Benefits of AC-motor

• robust
• low need for maintenance
• high protection class
(upto ex d)
• small size
• high speed
• cost effective

ABB Industry Oy basic2e.ppt 1

AC-motor - Introduction
AC-motor stator and rotor squirrel-cage stator coupling
star and delta

M M

simplified 1-phase equivalent circuit phasor diagram (simplified)

R1 Lσ1 Lσ2 U1 I1 = stator current

I2 = rotor current
I1
I1 Im = excit. current
U1 I2
Im Lm I2 φ = flux
R2/s
f1
Im φ =U1/f1

ABB Industry Oy basic2e.ppt 2

 Equivalent circuit
R1 = stator resistance
R`2 = rotor resistance
L1σ = stator stray inductance
I1 L`2σ = rotor stray inductance
R1 j ω1 L1σ j ω1 L2σ
' '
Lm = stator inductance
I2 I1 = phase current
Im
Im = magnetizing current
U1, f1 Ui
j ω1 Lm
'
R
' ω 1
I`2 = rotor current
2
ω 2 U1 = phase voltage
Ui = air gap voltage
ω1 = (2πf1) angular speed of
supply voltage
ω2 = (2πp∆n) angular speed of
rotor voltage

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Star-delta-coupling

7 T/TN
I/IN I-delta
star delta 2,5
6

5 2,0
T-delta
4
1,5
3
I-star 1,0
M M 2
T-star
1 0,5
T-load
0 0
0 0,25 0,5 0,75 n/nS 1,0

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Power

T
The mechanical power
P2 depends on 4. quadrant 1. quadrant
torque T and n < 0 reverse n > 0 forward
rotation speed n: T>0 T>0

P2 < 0 generator P2 > 0 motor

P 2 = 2∗ π∗ n∗ T 3. quadrant 2. quadrant n
P2 1 n T n < 0 reverse n > 0 forward
= ∗ ∗ T<0 T<0
kW 9550 1 / min Nm
P2 > 0 motor P2<0 generator

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Efficiency and losses
P1 electrical power

Pcu1 copper losses in stator

Efficiency of stator PFe iron losses

AC-motor:

η = P
2
= P − loss
1 Padd additional losses
P
1 P 1
Pδ air gap power

Pcu2 copper losses in rotor

rotor
Pfri friction losses

P2 mechanical power

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Torque = k * flux * rotor current

Torque is proportional to With no load: Phasor diagram for

the triangular area 0AB torque = 0 two different load
rotor current = 0
stator current = exciting
current
U1 A cosϕ = ca. 0 U1
U1 I2b
I1b
I1 Tb
ϕ I2 T=0 ϕ1 I
1a
I2a
T
B
I2 = 0 ϕ2 Ta
ϕ I = I
0 Ψ ≈ U 1 / f1 1 µ Ψ ≈ U 1 / f1
Iµ Iµ
Ψ ≈ U 1 / f1
Ψ= k1*Iµ Iµ
T = k2*Ψ*I2 = ca. k2*Ψ*I1*cosϕ

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Motor current with load-step
T2
T1
Torque It I1
(load-step) 0
φ1
Excitation current Θ1 Im
(Im) 0
Load T1
Active current
(It) 0 It I1

φ2
φ1
φ2
Line current
(I1) Θ2 Im
0
Θ1 Θ2 Load T2

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Speed control of AC-motor

Speed of AC-motor: Speed can be affected by:

1. Changing the number of pole pairs p

gradual adjust of the speed
n = n (1 − s)
s
(for example Dahlander coupling)
f 2. Changing the slip s
n p (1 − s)
= s
a) Additional resistance in rotor with
slip-ring motor
b) Changing the terminal voltage (stator)
standstill: c) Current transformer cascade
s=1 (feeding the energy from the rotor back to the net)
3. Changing the frequency fs
nominal speed: Converter
sN = 0,5%...6% a) VSI-converter
b) CSI-converter

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Torque depends on the rotor slot type
three different winder slots
T/TN

2,5
1. 2. 3.
2,0
3
1,5

1,0 2
1
0,5

0
0 0,5 n/ns 1,0

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Thermal endurance

continuous duty S1 intermittent duty

θ S3, S4, S5
P P P P
θ θ
θ

time time
short time duty S2 continuous periodic duty
S6
P P
P
θ θ P θ
θ

time time

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Temperature limits for insulation materials
highest ambient temperatur
over temperature limit (resistance measurement) H Hotspot
thermal reserve F 180oC
B 155oC 15
E 130oC 10
A
105oC 120oC 10
5
5
125
105
75 80
60

40 40 40 40 40

0oC

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