FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

DIPLOMA IN INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY (AS115)

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY (STA108)

THE ANALYSE THE CONCENTRATION (PPM) AND ABSORBANCE OF FERRUM (FE)

PREPARED BY:

AS115 5B

PREPARED FOR:

MADAM TUH MOI HUA

 TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
1.2 Objectives of study 3
1.3 Significance of study
1.4 Limitation of study
2. METHODOLODY
2.1 Data description 4
2.2 Graphical Technique 5
2.3 Numerical Technique 6–9
3. RESULTS AND INTEPRETION
3.1 Data presentation 10 – 15
3.2 Descriptive analysis 16 – 19
3.3 Correlation and Regression 20 – 22
analysis
4. CONCLUSION
4.1 Report summary 23
5. APPENDICES AND REFERENCES 24 – 28
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
 This study was carried out to analyse the concentration of Ferrum (ppm) of a sample
based on its absorbance using standard calibration curve of Ferrum standard. The
data source was obtained from primary source whereas the analysts themselves
collected the data for specific purposes.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 To describe the numerical measures for the concentration of Ferrum (ppm) and its
absorbance.
 To determine the relationship between the absorbance and the concentration of
Ferrum (ppm).

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 The significance of the study is it enables the analysts to determine the unknown
concentration of Ferrum in a sample based on its absorbance using the standard
calibration curve of Ferrum standard. This study is proved scientifically to identify the
concentration of other heavy metals in an unknown sample, for example of an
analysis title of “Determination of Lead (Pb) in Tea Leaves.”, whereas the
concentration of Lead in the tea leaves are determined based on the absorbance
computed by the machine and computer display based on the calibration curve of
standard Lead in known concentration (ppm) which is set by the experimenter.

1.4 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

 The limitation of the study is the data obtained may have incorrect actual value of
concentration based on the true value of concentration due to chemical
contamination that occurs during conducting the procedure of preparing the Ferrum
standards as chemical contaminants other than Ferrum atoms, for example
chemicals that stick to the walls of the laboratory glassware caused the absorbance
of the Ferrum standard to produce incorrect actual value of the concentration.
Besides that, another limitation of this study is personal error that caused by the
analysts, such as inability to follow correct procedure during conducting the
experiment.
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY

2.1 DATA DESCRIPTION

The data used for this study is a primary data which comes from primary source whereas the
data is collected by ourselves for a specific purposes. The title of the data is concentration of
Ferrum (ppm) and its absorbance. The data consist of quantitative variables, which the
variables can be measured numerically.

Type of Data Scale of Data

Measurement
Quantitative variable Ratio  Concentration of Ferrum
(ppm)
 Absorbance
Table 1: Data Description Table
2.2 GRAPHICAL TECHNIQUE

Graphical Objectives Description Variables

technique
Box-and- To compare the This method is a simple  Concentration
Whisker Plot / distribution of way of representing of Ferrum
Box Plot absorbance and statistical data on a plot (ppm)
concentration of in which a rectangle is  Absorbance
Ferrum (ppm) drawn to represent the
first and third quartiles as
well as the median,
minimum value and the
maximum value of the
data.
Scatterplot To display values A type of plot or  Concentration
of concentration of mathematical diagram of Ferrum
Ferrum (ppm) and using Cartesian (ppm)
absorbance using coordinates to display  Absorbance
Cartesian values for typically two
coordinates. variables for a set of
data. It is also used to
determine the existence
of a linear relationship
between the two
variables.
Table 2: Graphical Technique Table
2.3 NUMERICAL TECHNIQUE

The data used in this study is an ungrouped data which the data gives information on each
member of the population or sample individually.

Numerical Description Formula

technique
Mean, x̅ Mean is the average of a Σx
x̅ =
set of measurements. n
Where;
Σ x = sum of all values
n = sample size
Median, x̃ Median is the middle Method:
value when a set of the (i) Rank the data in ascending
data is arranged in order
increasing order. It is (ii) Find the value of the median,
used to obtain the value where;
that separates the higher  If n is odd number,
half and the lower half. n+1 th
~
x= ( )
2
observation
 If n is even number,
~
x=¿ average of 2
middle values
Quartiles Quartiles are values that
can divide an array into
four equal quarters. n+1 th

i) The first
Q1 ¿ ( ) observation
4
quartile, Q1 is
the value such

1
that at most
4
of the
measurements
are less than
Q1 or at most

3
greater than
4
 Q1. 3
Q3 ¿ ( n+1 )th observation
ii) The third 4
quartile, Q3 is
the value such

3
that at most
4
of the
measurements
are less than
Q3 or at most

1
greater than
4
Q3.
Range The difference in values Range ¿ Largest observation – smallest
between the largest observation
observation and the
smallest observation.
Midspread The difference in values Interquartile range ¿ Q3 – Q1
between third quartile and
first quartile. It is also
known as interquartile
range and covers the
middle 50% of the
ordered data set.
Variance Variance approximate the
average deviations of
each of the ( Σ x) 2

measurements from the

s2=
1
n−1 [
Σ x2 −
n ]
mean. Deviation refers to
the difference between
each data value and its
mean.
Standard deviation Standard deviation takes
the positive square roots 2

of the variance. s=
√
1
n−1
Σ x 2−[( Σ x)
n ]
Coefficient of Coefficient of variation is Present the average deviation of the
Variation used to determine how data set as a percentage of its mean.
large or small the
deviation is with respect
to the data, which s
CV = ×100 %
represented the mean, x̅
whereas larger deviation
indicates less consistency
and small variation
indicates more
consistency.
Pearson’s Pearson’s Coefficient of
Coefficient of Skewness is used to
Skewness confirm if there is the
element of skewness.
The types of distribution
is based on the sign of
the coefficient, whereas; Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness
i. Positive sign: 3( x́−~x)
¿
Positively s
skewed
ii. Zero sign:
Symmetric
iii. Negative sign:
Negatively
skewed
Pearson Product- Pearson Product-Moment
Moment Correlation Coefficient is
Correlation used to analyse the n Σ xy−Σ x Σ y
r=
Coefficient relationship between two √¿ ¿ ¿

variables and the strength

or degree of the
correlation.
Regression Line Regression line provides Y = A +BX
the best possible
description on the Σ y BΣx
A= −
relationship between two n n
variables.
 n Σ xy −Σ x Σ y
B=
n Σ x 2−¿ ¿
Table 3: Numerical Technique Table
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

3.1 DATA PRESENTATION

Analytes Concentration of Ferrum Absorbance

(ppm)
Blank solution 0.0000 0.0026
Standard Fe 1 6.9651 0.1794
Standard Fe 2 12.0122 0.3094
Standard Fe 3 16.8109 0.4330
Standard Fe 4 20.3827 0.5250
Standard Fe 5 22.4094 0.5772
Unknown Fe solution 14.0311 0.3614
Table 4: Data Obtained of Concentration of Ferrum (ppm) and Absorbance
 Boxplot of Concentration of Ferrum (ppm)
25

20
Concentration of Ferrum (ppm)

15

10

Figure 1: Boxplot of Concentration of Ferrum (ppm)

The boxplot above shows the comparison of the distribution of the concentration of Ferrum
(ppm). Referring to the data table for the concentration of Ferrum (ppm) above, the data is
rearranged in increasing order in order to determine:

0.0000, 6.9651, 12.0122, 14.0311, 16.8109, 20.3827, 22.4094

th
n+1
i) x : Location, ~
Median,~ x= ( ) =¿
2

                               ∴ Location of the median is at n = 4, thus Median , ~

x=14.0311

th
n+1 7 +1 th
ii) First quartile, Q1: location Q1 ¿ ( ) ( )
4
=
4
=2.0

           Q1¿ 6.9651+0.0 ( 12.0122−6.9651 )=6.9651

3 3
iii) Third quartile, Q3: location Q3 ¿ ( n+1 )th = ( 7+1 )th=6.0
4 4

             Q3 ¿ 20.3827+0.0 ( 22.4094−20.3827 ) =20.3827

iv) Maximum value: 22.4094

v) Minimum value: 0.0000

vi) Distribution of the data: The distribution of the data is negatively skewed. The left
whisker is longer than the right whisker. The median line is located to the right
side of the box.
 Boxplot of Absorbance
0.6

0.5

0.4
Absorbance

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

Figure 2: Boxplot of Absorbance

The boxplot above shows the comparison of the distribution of the absorbance of the Ferrum
atoms. Referring to the data table for the absorbance above, the data is rearranged in
increasing order in order to determine:

0.0026, 0.1794, 0.3094, 0.3614, 0.4330, 0.5250, 0.5772

th
n+1
i) x : Location, ~
Median,~ x= ( ) =¿
2

                               ∴ Location of the median is at n = 4, thus x̃ = 0.3614

th
n+1 7 +1 th
ii) First quartile, Q1: location Q1 ¿ ( ) ( )
4
=
4
=2.0

           Q1¿ 0.1794+ 0.0 ( 0.3090−0.1794 )=0.1794

3 3
iii) Third quartile, Q3: location Q3 ¿ ( n+1 )th = ( 7+1 )th=6.0
4 4

             Q3 ¿ 0.5250+0.0 ( 0.5772−0.5250 )=0.5250

iv) Maximum value: 0.5772

v) Minimum value: 0.0026

vi) Distribution of the data: The distribution of the data is negatively skewed. The left
whisker is longer than the right whisker. The median line is located to the right
side of the box.
 Scatterplot of Absorbance vs Concentration of Ferrum (ppm)
0.6

0.5

0.4
Absorbance

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

0 5 10 15 20 25
Concentration of Ferrum (ppm)

Figure 3: Scatterplot of Absorbance vs Concentration of Ferrum (ppm)

The scatterplot above shows the values of concentration of Ferrum (ppm) and its
absorbance using Cartesian coordinates. By using the scatterplot, the existence of linear
relationship between the two variables can be identified. In this study, the independent
variable (IV) in this study the concentration of Ferrum (ppm). The concentration of the
Ferrum is set by the experimenters. On the other hand, the dependent variable (DV) in this
study is absorbance. Absorbance is depends on the concentration of Ferrum (ppm).
3.2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ANALYSIS

Analytes Concentration of Ferrum Absorbance

(ppm)
Blank solution 0.0000 0.0026
Standard Fe 1 6.9651 0.1794
Standard Fe 2 12.0122 0.3094
Standard Fe 3 16.8109 0.4330
Standard Fe 4 20.3827 0.5250
Standard Fe 5 22.4094 0.5772
Unknown Fe solution 14.0311 0.3614
Table 5: Data Obtained of Concentration of Ferrum (ppm) and Absorbance

Data for concentration of Ferrum (ppm):

0.0000, 6.9651, 12.0122, 14.0311, 16.8109, 20.3827, 22.4094

Σ x 0.0000+6.9651+ 12.0122+14.0311 +16.8109+20.3827+22.4094

Mean , x́= =
n 7

92.6069
¿ =13.2296
7

∴ The average concentration of Ferrum (ppm) is 13.2296 ppm

th
n+1
x ; Location, ~
Median , ~ x= ( ) =¿
2

∴ Location of the median is at n = 4, thus Median , ~

x=14.0311 .

th
n+1 7 +1 th
First quartile, Q1: location Q1 ¿ ( ) ( )
4
=
4
=2.0

      Q1¿ 6.9651+0.0 ( 12.0122−6.9651 )=6.9651

3 3
Third quartile, Q3: location Q3¿ ( n+1 )th = ( 7+1 )th=6.0
4 4

       Q3 ¿ 20.3827+0.0 ( 22.4094−20.3827 ) =20.3827

Range ¿ Largest observation – smallest observation
¿ 22.4094−0.0000
¿ 22.4094

Midspread ¿ Q3 – Q1
           ¿ 20.3827−6.9651
      ¿ 13.4176

Standard deviation, s=7.796

Variance, s2=60.775

s
Coefficient of Variance, CV = ×100 %
x̅

7.796
        ¿ ×100 %=58.9284 %
13.2296

Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness¿−0.678515

∴ The type of the distribution of data is negatively skewed. (Skewed to the left)
Data for absorbance of Ferrum atoms:

0.0026, 0.1794, 0.3094, 0.3614, 0.4330, 0.5250, 0.5772

Σ x 0.0026+0.1794+ 0.3034+0.3614+ 0.4330+0.5250+0.5772

Mean , x́= =
n 7

2.388
¿ =0.3411
7

∴ The average absorbance of Ferrum atoms are 0.3411.

th
n+1
x : Location, ~
Median , ~ x= ( ) =¿
2

∴ Location of the median is at n = 4, thus Median , x̃ =0.3614

th
n+1 7 +1 th
First quartile, Q1: location Q1 ¿ ( ) ( )
4
=
4
=2.0

      Q1¿ 0.1794+ 0.0 ( 0.3090−0.1794 )=0.1794

3 3
Third quartile, Q3: location Q3 ¿ ( n+1 )th = ( 7+1 )th=6.0
4 4

       Q3 ¿ 0.5250+0.0 ( 0.5772−0.5250 )=0.5250

Range ¿ Largest observation – smallest observation

¿ 0.5772−0.0026

¿ 0.5746

Midspread ¿ Q3 – Q1
           ¿ 0.5250−0.1794
      ¿ 0.3456
Standard deviation, s=0.20006

Variance, s2=0.04002

s
Coefficient of Variance, CV = ×100 %
x̅

0.20006
        ¿ ×100 %=58.5614 %
0.3411

Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness¿−0.667621

∴ The type of the distribution of data is negatively skewed. (Skewed to the left)
3.3 CORRELATION AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Analytes Concentration of Ferrum Absorbance

(ppm)
Blank solution 0.0000 0.0026
Standard Fe 1 6.9651 0.1794
Standard Fe 2 12.0122 0.3094
Standard Fe 3 16.8109 0.4330
Standard Fe 4 20.3827 0.5250
Standard Fe 5 22.4094 0.5772
Unknown Fe solution 14.0311 0.3614
Table 6: Data Obtained of Concentration of Ferrum (ppm) and Absorbance

To measure the linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables:

Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient:

n Σ xy−Σ x Σ y
r=
√¿ ¿ ¿

Where,

n=7

Σ xy =40.9491

Σ x =92.6069

Σ x 2=1589.7177

Σ y=2.388

Σ y 2=1.0548

7 (40.9491)−[( 92.6069 ×2.3880 )]

r=
√¿ ¿ ¿

r =1.0000

∴ There is a very strong, positive linear relationship between the concentration of Ferrum
(ppm) and its absorbance.

Coefficient of Determination, r 2

r 2=(1.0000)2=1.0000
%r2 =100.00 %

∴ This implies that 100.00% of the variability in the absorbance among the Ferrum atoms
can be explain by their concentration (ppm). The remaining 0.00% of the variability is due to
other unexplained factors.
Regression line; Y = A +BX ,

Where,

Σ y B Σx n Σ xy −Σ x Σ y
A= − , B=
n n n Σ x 2−¿ ¿

n Σ xy −Σ x Σ y
B=
n Σ x 2−¿ ¿

                              ¿ 0.02566

Σ y B Σ x 2.3880 (0.02566 × 40.9491)

A= − = −
n n 7 7

                       ¿ 0.001619

Absorbance = 0.001619 + 0.02566 Concentration of Ferrum (ppm)

∴ When the concentration of Ferrum (ppm) is equal to zero (0), the absorbance is
0.001619. When the concentration of Ferrum (ppm) is increased in by 1 ppm, the
absorbance will increase by 0.001619.

Fitted Line Plot

Absorbance = 0.001619 + 0.02566 Concentration of Ferrum (ppm)
0.6 S 0.0007141
R-Sq 100.0%
R-Sq(adj) 100.0%
0.5

0.4
Absorbance

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

0 5 10 15 20 25
Concentration of Ferrum (ppm)
 Figure 4: Regression Model

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION

4.1 REPORT SUMMARY

As a conclusion, throughout carrying this assignment, we were able to apply the statistical
techniques studied in chapter 1, 2 and 3. From the analysis done, we can conclude that the
absorbance increases with the concentration of Ferrum (ppm). This can be supported by the
positive linear relationship observed from the two variables, the independent variable (IV)
which is the concentration of Ferrum (ppm) and on the other hand, the dependent variable
(DV) in this study is absorbance.
APPENDICES AND REFERENCES

1. Minitab

Boxplot of Concentration of Ferrum (ppm)

25

22.4094

20.3827
20
Concentration of Ferrum (ppm)

16.8109

15
14.0311

12.0122

10

6.9651

0 0.0000

Boxplot of Absorbance
0.6
0.5772

0.5250
0.5

0.4330
0.4
0.3614
Absorbance

0.3094
0.3

0.2
0.1794

0.1

0.0 0.0026
 Summary Report for Concentration of Ferrum (ppm)
Anderson-Darling Normality Test
A-Squared 0.19
P-Value 0.847
Mean 13.230
StDev 7.796
Variance 60.775
Skewness -0.678515
Kurtosis -0.085677
N 7
Minimum 0.000
1st Quartile 6.965
Median 14.031
3rd Quartile 20.383
Maximum 22.409
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
0 5 10 15 20 6.020 20.440
95% Confidence Interval for Median
5.108 20.923
95% Confidence Interval for StDev
5.024 17.167

95% Confidence Intervals

Mean

Median

5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0

Summary Report for Absorbance

Anderson-Darling Normality Test
A-Squared 0.19
P-Value 0.851
Mean 0.34114
StDev 0.20006
Variance 0.04003
Skewness -0.667621
Kurtosis -0.115889
N 7
Minimum 0.00260
1st Quartile 0.17940
Median 0.36140
3rd Quartile 0.52500
Maximum 0.57720
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.15611 0.52617
95% Confidence Interval for Median
0.13225 0.53892
95% Confidence Interval for StDev
0.12892 0.44055

95% Confidence Intervals

Mean

Median

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Descriptive Statistics: Concentration of Ferrum (ppm), Absorbance

Variable N N* Mean SE Mean StDev Minimum Q1 Median

Q3
Concentration of Ferrum 7 0 13.23 2.95 7.80 0.00 6.97 14.03
20.38
Absorbance 7 0 0.3411 0.0756 0.2001 0.0026 0.1794 0.3614
0.5250

Variable Maximum
Concentration of Ferrum 22.41
Absorbance 0.5772

Regression Analysis: Absorbance versus Concentration of Ferrum (ppm)

The regression equation is

Absorbance = 0.001619 + 0.02566 Concentration of Ferrum (ppm)

S = 0.000714132 R-Sq = 100.0% R-Sq(adj) = 100.0%

Analysis of Variance

Source DF SS MS F P
Regression 1 0.240152 0.240152 470899.96 0.000
Error 5 0.000003 0.000001
Total 6 0.240154

Regression Analysis: Absorbance versus Concentration of Ferrum (ppm)

Analysis of Variance

Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value

Regression 1 0.240152 0.240152 470899.96 0.000
Concentration of Ferrum (ppm) 1 0.240152 0.240152 470899.96 0.000
Error 5 0.000003 0.000001
Total 6 0.240154
Model Summary

S R-sq R-sq(adj) R-sq(pred)

0.0007141 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Coefficients

Term Coef SE Coef T-Value P-Value VIF

Constant 0.001619 0.000564 2.87 0.035
Concentration of Ferrum (ppm) 0.025663 0.000037 686.22 0.000 1.00

Regression Equation

Absorbance = 0.001619 + 0.025663 Concentration of Ferrum (ppm)

Fits and Diagnostics for Unusual Observations

Std
Obs Absorbance Fit Resid Resid
1 0.002600 0.001619 0.000981 2.24 R

R Large residual