Assignment

SUBMITTED BY: GURJOT KAUR

ROLL NO: 247
SECTION: E
SUBJECT: PEDAGOGY OF SCIENCE
SUBMITTED to: Ms. JAYA BATRA

INTRODUCTION
 Contribution of Nobel prize winners
 General information on scientific
institutes of national importance
 NOBEL PRIZE WINNER
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

CV. Raman was the first Indian to win the Nobel Prize for Physics. He
won it for his discovery, ‘The Raman Effect’. This biography of C.V.
Raman provides detailed information about his childhood, life,
achievements, works & timeline.
Birthday: November 7, 1888
Nationality: Indian
Famous: Physicists Indian Men
Died At Age: 82
Sun Sign: Scorpio
Also Known As: Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Born In: Tiruchirappalli, Madras Province
Famous As: Physicist
Family:
Spouse/Ex-: Lokasundari Ammal
Father: R. Chandrasekhara Iyer
Mother: Parvati Amma
Died On: November 21, 1970
Place Of Death: Bangalore, India
Discoveries/Inventions: Raman Effect
CHILDHOOD
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, the Indian physicist who made his
motherland proud by becoming the first Indian to win the Nobel Prize
for Physics, was a scientist par excellence. He displayed a brilliant mind
even as a child and passed his matriculation examination at a much
younger age as compared to other students. As the son of a lecturer in
mathematics and physics, the young Raman was exposed to an academic
environment from the very beginning. A topper throughout his academic
days, he was deeply interested in research; in fact he began his research
work on optics and acoustics even while he was a student. Even though
he started his career as a Deputy Accountant General, still he could not
keep away from research, often staying up whole nights to discover new
things in the field of physics. He was intrigued by the blue colour of
glaciers and the Mediterranean sea and wanted to unravel the mystery
that why water, a colorless liquid, appeared blue to the eyes. Thus began
a series of experiments on the scattering of light which ultimately led to
what came to be known as the ‘Raman Effect’ for which he won Nobel
prize.

EARLY LIFE
 He was born near a small village in Tiruchirapalli to R.
Chandrasekhara Iyer and Parvathi Ammal. His father, initially a
school teacher, became a lecturer in mathematics and physics in a
college in Vishakhapatnam.
 Raman studied in St. Aloysius Anglo-Indian High School at
Vishakapatnam. He was a brilliant student and passed his
matriculation examination when he was just 11. At the age of 13
he passed his F.A. examination (equivalent to today’s intermediate
examination) with a scholarship.
 He joined the Presidency College in Madras in 1902 and received
his B.A. in physics in 1904. He topped the exams and won a gold
medal. Three years later, he earned his M.A. degree in 1907.
 CARRER
 Though he was deeply interested in science, he appeared for the
Financial Civil Service (FCS) examination at the insistence of his
father. He topped the examination and went to Calcutta in 1907 to
join the Indian Finance Department as Assistant Accountant
General.
 Still his heart was in scientific research and he began conducting
research at the Indian Association for Cultivation of Sciences
during his free time. His job was very hectic, yet he was so
dedicated towards science that he often spent nights at research.
 Even though the facilities available at the association were very
limited, it did not deter Raman at all who went on to publish his
findings in leading international journals like ‘Nature’, ‘The
Philosophical Magazine’, and ‘Physics Review’. During this time,
his research was basically in the areas of vibrations and acoustics.
 In 1917, he got the opportunity to join the University of Calcutta as
the first Palit Professor of Physics. Raman happily resigned from
his government post to take up this position though the new job
paid much less than the previous one. Such was his dedication to
science.
 In 1919, he was made the Honorary Secretary of the Indian
Association for the Cultivation of Science, a post he held till 1933.
He was very popular and many students gathered around him,
attracted by his immense knowledge of science.
 During the late 1920s he experimented on the scattering of light by
observing the behavior of monochromatic light which penetrated
transparent materials and fell on a spectrograph. This led to the
discovery of what came to be known as ‘Raman Effect’ which he
presented at a meeting of scientists in 1928.
 He was invited by the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore
to become its Director. He accepted the post in 1933, becoming the
first Indian to hold this post. He served as the director till 1937
though he continued as the head of the Physics Department till
1948.
 MAJOR WORKS

 He is best known for discovering the ‘Raman Effect’, or the

inelastic scattering of a photon. He showed through
experimentation that when light traverses a transparent material,
some of the deflected light changes in wavelength. This was a
ground breaking discovery in early 20th century physics.

AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS

 He won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his work on the
scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman Effect",
becoming the first Indian to win a Nobel Prize in the sciences.
 He was honored with the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian
award, in 1954 in recognition of his invaluable contributions to the
field of science.
 Albert Einstein

Nobel Prize in Physics 1921

Born: 14 March 1879, Ulm, Germany
Died: 18 April 1955, Princeton, NJ, USA
Affiliation at the time of the award: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-
Planck-Institut) für Physik, Berlin, Germany
Prize motivation: "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially
for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect."
Albert Einstein received his Nobel Prize one year later, in 1922
 EARLY LIFE
Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six
weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the
Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education
at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in
Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he
gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a
teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office.
In 1905 he obtained his doctor’s degree.

During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his
remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he
became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at
Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was
appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the
University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin
until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to
America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. He
became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.
After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government
Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined,
and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem.

Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics and the
determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own and was able to visualize
the main stages on the way to his goal. He regarded his major achievements as mere
stepping-stones for the next advance.

At the start of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian
mechanics and his special theory of relativity stemmed from an attempt to reconcile
the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. He dealt with
classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged
with quantum theory: this led to an explanation of the Brownian movement of
molecules. He investigated the thermal properties of light with a low radiation density
and his observations laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.

In his early days in Berlin, Einstein postulated that the correct interpretation of the
special theory of relativity must also furnish a theory of gravitation and in 1916 he
published his paper on the general theory of relativity. During this time he also
contributed to the problems of the theory of radiation and statistical mechanics.

LIFE

Albert Einstein grew up in Munich, where his father founded an electrical

engineering company. After studying at the ETH university in Zurich, Einstein
worked at the patent office in Bern, during which time he produced several
pioneering works in the field of physics. He was later employed at universities in
Bern, Zurich, and Prague, and from 1914, in Berlin. After the Nazis seized power
in Germany, Einstein immigrated to the US, where he worked at the Institute for
Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Albert Einstein married twice and had
three children by his first marriage.

WORK
if metal electrodes are exposed to light, electrical sparks between them occur more
readily. For this "photoelectric effect" to occur, the light waves must be above a
certain frequency, however. According to physics theory, the light's intensity
should be critical. In one of several epoch-making studies beginning in 1905,
Albert Einstein explained that light consists of quanta - "packets" with fixed
energies corresponding to certain frequencies. One such light quantum, a photon,
must have a certain minimum frequency
AIIMS

The first AIIMS was established in 1956 under the All India Institute of
Medical Sciences Act, 1956. Originally proposed by the then Prime
Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru for establishment in Calcutta, it was
established in New Delhi following the Chief Minister of West
Bengal Bidhan Chandra Roy 
INTRODUCTION
creating a country imbued with a scientific culture was Jawaharlal
Nehru's dream, and immediately after independence he prepared a grand
design to achieve it. Among the temples of modern India which he
designed, was a centre of excellence in the medical sciences. Nehru's
dream was that such a centre would set the pace for medical education
and research in Southeast Asia , and in this he had the wholehearted
support of his Health Minister, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur.
The health survey and development committee ,chaired by Sir Joseph
Bhore, an Indian Civil Servant ,had in 1946 already recommended the
establishment of a national medical centre which would concentrate on
meeting the need for highly qualified manpower to look after the nation's
expanding health care activities . The dreams of Nehru and Amrit Kaur
and the recommendations of the Bhore Committee converged to create a
proposal which found favor with the government of New Zealand. A
generous grant from New Zealand under the Colombo Plan made it
possible to lay the foundation stone of All India Institute of Medical
Sciences (AIIMS) in 1952.The AIIMS was finally created in 1956,as an
autonomous institution through an Act of Parliament ,to serve as a
nucleus for nurturing excellence in all aspect of health care.
All-India Institute of Medical Sciences was established as an institution
of national importance by an Act of Parliament with the objects to
develop patterns of teaching in Undergraduate and Post-graduate
Medical Education in all its branches so as to demonstrate a high
standard of Medical Education in India; to bring together in one place
educational facilities of the highest order for the training of personnel in
all important branches of health activity; and to attain self-sufficiency in
Post-graduate Medical Education.
The Institute has comprehensive facilities for teaching, research and
patient-care. As provided in the Act, AIIMS conducts teaching programs
in medical and para-medical courses both at undergraduate and
postgraduate levels and awards its own degrees. Teaching and research
are conducted in 42 disciplines. In the field of medical research AIIMS
is the lead, having more than 600 research publications by its faculty and
researchers in a year. AIIMS also runs a College of Nursing and trains
students for B.Sc.(Hons.) Nursing post-certificate) degrees.
Twenty-five clinical departments including four super specialty centers
manage practically all types of disease conditions with support from pre-
and Para-clinical departments. However, burn cases, dog-bite cases and
patients suffering from infectious diseases are not entertained in the
AIIMS Hospital. AIIMS also manages a 60-beded hospital in the
Comprehensive Rural Health Centre at Ballabgarh in Haryana and
provides health cover to about 2.5 lakh population through the Centre
for Community Medicine.
 Objectives of AIIMS

o To develop a pattern of teaching in undergraduate and

postgraduate medical education in all its branches so as to demonstrate
high standard of medical education to all medical colleges and other
allied institutions in India.
o To bring together in one place educational facilities of the highest
order for the training of the personnel in all important branches of the
health activity.
o to attain self sufficiency in postgraduate in medical education.

Functions of AIIMS

o Undergraduate and postgraduate teaching in medical and related

physical biological sciences.
o Nursing and dental education
o Innovations in education.
o Producing medical teachers for the country.
o Research in medical and related sciences.
o Health care : preventive, promotive and curative; primary,
secondary & tertiary.
o Community based teaching and research
IIT
The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), constitute an elite group of
seven autonomous engineering and technology-oriented institutes of
higher education established and declared as Institutes of National
Importance. The Government of India created the IITs to train scientists
and engineers, with the aim of developing a skilled workforce to support
the economic and social development of India after independence in
1947. Indians colloquially refer to the students and alumni of IITs
as IITians.
HISTORY
IIT has combined an excellent plan to create a world class science and
technology college education program with a successful implimentation
of that plan to create one of the world's best technology programs. India
has faced an enormous challege to establish a Republic of India in the
aftermath of British colonial rule. Critical to the success of establishing a
republic has been the development of India's economy to compete with
the leading science and technology nations, including the European
Union, the United States, and Japan. ITT has performed a vital task in
raising India to one of the top technology producing nations in the
world.
The seven IITs have campuses in Kharagpur, Bombay, Madras, Kanpur,
Delhi, Guwahati, and Roorkee. With the plan to setup three more IITs in
Rajasthan, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh, the total number of IITs will
increase to ten. All IITs act as autonomous universities that draft their
own curricula, and, with the exception of IIT Kanpur, all belong to
LAOTSE, an international network of universities in Europe and Asia.
LAOTSE membership allows the IITs to exchange students and senior
scholars with universities in other countries.[2]
The history of the IIT system dates back to 1946 when Sir Jogendra
Singh of the Viceroy's Executive Council set up a committee with the
task of considering the creation of Higher Technical Institutions for
post-war industrial development in India. The twenty-two member
committee, headed by Nalini Ranjan Sarkar, recommended the
establishment of those institutions in various parts of India, with
affiliated secondary institutions. The committee felt that such institutes
should produce, along with undergraduates, researchers and academics.
The governments expected the institutes to maintain high educational
standards.
With those recommendations in view, the government founded the first
Indian Institute of Technology in May 1950 at the site of the Hijli
Detention Camp in Kharagpur. On September 15 1956, the Parliament
of India passed the Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur) Act,
declaring it as an Institute of National Importance. Jawaharlal Nehru,
first Prime Minister of India, in the first convocation address of IIT
Kharagpur in 1956 said

“ Here in the place of that Hijli Detention Camp stands the fine
monument of India, representing India's urges, India's future in ”
the making. This picture seems to me symbolical of the
changes that are coming to India.
OVERVIEW
The President of India stands as the most powerful person in
the organisational structure of IITs, being the ex officio Visitor,
and having residual powers. Directly under the President sits
the IIT Council, which comprises the minister-in-charge of
technical education in the Union Government, the Chairmen of
all IITs, the Directors of all IITs, the Chairman of the
University Grants Commission, the Director General of CSIR,
the Chairman of IISc, the Director of IISc, three members of
Parliament, the Joint Council Secretary of Ministry of Human
Resource and Development, and three appointees each of the
Union Government, AICTE, and the Visitor.
Under the IIT Council stands the Board of Governors of each
IIT. Under the Board of Governors serves the Director, the
chief academic and executive officer of the IIT. Under the
Director, in the organisational structure, comes the Deputy
Director. Under the Director and the Deputy Director, come
the Deans, Heads of Departments, Registrar, President of the
Students' Council, and Chairman of the Hall Management
Committee. The Registrar serves as the chief administrative
officer of the IIT and overviews the day-to-day
operations. Below the Heads of Department (HOD) stand the
faculty members (Professors, Associate Professors, and
Assistant Professors). The Wardens come under the Chairman
of the Hall Management Committee.