
3 Operate the systems gently. Always keep the mouse pad in order to avoid any wear
and tear. Follow the regular procedures for log in and log out.
4 Save your programmes often. Unexpected failure of power may cause total deletion.
In case of power failure, a UPS shall be utilized
5 Keep your laboratory and systems immune from virus. Check your floppies with the
help of virus scanners before use.
 6 Avoid exploiting the systems by playing games. Watching obscene, movies and
mailing unparliamentarily messages, affecting your moral etiquette.
7 Always have a vigil on the air conditioner. If any defect is identified, it should be
rectified forthwith.
8 Keep the environment of the lab enticing. Use air fresheners to give a pleasant odor.

EXERCISES:
2 Write important instructions to be followed in the chemistry to unforeseen accidents.
3 Write eight instructions that can be followed by the public to preserve the environment
and keep it free from pollution (air, water and land)